駁張氏姐弟關於淞滬抗戰和東北戰場的“間諜說"

駁張氏姐弟關於淞滬抗戰和東北戰場的“間諜說"

  讀了張樸先生駁斥章立凡的文章，有幾個問題覺得講得不符合曆史事實，這裏提出來請教張先生。
1，八一三淞滬之戰是挑起的？按照張先生的說法，這場戰爭不是日本人挑起，而完全是中方按照斯大林的指示挑起的。張先生這種顛覆曆史的說法可有充分證據？這裏是張先生的說法：
//盧溝橋事變後，按照蘇聯人的指令，擔任京滬警備司令官要職的張開始不斷勸蔣介石在遠離華北的上海主動發起大戰。……不久，張治中先發製人。八月八日，經張一手挑選的派駐上海虹橋機場的部隊，打死日本官兵各一人。日本人的表現是希望大事化小，小事化了。但張治中以“上海的形勢突然告急”為理由，率大批軍隊在十二日清晨占領上海。//
以下是一般曆史書籍對這段曆史的陳述：
８月９日，駐滬日本海軍陸戰隊官兵兩人驅車闖進虹橋機場進行武裝挑釁，被中國保安部隊擊斃。日軍以此為借口，要挾中國政府撤出上海保安部隊，並同時向上海增兵。這是最初的起因。８月１３日，日本海軍陸戰隊以虹口區預設陣地為依托，向淞滬鐵路天通庵站至橫濱路的中國守軍開槍挑畔，並在坦克掩護下沿寶山路進攻。８月１４日，中國政府發表《自衛抗戰聲明》。淞滬抗戰由此掀開。這是一個基本的曆史事實，為海峽兩岸曾經為抗日戰爭流過血的人們所公認。希望張先生提出充分的證據來推翻這一公論。
張樸引了一段紐約時報記者阿本德的話來支持他這種中方挑起戰爭說：

//紐約時報駐華記者阿本德當時寫道：“人人都說是日本人進攻上海，事實完全相反。日本人不想，也沒有準備在長江一帶有敵對行動。遲至八月十三日，他們在上海的部隊還如此之小，十八、九日的時候，差點被掃進江裏。”//

這裏引證的紐約時報駐華記者阿本德的說法沒有說明出處，非常片麵，誤導讀者。這裏，我把這位紐約時報記者阿本德（HALLETT ABEND）在1937年12月9 日發給《紐約時報》的文章轉錄在此，以供大家明鑒：
JAPAN LAYS GAINS TO MASSING OF FOE
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Welcomes Further Chance at Nanking to Wipe Out the Nation’s Armies
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HUGE AREA IS LAID WASTE
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Foreign Military Officers Are Amazed by Chinese Destruction in Their Retreat
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By HALLETT ABEND
Special Cable to The New York Times.
SHANGHAI, Thursday, Dec. 9. - Now that the Japanese campaign against Nanking is nearly completed, certain matters hitherto termed military secrets may be revealed.
Long ago, members of the staff of General Iwane Matsui, the Japanese commander here, told the writer they were delighted because the Chinese kept pouring divisions into the Shanghai area. When the total reached forty divisions, or about 400,000 men, the Japanese were jubilant. When the total reached nearly eighty divisions, with more troops still coming downriver, the Japanese were almost incredulous at their good luck or the ineptitude of their enemy.
“It seems almost unbelievable that the Chinese high command or their German advisers have not realized our whole desire has been to get the Chinese armies into one mass so we could destroy them,” a member of General Matsui’s staff told the writer many weeks ago.
Massed Forces Bombed
“At the beginning of hostilities China had nearly 2,000,000 armed men, widely scattered. Instead of scattering these forces in hilly, mountainous terrain, where it would be extremely difficult to employ our superior mechanical equipment, China has thrown huge, massed forces against us in the vicinity of Shanghai.
“Actually they have been sometimes too numerous for proper military use, affording magnificent targets for our shells and bombs. If some secret Chinese faction planned upon giving us an opportunity for wholesale destruction of China’s immense armies things could not have been managed more to our satisfaction.
“History will record this campaign around Shanghai, as far as China is concerned, as one of the most foolhardy, wasteful campaigns on record. Certainly this must have been done in utter defiance of the plans of China’s able German military advisers.”
The Japanese officer paused reflectively and then continued:
“Of course, China’s gesture around Shanghai served the purpose of getting this war on the front pages of the world’s newspapers. Possibly China believed that by forcing the fighting around the foreign-controlled areas she would succeed in bringing the United States, Great Britain or some other power into the hostilities on her side. If this was true it was a woeful miscalculation.”
Best Troops Threatened Others
What happened, according to the Japanese version, was that China used Chiang Kai-shek’s well-disciplined Central Government divisions largely in the role of supervisory divisions behind the front lines with orders to shoot units that showed signs of wavering. Division after division of poorly equiped, poorly disciplined provincial forces were poured into the front lines and destroyed by Japanese aerial bombings and artillery fire.
Meanwhile the Japanese Army was being derided abroad because it was unable to break the Chinese defenses and unable to make progress in the difficult Shanghai terrain, but when the Japanese bombed the supervisory divisions the Chinese retreat soon followed.
The Japanese high command professes to be pleased because nearly 300,000 men are making a stand in the Nanking-Wuhu area for a brave “fight to the last man” because the invaders will have a further chance to carry out their aim to destroy China’s vast armies.
Foreign military observers remaining in Nanking are amazed by the extent of the Chinese destruction of everything within the zones they still control. Most of this destruction is said to be purposeless, serving no military use for the advantage of the Japanese except to force the invaders to use tents instead of billeting in buildings. The Taiping rebellion about the time of the Civil War in the United States involved a far greater area but though the destruction wrought then has become proverbial with the Chinese it was not nearly as thorough as what has been going on since the retreat from Shanghai, according to foreign military men.
“Not since the armies of Genghis Khan turned the sites of once-populous cities of China into grazing lands has there been any such systematic destruction as that going on in the lower Yangtze area at the hands of the Chinese themselves,” a neutral military observer told the writer.
“Japanese aerial bombings and artillery fire have been destructive in comparatively narrow ranges, mostly military objectives, but all such damages combined will not equal one-tenth the destruction achieved by the Chinese armies. From the way the Chinese are behaving you would think they did not expect to recover any semblance of control in this part of China in the next century. You would think they were laying waste land belonging to some bitter foe.
Vast Wealth Destroyed
“It is incredible that they are adopting this ’scorched earth’ policy against forces which must certainly be only temporary invaders and are not going to attempt to colonize Chinese soil. What is being destroyed represents the savings of thrifty generations of hard-working Chinese.
“Those who advocate the policy of frenzied destruction of towns, cities and countryside do not pause to think that they are utterly wiping out hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of accumulated wealth and that this property, if not destroyed, could have been taxed by the Chinese Government at no distant future, thereby helping the nation to refinance its rehabilitation. This rich area, which had been one of the most thickly populated in the world, will need vast sums to rebuild what is vanishing in flames.”
The only acceptable explanation seems to involve the ancient Oriental idea of “saving face,” the Chinese believing they enhance their prestige if their retreat leaves only a barren wilderness of smoking ruins for the invaders to occupy. This policy ignores the welfare of millions of Chinese who have fled from this fighting zone.
How the millions of refugees are to be fed and housed through the Winter is a serious problem because their own government cannot do anything for their relief.
從這段引文可以看出，阿本德發給紐約時報的報道非常清楚，日本方麵絕不是沒有準備大規模的戰爭，更不是害怕中國把大規模軍隊投入淞滬地區。相反，日本軍方非常高興有此機會大規模消滅中國軍隊。如果說為了某種政治目的而硬要掩蓋日本挑起戰爭這一事實，就完全超出了學術的範圍。
2，在中國方麵，是誰要把這場戰爭擴大，是蔣介石還是張治中？了解一點國民黨軍隊係統常識的人都很清楚。1937年8月中，在淞滬抗戰打響後，蔣介石下達全國動員令，把全國臨戰地區分為五個戰區，開始把內地的軍隊迅速運到淞滬地區。關於當時中央政府和軍事最高首腦對淞滬抗戰的看法和態度，我引幾段資料供張氏姐弟參考：
1）蔣介石的態度和行動。 當時任國民黨軍隊的訓練總監部總監唐生智在回憶中說，蔣介石曾當時對他坦言:“上海這一仗，是要打給外國人看。” 希望這一仗打大，引起西方各國對在華利益的關切而幹涉。後來，陳誠的日記也證明了唐生智講的這一點。8月中旬，當時的軍政次長陳誠從上海返回南京，向蔣介石提出擴大滬戰的建議：“敵如在華北得勢，必將利用其快速裝備，沿平漢路南下，直驅武漢，於我不利，不如擴大滬戰一牽製之。”陳誠在日記中記載了他對蔣介石作此建議後的回應:“一定打”。以陳辭修對蔣介石的忠誠和他在國民黨中的地位，他的日記應該是可靠的。
2）中華民國政府駐外使節的說法。：
八一三淞滬抗戰開始後，中國駐英國大使郭泰祺曾警告英國外相艾登，“上海是英國在華利益的中心，如果中國在這裏戰敗，日本將控製整個中國市場，因此中國作戰不隻是為了自己，也是為了英國”。
駐法大使顧維鈞也主張，以上海之戰正世界之視聽:“毫無疑問，在上海前線許多精銳軍隊是要喪失的。問題在於，是運用這些軍隊堅守上海，從而在國外產生心理上的效果呢？還是後撤到一個偏僻角落進行戰鬥，這個地方不為任何人所知，也就不會有任何人表示關心，但是損失是相同的？全世界都知道上海在什麽地方，戰鬥是為了什麽。在上海集中了西方各國最大利益，西方人士將仔細閱讀報紙上的戰況報道，馬上會得出印象。所以我們主張政府盡可能堅守上海一線。”
從基本觀點看，蔣介石，郭泰祺，顧維鈞的看法和我前麵所引紐約時報記者阿本德的報道是完全一致的。
淞滬抗戰到今天，快70年了。對這場戰爭的具體戰略戰術，成敗得失有不同的評價很正常，但對是誰應負挑起這場戰爭的責任是不能混淆的，是誰領導和主持了這場抗戰的事實也是不容更改的。
3，衛立煌在國民黨失去東北中時所起的作用。下麵是張樸的說法：
//衛立煌“衛立煌接到蔣介石的召喚時，人在巴黎。他馬上跟駐法國的蘇聯大使館聯係，通過他們跟中共互通消息。從此他的每一步驟都事先跟毛澤東商量。按毛的意思，把國民黨軍集中在幾個大城市裏，使百分之九十的東北一槍不發地成了中共的地盤，這些大城市變成孤島，讓中共軍隊一個個地宰割。”//
張樸的這一說法避而不談時間。當然，張戎，張樸兩姐弟都不是學曆史，搞學術研究的，不能很專業地來論證這個問題，可以理解。但在談到基本史實時竟然完全不提時間，仿佛整個東北大局就這樣被衛立煌毀掉了。這裏的關鍵問題是，衛立煌何時到東北走馬上任？衛立煌上任時東北的形勢如何？而張樸偏偏對此避而不談。
內戰初起，蔣介石任命熊式輝為東北行營主任，杜聿明為東北保安司令長官。中共在四平戰敗後改變戰略，讓開大路，占領兩廂，深入農村搞土改，爭取民眾的支持。而此時由陳誠錯誤地決定解散東北偽滿部隊，使得林彪的部隊得到巨大的戰鬥力補充。如果要說國民黨中有人為中共提供了幫助，要數陳誠此舉為甚。到1947年夏季，東北的形勢已經對中共非常有利。在此條件下，東野在林彪指揮下接連發起夏季，秋季，冬季攻勢。杜聿明由於病重難以支持，在夏季攻勢剛結束，於1947年7月8日離開東北到關內就醫。1947年7月12日，陳誠以參謀總長的身份到東北視察整頓，8月初到沈陽接替了熊式輝的東北行轅主任，並撤銷了東北保安司令部，獨攬了東北的軍政大權。
本來林彪在1947年的夏季攻勢和國民黨軍隊各有勝負，林彪再攻四平未得手，士氣受挫。但陳誠入主東北後，形勢發生逆轉。1947年10月1日起，林彪發起強大的秋季攻勢，11月5日攻勢結束。林彪在這1個月零5天的攻勢中消滅了國民黨7萬多人，新攻占領城市17座。此時中共已在東北的人員，土地，媒，電，交通的控製上占了優勢。國民黨軍隊實際已經被分割在若幹大城市中。張樸的“衛立煌使百分之九十的東北一槍不發地成了中共的地盤" 說法豈非笑話？中共軍隊三打四平，從1947年夏到1948年的三大攻勢，何來一槍未發之說？而此時衛立煌又在哪裏？此公於1947年10月初趕回中國後,尚在上海南京一帶接受蔣介石的任命,

對東北的危局，陳誠采取的是“重點防守，保持軍力，保住沈陽” 的被動防禦措施。1948年元月，林彪再次發起冬季攻勢，全殲新5軍，俘獲軍長，揮軍直達沈陽市郊。陳誠在東北的戰略全麵失敗。在這種險惡的形勢下，蔣介石親自飛抵沈陽重新部署。蔣撤銷行轅，成立東北剿總，臨陣換將，任命衛立煌為剿總司令。蔣說服了從法國考查回來的衛立煌到東北接手這個危局。衛立煌於1948年1月22日抵沈陽，而陳誠是2月5日離開沈陽。衛立煌真正在東北掌握大局是從2月份開始。衛入主東北不到半年，在1948年8月,中共已掌握了東北全境土地的97%,總人口的86%，鐵路運輸線的96%。國民黨在東北的失敗隻是時間而已，誰也挽回不了這個敗局。東北的大局在衛立煌就任剿總前就已經形成，現在要倒過來把東北的局麵歸之僅掌權6個月的於衛立煌真是太牽強，難以服人。
順便再說幾句，張氏姐弟反複強調中共是靠潛伏在國民黨內的紅色間諜打下江山，是想說明一個什麽問題呢？用諜報人員打入敵方內部本來就是戰爭的一部分，讀過曆史的人都知道，這沒有什麽稀奇的，古今中外都如此。其實，應該研究的問題是為什麽這些人會心甘情願給共產黨當間諜，這才是問題的關鍵。連張氏姐弟的老爹當年都千裏迢迢跑到延安投奔共產黨，其他人當間諜又有什麽奇怪呢？希望張氏姐弟好好想一想，以當年自己的父親投奔共產黨的思想來看，要是他當時在國民黨的機要部門工作，一定也會是共產黨的好間諜。不知張氏姐弟能否同意在下這個推論？

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