我在牛津大學哲學中心的Common Room裏看到一本Philosophy: Study Guide，是倫敦大學給學生的哲學學習指南，主要是指導學生讀書特別是寫作的。非常有價值。如果哪個學生按照要求做了，一定很快就會成材。當然，也正因為如此，並不容易做到。但無論如何，在黑暗中自己摸索，不如秉燭夜遊，良有以也。 第一章名叫學習哲學指南。 1、如何讀哲學（書）。開頭就說“一生中任何階段讀哲學書皆非易事。有人稱讀哲學書足以怡情，但據說維特根斯坦發現讀某些哲學書乃是一種痛苦。許多人傾向於同意他的看法。不管哲學家抱有多麽好的意願，想把他們的著作寫得清晰易讀，讀來有趣，但結果幾乎總是穿插點過時笑話的更沉悶更晦澀的文字罷了。記住，讀哲學不是為了一時的痛快，而是要讓你離開時仍會有印象的。如此看來，使你對哲學的閱讀盡可能高效，讀有所值，就十分重要了。為此，麵對文本，你必須保持既同情又批判的態度。要做到這一點，最好的辦法通常是在讀書的時候，心裏想著些普遍問題。一般說來，除非你能回答以下問題，否則你就不會從書本上得到你能夠得到的所有東西。” 接下來，編者詳細說明了七個問題： - 作者想得到什麽結論？
- 那個結論何以有趣？
- 其論證是怎樣？
- 就其自身而言，其論證是否有效？
- 論證的前提應該被接受嗎？
- 如果我們接受其前提和結論，那會得出什麽結論呢？
- 最後，論證、論點這個問題是比較複雜的，不能一概而論。但無論如何，你都要保持同情之理解，批判之態度。Dong't just read: think。
2、寫哲學文章：Peter Lipton說，風格是箭矢之羽，而非帽子上的羽毛。所以寫作要 - 避免粗劣的文字，要我手寫我口，用自己的話，還要讓自己的文章念得出口。
- 要設身處地為讀者著想。
- 要善於編排文章的結構
- 要有原創性
3、文獻書名的引用注釋規範。這就不說了。 4、剽竊（plagiarism）。剽竊的後果很嚴重。還舉了個例子： - The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like soldiers. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.
這是剽竊。 - Marx and Engels noted that the history of all hitherto existing society had been the history of class struggles. Society as a whole was more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. They observed that proletarians had nothing to lose but their chains. They had a world to win.
這仍是剽竊。 - In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels (1973 edn., p. 40) noted that 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles'. They argued that society was 'more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat' (p. 41). 'Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory' were 'organised like soldiers ... slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State' (p. 52). They concluded that 'The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win' (p. 96).
這不算剽竊，可要是整篇文章都這樣，說明你並沒有理解這些觀點，也就得不到好分數了。 - In one of the most famous first sentences ever written, Marx and Engels (1973 edn., p 40) began The Communist Manifesto thus: 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.' They went on to exemplify this claim by showing how the structure of society had, in their view, developed into two interdependent but antagonistic classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat. The latter comprised factory operatives, who had been reduced to no more than slave labour; but as they became concentrated geographically, in the great factory towns of the industrial revolution, so they had the opportunity to organise themselves politically. Hence, the authors' conclusion that a communist revolution was not only desirable, but possible, leading them to issue their equally famous final exhortation (p. 96): 'WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!'
這也許不是什麽深刻的評論，但至少說明我嚐試過！ 5、哲學的一般性著作和係列。這些基礎讀本是有參考價值的： - Routledge Arguments of The Philosophers.
- Oxford Readings in Philosophy.
- The Blackwell Philosopher Dictionaries.
- Cambridge Companions.
- Blackwell Companions to Philosophy.
- Routledge Philosophy GuideBooks.
- The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. P. Edwards. Eight Volumes.
- The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. E. Craig.
如今這種著作大概因其市場銷量好，所以劍橋、牛津、布萊克威爾、勞特利奇等大出版社競相出版，花樣百出，值得參考，但代替不了對原著的閱讀！——這是我說的。 6、世界上的所有著作。這是對圖書館、電子圖書館和書店的介紹。 到此，本章結束。後麵的22章介紹的是各個哲學分支的閱讀寫作指南。當然，這22個分支基本上也就是課程的主題，因此，這22章實際上就是課程論文寫作指南。每一章都包括如下部分：論文的要求；基本閱讀材料；核心的曆史文獻；主要領域、基本問題和相關文獻。非常有實用價值。試以第2章邏輯與形而上學為例： 1 The Paper：對邏輯和形而上學做了說明。 2 General Reading：十一部文選、六部專著 3 Topic：各領域的論題 - A 語言與邏輯
- a 意義與指稱：相關問題與文獻：
How does language relate to reality? How is it that words can be about things or refer to things? Referring expressions or singular terms, expressions which pick out a particular object, are normally divided into three categories: proper names (‘Julius Caesar', ‘Rome'), descriptions (‘the conqueror of Gaul') and demonstratives (‘this', ‘that', ‘that city', ‘this emperor'). Names and descriptions need to be treated separately. (Demonstratives are treated in the philosophy of language section of this Guide.) The standard reading for this topic is contained in the anthologies edited by Martinich and Moore mentioned above; there is an excellent introductory essay in sections 1 & 2 of Mark Sainsbury, ‘Philosophical Logic', in A. C. Grayling, ed., Philosophy. There are short versions of writings by Mill and Frege, with commentary, in Chapter One of Reading Philosophy of Language, eds. J. Hornsby and G. Longworth (Oxford: Blackwell forthcoming). Frege's classic theory of sense and reference is an essential theme. Frege thought that there are two aspects to the meaning of any term: its reference (what it applies to in the world) and its sense (the way in which the term presents its reference). So the two terms ‘Julius Caesar' and ‘the Roman conqueror of Gaul' have the same reference but different senses. See Frege, ‘On Sense and Reference', in the Frege Reader, reprinted in Moore and in Martinich. See also Michael Dummett, ‘Frege's Distinction Between Sense and Reference', in Moore and in Dummett's Truth and Other Enigmas, (London: Duckworth, 1978). For discussion, see Gareth Evans, The Varieties of Reference, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), chapter 1; Gregory McCulloch, The Game of the Name, chapters 1&5; David Bell, ‘Reference and Sense: an Epitome', in C. Wright, ed., Frege: Tradition and Influence, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984) and ‘How “Russellian” was Frege?', Mind 99 (1990): 267-277; and Dummett, Frege: Philosophy of Language, (London: Duckworth, 1981) chapters 1, 5 & 6. For more on Frege see the section Philosophies of Frege, Russell and Wittgenstein in this guide. - b 摹狀詞：相關問題與文獻
- c 名稱
- d 條件句
- e Existence
- f 有效性與蘊涵
- g 非形式邏輯
- h 模糊性
- B 真與主觀性（以下茲不詳列）
- C 心與自然
- D 必然性與分析性
- E 同一性與實體
- F 共相與殊相
- G 因果性與規律
- H 時間與空間
上麵介紹了這麽多，目的是什麽？一是說人家考慮的周到，學生用起來方便；二是學生自此就可以確定有了自己的研究領域，循著哪些問題，讀哪些文獻，水平自然就提高了；三是，如果學生都是很好學、很認真的，那老師在其中能做什麽呢？他的教學方法是不是應當與時俱進了呢。 最後，上麵的手冊可以在網上查閱：http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ 布裏斯托大學據此也做了一個：http://www.bris.ac.uk/philosophy/current/undergrad/studyguide/ |
