
在Alan Ryan的“On Politics: A History of Political Thought: From Herodotus to the Present”一書中關於亞裏士多德的部份有如下一句:
Once again it is worth noticing that our notions of morality and Aristotle’s ideas about ethics are not quite on all fours.
這句子中的“are not quite on all fours”十分讓人費解。跟據上下文,我們可以猜想作者的意思是說我們與亞裏士多德關於道德的想法不盡相同。但“相同”怎麽可以用“on all fours”來表示?
上網查尋,在康奈爾大學法學院網站,查到這樣的解釋:
“On all fours” is a metaphor used by legal practitioners to describe a previous case with facts that are substantially similar to the case at issue. The metaphor is meant as a comparison to an animal moving on all four legs. A case “on all fours” would establish effective legal precedent since it deals with nearly indistinguishable facts and issues as the other case.
這段文字表明“On all fours”被法律界用來表示兩個案子本質相同(跟據英美習慣法,處理結果自然也應該一樣)。由此我們得知這樣的表示相當“正經”。但這還是不能讓我們明白為什麽會有這樣的用法。
繼續在網上查尋,在韋伯斯特在線字典(www.merriam-webster.com)查到這樣的解釋:
from the Latin maxim "Nullum simile quattuor pedibus currit", “No comparison runs on all fours,” i.e., comparisons are generally lame in some respect
原來是來自一個拉丁文成語“沒有任何類比能四條腿奔跑”。 這成語的意思是這樣的:一個能四條腿奔跑的動物是一個完善的動物,一個不能四條腿奔跑的動物是一個不完善的動物;沒有任何類比能四條腿奔跑,所有“類比”都是不完善的。於是,英語中的“not on all fours”就被用來表示“不盡可類比”;反過來, “on all fours”就被用來表示“完全可類比”。 這是“on all fours”這成語的準確含義。
此外,理解了在“on all fours”中“fours”是指“four legs”之後,我們就會注意到這表示與其他英語中“have a leg to stand on”, “on its last legs”之類成語也有相通之處 - 都是關於“on leg”, 意思是能站立、能成立。
讓我們再看幾個“on all fours”的例子以加深理解。
例一
這例子摘自劍橋大學出版社的“The Cambridge Companion to Williams James”一書,說明“絕對真實”這概念與“聖人”、“完全經驗”等概念是完全可類比的。
The "absolutely" true, meaning what no farther experience will ever alter, is that ideal vanishing-point towards which we imagine that all our temporary truths will some day converge. It runs on all fours with the perfectly wise man, and with the absolutely complete experience; and if these ideals are ever realized, they will all be realized together.
例二
這例子摘自McGraw Hill出版社的“Philosophy: The Power of Ideas”一書,說人們對“Intelligent Design ”跟進化論是不是可以類比有意見分歧。
For instance, these days a controversy exists as to whether Intelligent Design is a scientific theory on all fours with evolution.
例三
這例子摘自Pearson出版社的“Historical and Conceptual Issues in Psychology”,反對後現代主義把科學看成跟宗教、政治教條和意識形態完全同類。
I find little justification in the postmodernist literature for the claim that scientific constructions, fallible as they are and always subject to disconfirmation and revision, are simply optional myths on all fours with religious or political dogmas and ideologies.
“on all fours”另有一個含義:四肢一起(做…),類似中文“四腳朝天”、“四腳著地”、“四肢並用”等中的“四肢…”。
例一
這例子摘自馬克·吐溫的《湯姆·索亞曆險記》,描述湯姆·索亞四肢並用在屋頂爬行。
and a single minute later he was dressed and out of the window and creeping along the roof of the "ell" on all fours.
例二
這例子摘自喬治·奧威爾的《動物莊園》。動物們看到它們的豬頭領拿破侖四條腿站立著向兩條腿站立著的人溫普爾發號施令,感到非常自豪。
The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangement.
“on all fours”在這裏是個副詞成分,用來描述拿破侖發號施令的狀態,增加了場景的生動性,凸顯了動物們的心理狀態。喬治·奧威爾的辛辣躍然紙上:在動物們眼裏,四條腿站立與兩條腿站立的區別是這樣巨大,真是既可悲又可笑。然而,在傅惟慈先生的中譯本中,這段描寫被譯成:
動物們看著他來來去去,猶有幾分畏懼,避之唯恐不及。不過,在他們這些四條腿的動物看來,拿破侖向靠兩條腿站著的溫普爾發號施令的情景,激發了他們的自豪,這在一定程度上也讓他們感到這個新協議是順心的。
在這中譯文裏,本來是描寫(動物們眼裏的)拿破侖發號施令狀況的“四條腿站立著”被改成去說明動物們是“四條腿的動物”,讓喬治·奧威爾的筆力大為減色。