Substance dependence 毒品/藥物依賴

Substance-related disorders毒品或藥物相關的障礙(二)

Substance use disorders毒品/藥物使用障礙

Substance dependence毒品/藥物依賴
A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
不良的毒品/藥物使用模式,導致顯著的功能損傷或困難,在一年內出現以下三項或以上現象的發生:

(1) tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
耐受,以下任何一項出現
(a) a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
需要顯著增加毒品/藥物的用量來到達中毒或想要的效果
(b) markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
使用相同用量的毒品/藥物所到達的效果顯著減弱

(2) withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
戒斷現象,以下任何一項出現
(a) the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance (refer to Criteria A and B of the criteria sets for withdrawal from the specific substances)
出現該毒品/藥物特有的戒斷症狀(見該毒品/藥物的戒斷指標A和B)
(b) the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
需要使用該毒品/藥物(或幾乎相同)的毒品/藥物來減輕或避免戒斷症狀

(3) the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
需要長期大量的使用該毒品/藥物

(4) there is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use
對該毒品/藥品的持續渴望,或無法減少使用,或無法控製使用

(5) a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance (e.g., visiting multiple doctors or driving long distances), use the substance (e.g., chain-smoking), or recover from its effects
花費大量時間在獲取這些毒品/藥品上(如看不同的醫生為了處方,開很長的車程去獲取)和使用它們(如一根接一根地抽煙),或者花費大量時間在使用後的恢複上

(6) important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use
因為毒品/藥物的使用導致取消或減少重要的社交,工作,健身活動

(7) the substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (e.g., current cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induced depression, or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption)
盡管知道使用毒品/藥物會導致身體上某些疾病的持續和複發,或引起心理上某些問題的發生或惡化(如:可卡因會導致憂鬱,喝酒使潰瘍惡化),也繼續使用.