風蕭蕭_Frank
以文會友
2024年4月1日 德國人使用大麻合法化
https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/01/europe/germany-cannabis-legalization-day-scli-intl/index.html
作者：Jack Guy，CNN，2024 年 4 月 1 日
自 2024 年 4 月 1 日起，德國成年人（18 歲及以上）在有限範圍內吸食大麻已成為合法的娛樂用途。截至 2024 年 2 月，據評估有 450 萬德國人使用大麻。
自 2024 年 4 月 1 日起，德國成年人在公共場所持有 25 克或以下大麻、私人持有最多 50 克幹大麻以及在家中最多擁有三株大麻植物是合法的。 [3] 僅限成人的非營利大麻社交俱樂部將於 2024 年 7 月 1 日在德國合法化。然而，合法許可銷售（即在商店或網上和大麻企業銷售大麻）將被禁止，這一決定受到了批評。 [4] 對於外國人和遊客來說，不可能合法購買大麻。 俱樂部的會員資格受到嚴格監管，並且居住在該地區是先決條件。 關於合法化的最大問題是歐盟法律，這導致該倡議分為幾個階段。 下一步包括商業銷售計劃。
醫用大麻
為了便於研究，屈大麻酚於 1994 年從《麻醉品法》(Betäubungsmittelgesetz) 附件一重新列入附件二； 1998年，屈大麻酚從附件二重新列入附件三，此後一直可以通過處方獲得。 [6] 而 Δ9-THC 仍列在附件 I 中。Neues Rezeptur-Formularium 中描述了含有屈大麻酚的藥典製劑的生產說明。 [8]
盡管 Δ9-THC 仍列在附件一中，但在少數情況下，患者已經能夠從聯邦藥品管理局獲得通過藥房進口天然大麻的特別許可證。 Neues Rezeptur-Formularium 中描述了含有屈大麻酚的藥典製劑的生產說明。
2008 年 2 月，七名德國患者合法接受藥用大麻治療，並在藥房憑處方分發。
2016 年 5 月 4 日，德國內閣批準立法，允許對已谘詢醫生且“沒有其他治療選擇”的重病患者使用大麻。 德國衛生部長 Hermann Gröhe 向內閣提交了醫用大麻合法化法律草案，該草案於 2017 年 3 月 10 日生效。“聯邦藥品和醫療器械研究所”將根據規定向種植和進口醫用大麻的公司頒發許可證。 嚴格的 EU-GMP 標準。 自2017年3月起，重病患者可以憑醫生處方獲得大麻，費用由健康保險支付。
執行
德國麻醉品法 (Betäubungsmittelgesetz) 規定，當局無需對持有“少量”用於個人消費的任何麻醉藥品進行起訴，除非是“公共利益”的情況，即在公眾麵前消費。 未成年人或在公立學校或州立監獄內。[17] “少量”的定義各不相同，從大多數州最多 6 克（0.21 盎司）大麻到柏林 15 克（0.53 盎司）大麻。 [18]
根據德國法律，吸食毒品本身並不違法：從法律上講，這被認為是不受懲罰的自殘行為。 法律評論承認，從法律意義上來說，在沒有先購買毒品的情況下消費毒品是可能的。 這具有實際效果，即藥檢呈陽性並不一定意味著有人非法購買它們。 [19]
大麻遊行
Hanfparade（英語：Hemp Parade）是柏林的大麻合法化示威活動。 [20] 自 1997 年以來每年舉辦一次。[21]
全球大麻遊行
全球大麻遊行自 2000 年起在德國舉行，並自 2011 年起由 Deutscher Hanfverband（德國大麻協會）負責協調。 [22]
抗議
抗議團體“我們在傷害誰？” 由 Alec“Craze”Zammitt 和 Will Stolk 領導的抗議活動於 2023 年 7 月在德國柏林舉行，即德國宣布大麻合法化的一個月前。 該組織在柏林各地分發了數百個假大麻植物道具，模仿 2018 年澳大利亞 420 抗議活動。
大麻博物館
漢夫博物館於 1994 年在柏林成立。
麻類食品
用大麻籽（THC 含量低於 0.2%）製成的非精神活性食品在 Reformhaus 等德國健康食品商店中很常見。 自 2010 年代末以來，大麻食品和飲料已在包括超市在內的各類商店中廣泛銷售，[31] 健康食品商店和藥店（如 dm 和 Rossmann）已開始銷售各種 CBD 產品，有時包括不含 THC 的大麻。
政治
綠黨、左翼和自由民主黨希望政府將私人消費大麻的監管合法化。 他們表示，這將有助於保護成年消費者避免購買含有其他有害化學物質的大麻。 他們還表示，在黑市上購買大麻讓普通公民蒙受了恥辱，使他們無法在需要時尋求幫助，並增加了他們購買更難毒品的機會。 大麻
商店將消除這種風險，並通過實施法定最低購買年齡檢查來防止未成年人購買藥物。
2021 年德國聯邦大選
在 2021 年聯邦選舉後社民黨、綠黨和自民黨之間的聯合談判中，該提案是在政府框架內提出的，該政府將組建一個政府，向成年人合法發放大麻，並在有執照的專業機構中出售大麻。 未來的商店。
2021 年德國聯邦大選後，產生的聯盟在聯盟協議中宣布，計劃將娛樂用大麻合法化。 杜塞爾多夫大學 2021 年進行的一項研究報告稱，在受監管的市場下實現大麻合法化可以為德國帶來超過 47 億歐元的額外收入，並創造約 27,000 個就業崗位。
2022 年德國大麻合法化框架
2022年1月，聯邦司法部長Marco Buschmann表示，該部正在起草大麻法規，但合法化日期將由聯邦衛生部決定。 [42] 德國於 10 月推出了 2022 年大麻合法化框架。 德國衛生部長希望使成年人購買和擁有最多 30 克（1 盎司）大麻用於娛樂用途以及私下種植最多三株植物合法化。 此外，根據計劃，擁有最多 500 名會員的大麻社交俱樂部可以聯合種植大麻用於娛樂用途，並將其出售給會員僅供個人使用。 該法案草案於 4 月 28 日分發。 在 2023 年 8 月 6 日發表的采訪中，德國聯邦議院首席顧問 Michael P. Seiter 表示，“我目前懷疑它很快就會到來，在未來 5 至 12 個月內。機會 – 大約 90%。” 根據協議，大麻持有和種植合法化將於2024年4月1日生效，允許家庭種植50克幹大麻。 一些人預計這可能會導致整個歐盟的轉折點。
2023 年合法化努力
2023年9月，德國聯邦委員會正式對德國聯邦政府首次大麻合法化的計劃發表評論，並概述了《大麻法案》草案（德語稱為 Cannabisgesetz 或“CanG”）。《大麻法案》將把大麻從麻醉藥品中移除。 法案（德語為 Betäubungsmittelgesetz）。 10 月，部長卡爾·勞特巴赫 (Karl Lauterbach) 承諾該法案將於 2023 年 12 月 31 日生效。來自聯邦議院的其他聲音，如邁克爾·P·塞特 (Michael P. Seiter) 則持懷疑態度，並預測需要更長的時間，但該法案將需要幾個月的時間。 變得比目前計劃的更加自由一些。 最終，這兩個預測都實現了。 對於成年人來說，允許擁有 25 克幹製品並允許私人種植最多三種植物。 該法案將允許種植協會進行非商業性自我種植大麻。
2024年合法化
主條目：德國大麻管製法案§2023提案
2024 年 2 月 23 日，聯邦議院（德國議會）批準了新的大麻法案（407 名議員投票支持新法律，226 名議員反對，4 票棄權）。 3月22日，該法案在聯邦參議院獲得通過。[56] 德國執政聯盟（由社會民主黨、綠黨和自由民主黨組成）以及反對黨左翼黨投票支持該法案。 反對黨基民盟/基社盟和德國另類選擇黨 (AfD) 投票反對該法案。
《大麻法》使德國成年人（18 歲及以上）出於娛樂目的擁有和種植大麻部分合法化。 公共場所允許持有最多 25 克（0.88 盎司）幹大麻，私人（在家）持有最多 50 克（1.8 盎司）幹大麻已成為合法。 然而，法律規定，18歲至21歲的人最多隻能購買30克大麻。 [59] 成年人在家中最多可以種植三株大麻植物。 從 2024 年 7 月 1 日起，德國成年居民組建和加入非營利性大麻社交俱樂部將是合法的，每個俱樂部的會員人數上限為 500 人。 俱樂部會員每月最多可以購買 50 克。 但是，禁止在俱樂部場所內飲酒。
禁止在特定區域（包括學校、幼兒園、公共遊樂場、體育設施以及07:00至20:00之間的“市中心步行區”）100m範圍內吸食大麻。 該法案於 2024 年 4 月 1 日生效。
有人質疑該立法將在多大程度上影響德國的大麻非法販運——由於大麻的商業銷售仍將被禁止，那些不想種植自己的植物或加入社交俱樂部的人可能會繼續購買大麻 來自非法經銷商。
Germans celebrate as recreational cannabis use becomes legal
https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/01/europe/germany-cannabis-legalization-day-scli-intl/index.html
By Jack Guy, CNN April 1, 2024
BERLIN, GERMANY - APRIL 1: Cannabis enthusiasts smoke joints legally at the Brandenburg Gate at shortly after midnight on April 1, 2024 in Berlin, Germany. Germany's new cannabis law goes into effect today, bringing in a new era of legal cannabis consumption. Cannabis social clubs will also be allowed to grow their own marijuana beginning later this year.
Crowds gathered in Germany overnight to celebrate the legalization of cannabis starting from Monday.
From April 1, adults aged 18 and over will be allowed to possess 25 grams of cannabis in public spaces. In private areas, up to 50 grams of home-grown cannabis will be permitted. Three plants may be grown privately. Cannabis clubs for joint cultivation will then be possible from July 1.
Last month, Germany’s lower house of parliament voted to legalize cannabis for limited recreational use following a controversial national debate about the pros and cons of allowing easier access to the drug.
Health minister Karl Lauterbach hailed the move in a post on X on Monday.
“Cannabis use already existed yesterday, but it’s increasing. Now it’s exiting the taboo zone,” he wrote.
“This is better for real addiction help, prevention for children and young people and for combating the black market, for which there will soon be an alternative.”
The new rules mean adults can possess small amounts for personal use but the drug remains banned for under 18s.
Germany legalizes recreational cannabis use
Under the new legislation, put forward by Germany’s ruling coalition party, adults can cultivate up to three plants for private consumption and be allowed to possess 50g at one time at home, and 25g in public, starting from April 1.
From July 1, cannabis will be available in licensed not-for-profit clubs with no more than 500 members – all of whom would have to be adults. Only club members would be allowed to consume their output.
The German government said that cannabis would remain illegal for minors and highly restricted for young adults, adding that consuming the drug near schools and playgrounds would be illegal.
The move makes Germany the third country in Europe – after Malta and Luxembourg – to legalize the drug for recreational use, removing cannabis from the official list of banned substances.
The Netherlands bans possession of drugs but some municipalities permit them to be sold in coffee shops under its so-called policy of toleration.
In other countries, like Australia and the US, rules vary in different localities.
大麻在德國合法化的曆史
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Germany?
來自維基百科 更新於 2024 年 4 月 15 日 06:39
自 2024 年 4 月 1 日起，德國成年人（18 歲及以上）在有限範圍內吸食大麻已成為合法的娛樂用途。截至 2024 年 2 月，據評估有 450 萬德國人使用大麻。
自 2024 年 4 月 1 日起，德國成年人在公共場所持有 25 克或以下大麻、私人持有最多 50 克幹大麻以及在家中最多擁有三株大麻植物是合法的。 僅限成人的非營利大麻社交俱樂部將於 2024 年 7 月 1 日在德國合法化。然而，合法許可銷售（即在商店或網上和大麻企業銷售大麻）將被禁止，這一決定受到了批評。對於外國人和遊客來說，不可能合法購買大麻。 俱樂部的會員資格受到嚴格監管，並且居住在該地區是先決條件。 關於合法化的最大問題是歐盟法律，這導致該倡議分為幾個階段。 下一步包括商業銷售計劃。
醫用大麻
為了便於研究，屈大麻酚於 1994 年從《麻醉品法》(Betäubungsmittelgesetz) 附件一重新列入附件二； 1998年，屈大麻酚從附件二重新列入附件三，此後一直可以通過處方獲得。 [6] 而 Δ9-THC 仍列在附件 I 中。Neues Rezeptur-Formularium 中描述了含有屈大麻酚的藥典製劑的生產說明。
盡管 Δ9-THC 仍列在附件一中，但在少數情況下，患者已經能夠從聯邦藥品管理局獲得通過藥房進口天然大麻的特別許可證。 Neues Rezeptur-Formularium 中描述了含有屈大麻酚的藥典製劑的生產說明。
2008 年 2 月，七名德國患者合法接受藥用大麻治療，並在藥房憑處方分發。
2016 年 5 月 4 日，德國內閣批準立法，允許對已谘詢醫生且“沒有其他治療選擇”的重病患者使用大麻。 德國衛生部長 Hermann Gröhe 向內閣提交了醫用大麻合法化法律草案，該草案於 2017 年 3 月 10 日生效。“聯邦藥品和醫療器械研究所”將根據規定向種植和進口醫用大麻的公司頒發許可證。 嚴格的 EU-GMP 標準。 自2017年3月起，重病患者可以憑醫生處方獲得大麻，費用由健康保險支付。
執行
德國麻醉品法 (Betäubungsmittelgesetz) 規定，當局無需對持有“少量”用於個人消費的任何麻醉藥品進行起訴，除非是“公共利益”的情況，即在公眾麵前消費。 未成年人或在公立學校或州立監獄內。[17] “少量”的定義各不相同，從大多數州最多 6 克（0.21 盎司）大麻到柏林 15 克（0.53 盎司）大麻。 [18]
根據德國法律，吸食毒品本身並不違法：從法律上講，這被認為是不受懲罰的自殘行為。 法律評論承認，從法律意義上來說，在沒有先購買毒品的情況下消費毒品是可能的。 這具有實際效果，即藥檢呈陽性並不一定意味著有人非法購買它們。 [19]
大麻遊行
Hanfparade（英語：Hemp Parade）是柏林的大麻合法化示威活動。 [20] 自 1997 年以來每年舉辦一次。[21]
全球大麻遊行
全球大麻遊行自 2000 年起在德國舉行，並自 2011 年起由 Deutscher Hanfverband（德國大麻協會）負責協調。 [22]
抗議
抗議團體“我們在傷害誰？” 由 Alec“Craze”Zammitt 和 Will Stolk 領導的抗議活動於 2023 年 7 月在德國柏林舉行，即德國宣布大麻合法化的一個月前。 該組織在柏林各地分發了數百個假大麻植物道具，模仿 2018 年澳大利亞 420 抗議活動。
大麻博物館
漢夫博物館於 1994 年在柏林成立。
麻類食品
用大麻籽（THC 含量低於 0.2%）製成的非精神活性食品在 Reformhaus 等德國健康食品商店中很常見。 自 2010 年代末以來，大麻食品和飲料已在包括超市在內的各類商店中廣泛銷售，[31] 健康食品商店和藥店（如 dm 和 Rossmann）已開始銷售各種 CBD 產品，有時包括不含 THC 的大麻。
政治
綠黨、左翼和自由民主黨希望政府將私人消費大麻的監管合法化。 他們表示，這將有助於保護成年消費者避免購買含有其他有害化學物質的大麻。 他們還表示，在黑市上購買大麻是對普通公民的侮辱
Cannabis in Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Germany?
From Wikipedia Updated 15 April 2024, at 06:39
Cannabis in Germany has been legal for recreational usage by adults (aged 18 and over) in a limited capacity since 1 April 2024. As of February 2024, it has been assessed that 4.5 million Germans use cannabis.
From 1 April 2024, it is legal for adults in Germany to possess 25 grams or less of cannabis in public, up to 50 grams of dried cannabis in private and have up to three cannabis plants at home.[3] Adult only non-profit cannabis social clubs are due to be legalised in Germany on 1 July 2024. However, legal licensed sales (i.e. sales of cannabis in stores or online and cannabis businesses) will not be permitted, a decision that has received criticism.[4] For foreigners and tourists, it is not possible to legally purchase cannabis. Membership in the clubs is heavily regulated, and residency in the region is a prerequisite. The biggest issue regarding legalisation has been EU law, which has led to the initiative being divided into several stages. The next step includes plans for commercial sales.
Medical cannabis
Dronabinol was rescheduled in 1994 from annex I to annex II of the Narcotics Law (Betäubungsmittelgesetz) in order to ease research; in 1998 dronabinol was rescheduled from annex II to annex III and since then has been available by prescription.[6] whereas Δ9-THC is still listed in annex I. Manufacturing instructions for dronabinol containing compendial formulations are described in the Neues Rezeptur-Formularium.[8]
Although Δ9-THC is still listed in annex I, in a few cases, patients have been able to obtain from the federal drug authority a special permit to import natural cannabis through a pharmacy. Manufacturing instructions for dronabinol containing compendial formulations are described in the Neues Rezeptur-Formularium.
In February 2008, seven German patients were legally being treated with medicinal cannabis, distributed by prescription in pharmacies.
On 4 May 2016, the Cabinet of Germany approved legislation allowing the use of cannabis for seriously ill patients who have consulted with a doctor and "have no therapeutic alternative". German Health Minister Hermann Gröhe presented the legal draft on the legalisation of medical cannabis to the cabinet which took effect on 10 March 2017. Licenses will be given by "Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices" to companies for growing medical cannabis and import according to strict EU-GMP standards. As of March 2017, the seriously ill can obtain cannabis with a doctor's prescription, paid for by health insurance.
Enforcement
The German narcotics law (Betäubungsmittelgesetz) states that authorities are not required to prosecute for the possession of a "minor amount" of any narcotic drug meant for personal consumption, except in cases "of public interest", i.e. consumption in public, in front of minors or within a public school or a state prison.[17] The definition of "minor amount" varies, from up to 6 grams (0.21 oz) of cannabis in most states to 15 grams (0.53 oz) in Berlin.[18]
Under German law, the consumption itself of narcotics is not illegal: legally speaking, it is considered as non-punishable self-harm. Legal commentaries recognise that it is possible to consume drugs without having bought them first, in a legal sense. This has the practical effect that a positive drug test does not necessarily mean that one has illegally purchased them.[19]
Hemp Parade
The Hanfparade (English: Hemp Parade) is a hemp legalisation demonstration in Berlin.[20] It has taken place annually since 1997.[21]
Global Marijuana March
The Global Marijuana March has taken place in Germany since 2000 and has been coordinated since 2011 by the Deutscher Hanfverband (German Hemp Association).[22]
Protests
The protest group "Who Are We Hurting?" led by Alec "Craze" Zammitt & Will Stolk brought their protest efforts to Berlin, Germany in July 2023, one month prior to Germany announcing the legalisation of Cannabis. The group distributed 100s of fake cannabis plant props throughout Berlin, mimicking their prior Australian 420 protest in 2018.
Hemp museum
The Hanfmuseum was established in Berlin in 1994.
Hemp food
Non-psychoactive foods made with hemp seeds (less than 0.2% THC) are very common in German health food shops such as Reformhaus. Since the late 2010s, Hemp foods and drinks have become widely available in all types of stores including supermarkets,[31] and health food shops and drug stores like dm and Rossmann have begun selling various CBD products, sometimes including THC-free cannabis.
Politics
The Greens, The Left, and the Free Democratic Party wanted the government to legalise the regulation of cannabis for private consumption. They said that this would help protect adult consumers from buying cannabis laced with other harmful chemicals. They also said that buying cannabis on the black market stigmatised ordinary citizens, preventing them from seeking help if they need it and increasing the chance that they will buy harder drugs. Cannabis shops would eliminate this risk and prevent minors from buying the drug with the implementation of legal minimum age checks for purchase.
2021 German federal election
In the coalition talks between the SPD, the Greens and the FDP that followed the federal election in 2021, the proposal arose within the framework of a government that was to be formed to release cannabis for legal distribution to adults and to sell it in licensed specialist shops in the future.
After the 2021 German federal election, the resulting coalition announced in their coalition agreement that they planned to legalise cannabis for recreational purposes. A study conducted by the University of Düsseldorf in 2021 reported that legalising cannabis with a regulated market could raise more than €4.7 billion in additional revenue in Germany and create approximately 27,000 jobs.
2022 German cannabis legalisation framework
In January 2022, Federal Minister of Justice Marco Buschmann stated that the ministry was drafting cannabis regulations, but the date of legalisation would be up to the Federal Ministry of Health.[42] A 2022 German cannabis legalisation framework was introduced in October. The German health minister wants to make it legal for adults to purchase and own up to 30g (1 oz) of cannabis for recreational use and to privately grow up to three plants. Additionally, according to the plans, Cannabis Social Clubs with up to 500 members, may cultivate marijuana jointly for recreational use and sell it to members only for personal use. The draft bill was circulated on 28 April. In an interview published on 6 August 2023, Michael P. Seiter, Chief Advisor from the Bundestag, opined, "I currently suspect it will come soon, within the next 5–12 months. Chance – about 90%." According to an agreement, the legalization of cannabis possession and cultivation could take effect on 1 April 2024, with 50 grams of dried cannabis allowed for home cultivation. Some anticipate that this could lead to a tipping point for the entire EU.
2023 efforts towards legalisation
In September 2023 the German Federal Council officially commented on the plans of the German federal government to legalise cannabis for the first time and outlined the draft Cannabis Act (known in German as Cannabisgesetz or “CanG”) The Cannabis act would remove cannabis from the Narcotics Act (known in German as Betäubungsmittelgesetz). In October, Minister Karl Lauterbach promised the act would come into force by December 31, 2023. Other voices from the Bundestag, such as Michael P. Seiter, were more skeptical and predicted that it would take a few months longer, but the law would become a bit more liberal than currently planned. Ultimately, both of these predictions came true. For adults, possession of 25 grams of dried product and private cultivation of a maximum of three plants would be permitted. The act would allow for non-commercial self cultivation of cannabis to be done in cultivation associations.
2024 legalisation
On 23 February 2024, the Bundestag (German parliament) ratified the new Cannabis Act (with 407 members voting for the new law and 226 against it, with four abstentions). On 22 March, the act was passed in the Bundesrat.[56] The German governing coalition (consisting of the Social Democrats, Greens, and Free Democrats), as well as the opposition Left Party, voted in favor of the legislation. The opposition CDU/CSU and Alternative for Germany (AfD) voted against the legislation.
The Cannabis Act partially legalised the possession and cultivation of cannabis for recreational consumption by adults (aged 18 and above) in Germany. Possession of up to 25 grams (0.88 oz) allowed in public and up to 50 grams (1.8 oz) of dried cannabis in private (at home) was made legal. However, those aged from 18 to 21 are restricted under the law to a maximum purchase limit of 30 grams of cannabis.[59] Adults are allowed to have up to three cannabis plants at home. From 1 July 2024, it will be legal for adult residents of Germany to form and join non-profit cannabis social clubs, with each club's membership restricted to a maximum of 500 persons. Members of the club are allowed to purchase up to 50 grams each month. However, consuming on the club premises is prohibited.
Consumption of cannabis within 100 m of certain areas (including schools, kindergartens, public playgrounds, sports facilities and "pedestrian zones in city centers" between 07:00 and 20:00) is prohibited. The Act came into force on 1 April 2024.
It has been questioned to what degree the legislation will affect illicit traffic of cannabis in Germany – as commercial sale of cannabis will remain prohibited, those who do not wish to grow their own plants or join a social club would probably continue to resort to procuring cannabis from illegal dealers.
