58. 最後的奴隸
作者:瑪麗蓮·尼爾森
譯者:黎曆
塞繆爾·弗裏曼,於1820年11月8日獲得解放
你永遠無法預料:那些日子裏,人們會突然消失,
隻留下流言蜚語,
以及家譜上巨大的黑色空白。
就像我們的祖先,當命運將他們從熟悉的世界撕裂,
留下無數斷裂的根。
你可能被賣走,或者逃離絕望,
在未知中迷失。
兩者有區別嗎?倒不如說已然死去。
而被遺留下來的親人,
緊握著那些未曾實現的可能,
隻能稱之為命運。
他們隻是繼續活著,
或者無法生存。命運如此。
我年幼時被約瑟夫·諾伊斯船長買下,
一直恭敬地侍奉他,直到他去世,
我才意識到命運已然改變。
三代以來,我的家人
一直與諾伊斯家共處一屋,
卻被一種遺傳的詛咒劃分,
一些人成為諾伊斯,一些人成為財產。
這是我唯一熟悉的家庭。
我的妻子在諾伊斯家出生、長大,
我們的兩個孩子由諾伊斯醫生接生。
當我決定宣告我的自由,
五位諾伊斯家族成員為我作證。
我是最後的奴隸。因為自由意味著,
你必須掙工資,並讓它維持生計,
從發薪日到發薪日,支付房租、食物、衣服,
生病時(而非如果生病)看醫生……
自由不會改變那些暴徒看你的方式,
但它會改變你看待自己的方式。
這才是最重要的。
在獲得自由六年後,
我因驕傲地做一個黑人而遭受殘暴襲擊。
如果我反抗,恐怕早已喪命。
威廉·諾伊斯為我雇了律師,
那名暴徒被送入監獄,
因為我們的命運,彼此交織。
我如今六十五歲。誰能預見,
我會坐在門廊上,
聽紅喉鳥和黑頂雀鳴,
看櫻桃花瓣如雪飄落?
誰能想到,短短三十年前,
這竟可能成為我的命運?
一個白胡子的自由黑人,和他的妻子,
曬著太陽,坐在自家門前,
俯瞰金鍾花叢間的小路;
兒子在後院的鐵匠鋪裏鍛打馬蹄鐵;
女兒在廚房裏哼著不成調的旋律;
孫子們發誓晚飯前會完成家務;
而他們沉靜的孫女,正夢想著未來。
選自美國詩歌基金會,2925年3月25日《每日一詩》欄目。
詩歌評論
瑪麗蓮·尼爾森的**《最後的奴隸》是一首沉靜而深邃的敘事詩,通過一位真實的曆史人物塞繆爾·弗裏曼**的視角,展現了美國奴隸製終結後的複雜現實。詩歌不僅關注自由的法律意義,更深入探討了自由對個人身份、社會認同及日常生活的影響。
1. 命運與斷裂的曆史
詩歌的開篇以“人們突然消失”這一懸念式的描寫,引出了被奴役者命運的不可控性。被撕裂的家譜象征著奴隸貿易所造成的曆史斷裂,而“你可能被賣走,或者逃離絕望”則道出了奴隸們的無奈選擇——無論是被迫還是自願離開,最終的結果幾乎沒有區別。在那個時代,被遺忘、失蹤,甚至死亡,都是可能的宿命。
2. 歸屬感與身份認同
弗裏曼的經曆展現了一種複雜的歸屬感:他的家庭在諾伊斯家族生活了三代,與這個白人家庭有著深厚的聯係,但身份卻永遠被定義為“財產”而非“家人”。當他終於獲得自由時,他的身份發生了根本性的變化,但這並非意味著完全擺脫了種族的束縛。自由不僅是法律上的解放,更是一種自我認同的建立過程。
3. 自由的代價與現實
詩歌的第三節直擊現實,揭示了“自由”並不意味著真正的平等。即使獲得了法律上的自由,黑人仍然麵臨經濟上的壓力和社會上的偏見。“自由不會改變那些暴徒看你的方式,但它會改變你看待自己的方式”一句尤為深刻,表達了奴隸製廢除後,黑人所麵臨的心理鬥爭與社會挑戰。詩人用**“被襲擊”**這一事件,強調了黑人在重獲自由後仍然脆弱的社會地位,而白人諾伊斯家族成員對弗裏曼的幫助,則暗示了曆史上少數白人的反種族主義立場。
4. 結尾的溫柔與希望
詩歌的結尾充滿詩意與溫情,弗裏曼的晚年生活呈現出寧靜祥和的畫麵——家人圍繞,孩子們成長,象征著一個真正屬於他的未來。這一場景與詩歌開頭的黑暗形成鮮明對比,既是一種曆史的回響,也是一種希望的寄托。
總結
**《最後的奴隸》**是一首兼具曆史厚重感與個人情感的詩歌,它不僅講述了一個人的故事,也折射了一個時代的轉變。從被奴役到爭取自由,從社會的偏見到自我認同的建立,這首詩細膩地展現了奴隸製廢除後的現實問題。最終,詩歌用溫暖的結尾告訴我們,盡管自由的道路充滿艱辛,但希望仍然存在,未來仍然值得期待。
附上原詩
The Last Slave
BY MARILYN NELSON
Samuel Freeman, emancipated
Nov. 8, 1820
You never could tell: people disappeared
suddenly in the old days, left rumors
and big black gaping holes in family trees.
Like the ones our Ancestors must have left
when Fate ripped them out of the world they knew.
You might have been sold. Or you’d run away
from despair and gotten lost in the unknown.
Was there a difference? Might as well be dead.
What happened to the loved ones left behind
holding dripping handfuls of might-have-been
was, simply, Fate. They just went on living:
they just survived. Or didn’t. Such is Fate.
Bought as a child by Captain Joseph Noyes,
I served him with respect until he died
and I realized that my Fate had changed.
For three generations my family
had lived with the Noyeses as one household
divided by an inherited curse
that made some Noyeses, and some property.
This was the only family I knew.
My wife was born and raised in a Noyes home.
Dr. Noyes delivered our two babies.
When I decided to claim my freedom,
five Noyeses testified on my behalf.
I was the last slave. Because freedom means
you have to earn wages, and make them stretch
from payday to payday, for rent, food, clothes,
the doctor when (not if) someone gets sick ...
It doesn’t change the way the brutes see you,
but it does change the way you see yourself.
And that makes all the difference. I’d been free
six years when I was viciously attacked,
for acting proud while black. If I’d fought back,
I’d probably be dead now. William Noyes
hired a lawyer, who sent the brute to jail.
Because our families’ Fates are intertwined.
I’m sixty-five now. Who could have foreseen
that I’d be sitting out here on my porch
while red-throat whistlers and black-capped dicky-dees
celebrate, and the cherry petals snow.
No more than thirty years ago, who could
have foreseen this as my possible Fate:
a free, white-bearded black man with his wife
sunning together beside their front door,
looking down their forsythia-lined path;
their son out back hammering a horseshoe
in the blacksmith shop; their daughter humming
tunelessly in the kitchen; their grandsons
swearing they’ll finish chores before dinner;
their quiet granddaughter dreaming futures.
Notes:
This poem is from “The Witness Stones Project” portfolio that appeared in the November 2021 issue. The authors write about the series and the collaborative process here.
Source: Poetry (November 2021)
Selected from Poem of the Day, American Poetry Foundation, March 25, 2025.