A mixed economic system is one that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism. A mixed economic system accepts private property and permits economic freedom in the use of capital, but also allows for governments to interfere in economic activities in order to achieve social aims.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
- A mixed economy is an economy organized with some free-market elements and some socialistic elements; it lies on a continuum between pure capitalism and pure socialism.
- Mixed economies typically accept private ownership of most means of production, with some government intervention, mainly through regulations.
- Mixed economies socialize select industries that are deemed essential or that produce public goods.
- All known historical and modern economies are examples of mixed economies.
Understanding Mixed Economic Systems
Most modern economies feature elements of multiple different economic systems. In mixed economies, the public sector works alongside the private sector, though they may compete for the same limited resources. Mixed economic systems do not block the private sector from profit-seeking, but they do regulate business and may nationalize industries that provide a public good.
For example, the United States is a mixed economy, as it leaves ownership of the means of production in mostly private hands but incorporates elements such as subsidies for agriculture, regulation on manufacturing, and partial or full public ownership of some industries like letter delivery and national defense. In fact, all known historical and modern economies fall somewhere on the continuum between pure socialism and pure capitalism, which represent theoretical constructs.1
Mixed Economy vs. Free Markets
Mixed economic systems are not laissez-faire systems, because the government is involved in planning the use of some resources and can exert control over businesses in the private sector. Governments may seek to redistribute wealth by taxing the private sector and by using funds from taxes to promote social objectives.
Trade protection, subsidies, targeted tax credits, fiscal stimulus, and public-private partnerships are common examples of government intervention in mixed economies. These unavoidably generate economic distortions, but they are instruments aimed to achieve specific goals.
Countries may also intervene in markets to promote targeted industries, such as by creating agglomerations or reducing barriers to entry. This was common among East Asian countries in the 20th-century, which saw a development strategy known as export-led growth. Today, the region has turned into a global manufacturing center.
Some nations have come to specialize in textiles, while others are known for machinery, and others are hubs for electronic components. These sectors rose to prominence after governments protected young companies as they achieved competitive scale and promoted adjacent services such as shipping.
Mixed Economy vs. Socialism
A key element of socialism is common or centralized ownership of the means of production.2 Proponents of socialism believe that central planning can achieve a greater good for a larger number of people.
Socialists do not trust that the free-market outcomes will achieve the efficiency and optimization posited by classical economists, so socialists advocate the nationalization of all industries and the expropriation of privately owned capital goods, lands, and natural resources. Mixed economies rarely go to this extreme. Instead, they identify only select instances in which intervention could achieve outcomes unlikely to be achieved in free markets.
Such measures can include price controls, income redistribution, and intense regulation of production and trade. This also includes the socialization of specific industries, known as public goods, that are considered essential and that economists believe the free market might not supply adequately, such as public utilities, military and police forces, and environmental protection. Unlike pure socialism, however, mixed economies usually otherwise maintain private ownership and control of the means of production.
Characteristics of a Mixed Economy
A mixed economy typically combines the features of a market-based economy with a strong public sector. While most prices are set by supply and demand, the government may intervene in the economy by enforcing price floors or ceilings for certain goods, or by directing public funds to certain industries at the expense of others.3
The following are common examples of mixed-economy policies
Social Welfare Programs
Most mixed economies, even heavily market-oriented ones, offer benefits to those living at or near the poverty level. In the United States, the federal government provides SNAP benefits, Medicaid, and public housing to low-income individuals, while many state governments provide their own benefits.
Many countries in Western Europe have extremely generous social welfare programs, as well as government-provided health care and strong labor protections.
Price Controls / Subsidies
While prices in a mixed economy are generally set by the market, the government may intervene to prevent the prices of certain commodities from rising or falling below a certain level. For example, most mixed economies have minimum wage laws to prevent exploitation of the workforce, and they may use subsidies to support farmers or other key industries.
Strong Business Regulations
While most business activity is guided by the free market, governments may use regulations to protect the public from dangerous products, pollution, or monopolistic business practices. Many mixed economies have anti-trust laws to ensure that the marketplace remains competitive.
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Mixed Economy
A mixed economy combines several of the desirable qualities of both capitalist and socialist economic systems. The capitalist principles of free enterprise, market-based prices, and private property create incentives for innovation and efficiency, while elements of a welfare state and price controls guarantee a minimum standard of living.
However, social welfare programs can create a high tax burden and distort the market. Price controls, such as minimum wage laws, can have the unintended effects of reducing employment, according to the Philips curve. Other interventions, such as housing guarantees or free healthcare, can sometimes result in shortages because pricing does not reflect availability.
A mixed economy also allows the government to set its strategic priorities through selective interventions in the economy. For example, the United States gives favorable tax treatments to certain agricultural and manufacturing industries, because they are considered crucial for the country's long-term economic health.
Mixed economies can also result in less competition or regulatory capture, as private interests lobby for favorable regulations and tax treatment. This can have the perverse effect of regulations being determined by industries rather than policymakers.
-
Increased efficiency and productivity due to market-based incentives.
-
Welfare protections for the poorest members of the population.
-
Allows the government to set strategic priorities through economic policy.
-
Does not avoid the market-distorting effects of government intervention.
-
May succumb to regulatory capture as business interests campaign for favorable regulations.
-
Higher taxes to pay for welfare state policies.
History and Criticism of the Mixed Economy
The term mixed economy gained prominence in the United Kingdom after World War II, even though many of the policies associated with it at the time were first proposed in the 1930s. Many of the supporters were associated with the British Labour Party.
Critics argued that there could be no middle ground between economic planning and a market economy, and many—even today—question its validity when they believe it to be a combination of socialism and capitalism. Those who believe the two concepts don’t belong together say either market logic or economic planning must be prevalent in an economy.
Classical and Marxist theorists say that either the law of value or the accumulation of capital is what drives the economy, or that non-monetary forms of valuation (i.e. transactions without cash) are what ultimately propel the economy. These theorists believe that Western economies are still primarily based on capitalism because of the continued cycle of accumulation of capital.
Austrian economists starting with Ludwig von Mises have argued that a mixed economy is not sustainable because the unintended consequences of government intervention into the economy, such as the shortages that routinely result from price controls, will consistently lead to further calls for ever-increasing intervention to offset their effects.4 This suggests that the mixed economy is inherently unstable and will always tend toward a more socialistic state over time.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, economists of the Public Choice school have described how the interaction of government policymakers, economic interest groups, and markets can guide policy in a mixed economy away from the public interest. Economic policy in the mixed economy unavoidably diverts the flow of economic activity, trade, and income away from some individuals, firms, industries, and regions and toward others.5
Not only can this create harmful distortions in the economy by itself, but it always creates winners and losers. This sets up powerful incentives for interested parties to take some resources away from productive activities to use instead for the purpose of lobbying or otherwise seeking to influence economic policy in their own favor. This non-productive activity is known as rent-seeking.
Real-World Examples
Technically, almost every country can be considered a mixed economy, since it is difficult for a country to sustain economic activity without some degree of government intervention or free market activity. Even North Korea allows a limited number of private markets.
But the best examples of mixed economies are those countries where the government takes a significant role in directing the course of the market economy. Many countries in Western Europe are considered mixed economies because the government offers generous welfare programs and tight regulations on business activity. The United States, for example, has many social programs to benefit the poor, as well as several government-owned enterprises.
Conversely, many socialist-oriented countries can be considered mixed economies because of their large private sectors. Both China and Vietnam have successfully privatized many of their state-owned enterprises while retaining a leading role for the government in economic affairs.
What Are the Characteristics of a Mixed Economy?
The characteristics of a mixed economy include allowing supply and demand to determine fair prices, the protection of private property, innovation being promoted, standards of employment, the limitation of government in business yet allowing the government to provide overall welfare, and market facilitation by the self-interest of the players involved.
What Are the Disadvantages of a Mixed Economy?
Mixed economies stress profit above all else, including the well-being of citizens, there tends to be mismanagement at various levels, it creates economic inequality throughout the population as wealth is not distributed evenly, inefficiency occurs due to government involvement, and the working class can be exploited.
What Are the 4 Main Types of Economic Systems?
The four main types of economic systems are a pure market economy, a pure command economy, a mixed economy, and a traditional economy.
Which Countries Have a Mixed Economy?
Countries that have a mixed economy include the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Iceland, and India.6
The Bottom Line
A mixed economy features many of the desirable qualities of both capitalism and socialism, as well as some of their drawbacks. This type of economy allows the government to provide public goods and a basic safety net while enjoying the productivity of a market-based economy. In practice, most countries of the world are mixed economies, although some are more market-oriented and others are more state-led.
