《論語》漢英對照
(2010-08-12 05:49:06)
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《論語》漢英對照
Analects of Confucius
謹以此書追思嚴父慈母
論語一部,字字璣珠:思之本,念之源。一部論語,風光無限:朝之煙,夕之嵐。高堂在世,時時奉讀; 嚴慈仙逝,迻譯成書。遙望東方,喟然寄情;情深意切, 悠永靡絕!
2010年7月5日 紐約
前言
《論語》是我接觸最早的人生教科書之一。孩提時代,父母及老師經常以其中的名言加以訓導。“學而不厭,誨人不倦”之類的經典警語早已耳熟能詳。雖說如此,但能將全書迻譯成英文,確屬始料未及。這不僅要歸因於自己人生閱曆的開拓,還要歸因於漢英知識的積累,更要歸因於當今世界這股方興未艾的中國文化熱。
僑居海外,尤其身處紐約這個世界文化薈萃的國際大都會,這股熱浪的炙烤似乎更為直接,更為實際。於是乎靈感突發,決定使自己多年鍥而不舍的英譯漢,來一番漢譯英的轉型。拜幸運之賜,前不久已經出版姊妹篇《聊齋誌異》選譯本及《西遊記》編譯本,內心的喜悅自不待說,意猶未盡的心緒,更是激勵我一鼓作氣,將《論語》搞了一個文白漢英雙譯本,並在北美最大的中文網站《文學城》發布,反響熱烈,信心大增。
如果說《聊齋誌異》和《西遊記》漢英對照本的出版極富戲劇色彩,而《論語》漢英對照本的問世則頗具傳奇色彩。長話短說,就在《論語》譯稿藏在電腦裏蟄伏期間,一件懸而未決的譯事,使我和對外經貿大學出版社開始接觸,我順便提及與外經貿風馬牛不相及的《論語》譯稿。然而令我驚喜萬分的是,就是這不經意的一提,竟然使我敝帚自珍為滄海遺珠的《論語》譯稿喜見天日。甲方乙方,一拍即合;再拍定音,精彩合作。
《論語》首創中國語錄文體,比較忠實地記述了孔子及其弟子的言行,也比較集中地反映了孔子的核心思想。今本《論語》共二十篇。每一篇若幹小節,節數不均,總共512 小節。每篇均有小標題,取自各篇語錄的前兩個字。如第一篇為“學而篇第一”,就是因為開宗明義第一句是“學而時習之”。其中的“第一”則是本篇在全書中的順序號,最後一篇為“堯曰篇第二十”。每一篇裏又在各小節前冠以順序號,條例十分清晰。
至於編輯的體例,竊以為應該針對讀者而定。而我在翻譯《論語》時心目中的讀者則是古漢語學習者、英語學習者,尤其是雙向翻譯的愛好者。有鑒於此,我所采用了四合一的體例:原文、注釋、白話、英譯。
2010年7月5日 紐約
學而篇第一
【原文】
1·1 子曰(1):“學(2)而時習(3)之,不亦說(4)乎?有朋(5)自遠方來,不亦樂(6)乎?人不知(7),而不慍(8),不亦君子(9)乎?”
【注釋】
(1)子:《論語》通篇“子曰”的子,都孔子。子,中國古代對有地位、有學問的男子的尊稱,有時也泛稱男子。
(2)學:學習西周的禮、樂、詩、書等傳統文化典籍。
(3)時習:“時”,時常,“習”,指演習禮、樂;複習詩、書。也指一般的溫習、實習、練習、實踐。
(4)說:讀“月”,同悅,即歡悅、愉快。
(5)有朋:最通常的理解是“有朋友”。但一本作“友朋”。根據舊注,“同門曰朋”,即同在一位老師門下學習的叫朋,因此這個“朋”就是指“同窗”,即“同學”。
(6)樂:與“說”,即“悅”有所區別。舊注說,悅在內心,樂則見於外。
(7)人不知:此句不完整,沒有說出人不知道什麽。缺少賓語。一般而言,知,是了解的意思。人不知,是說別人不了解自己。
(8)慍:讀“運”,惱怒,怨恨。
(9)君子:《論語》書中的君子,有時指有美德者,有時指有高位者。此處指前者。
【白話】
孔子說:“學習之後又時常加以溫習和練習,不是很令人快樂嗎?有朋友從遠方來,不是很令人高興嗎?別人不了解我,我也不怨恨,這不也是君子風範嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Learn something and then review and practice it frequently. Isn’t it a pleasure? Have friends coming from afar. Isn’t it a joy? Not being well understood, but I neither complain nor get angry. Isn’t it a gentleman bearing?”
【原文】
1·2 有子(1)曰:“其為人也孝弟(2),而好犯上者(3),鮮(4)矣;不好犯上,而好作亂者,未之有也(5)。君子務本(6),本立而道生(7)。孝弟也者,其為人之本與(8)?”
【注釋】
(1)有子:(公元前518~?)姓有,名若,字子若,肥城市人,孔子弟子,曾提出“禮之用,和為貴”等學說,氣質形貌酷似孔子,深受孔門弟子敬重。更有人認為《論語》即出自曾參和有若之手。
(2)孝弟:孝,子女好生侍奉父母;弟,弟弟好生對待兄長。讀音和意義與“悌”(讀“替”)相同。
(3)犯上:犯,冒犯。上,頂頭上司以上的領導人。
(4)鮮:讀“顯”,少的意思。
(5)未之有也:此為“未有之也”的倒裝句型。古漢語句法之一,否定句的賓語若為代詞,一般置於動詞之前。
(6)務本:務,從事,致力於。本,根本。
(7)道:治國做人的基本原則。在中國古代思想裏,道的含義頗多,如另有“天道”的道,顯然是指自然法則。
(8)為人之本:即“為仁之本”,做人的準則。“仁”則是孔子哲學思想的最高範疇,又是倫理道德最高準則。
【白話】
有子說:“在孝敬父母,順從兄長的同時,卻總想觸犯上級,這樣的人是很少見的。既不想觸犯上級,卻又想造反的人是沒有的。君子致力於解決根本問題,根本問題解決了,治國做人的原則也就有了。而孝敬父母、順從兄長,這就是做人的根本!”
【英譯】
You Tzu said: “There are seldom persons who show filial devotion to their parents and obedience to their brothers but offend their superiors at once. And there are absolute no persons who are not insubordinate to their superiors but like to rebel against their superiors. Gentlemen give all their minds to fundamental affairs. So long as a solid foundation is laid, the principles will come into being which help one administer a country and conduct himself. Showing filial devotion to parents and obedience to brothers is the foundation for a person to conduct himself.”
【原文】
1·3 子曰:“巧言令色(1),鮮(2)仁矣。”
【注釋】
(1)巧言令色:朱熹注曰:“好其言,善其色,致飾於外,務以說人。”本來“巧”和“令”都是美好的意思,但孔子的這句話卻含貶義,與成語“巧言令色”的含義一致。巧言:表麵好聽的虛偽話。令色:色,臉色,表情;令色,指向人討好的表情。整個成語的意思就是用花言巧語和諂媚的神色討好別人。
(2)鮮:讀“顯”,稀少。
【白話】
孔子說:“花言巧語,裝出和顏悅色的樣子,這種人的仁心就很少了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Talking plausibly with feign amiable looks, people of this sort are scarcely benevolent.”
【原文】
1·4 曾子(1)曰:“吾日三省(2)吾身。為人謀而不忠(3)乎?與朋友交而不信(4)乎?傳不習乎?”
【注釋】
(1)曾子:曾子姓曾名參,參,讀“身”,字子輿,生於公元前505年,魯國人,孔子得意門生,以孝子著稱。
(2)省:省,讀“醒”,檢查、察看。
(4)信:誠實,講信用。
(5)傳不習:傳,對老師傳授給自己的知識不複習不實踐。
【白話】
曾子說:“我每天多次反省自己,為別人辦事是否盡心盡力?同朋友交往是否誠實可信?老師傳授的知識是否複習了?”
【英譯】
Zeng Tzu said: “Everyday I examine myself many times. Do I do my best when doing things for others? Am I honest and reliable when associating with friends? Whether do I review and practise what my teachers teach me?
【原文】
1·5 子曰:“道(1)千乘之國(2),敬事(3)而言,節用而愛人(4),使民以時(5)。”
【注解】
(1)道:一本作“導”,動詞,治理。
(2)千乘之國:乘,讀“勝”,本為量詞,車輛的“輛數”。但這裏指古代軍隊的基層單位。每乘,根據我下述規模,不妨說是每一個戰鬥連,擁有四匹馬拉的兵車一輛,車上甲士3人,車下步卒72人,後勤人員25人,共計100人。千乘之國,指擁有1,000個戰鬥連,當然也就隻有1,000輛戰車的國家,即諸侯國。春秋時代,戰爭頻仍,所以國家的強弱都用兵車數目作依據。不過在孔子時代,千乘之國已不再是大國。
(3)敬事:敬,最通常的含義指“尊敬”,但“敬業”之說也很普遍,而此時的“敬”則指“勤奮”而言,常說的“兢兢業業”就是這個意思。
(4)愛人:古代“人”的含義有廣義與狹義的區別。廣義的“人”,指一切人;狹義的“人”,僅指士大夫以上各個階層的人。此處的“人”與“民”相對而言,因此其用法為狹義。 這些狹義的人,當時被認為是最聰明,最具才幹的人,用今天的話說就是人才。因此,這裏的“愛人”,不妨理解為珍惜人才。
(5)使民以時:時指農時。古代百姓以農業為主,這是說要促使百姓不誤農時,按照節氣耕作與收獲。
【白話】
孔子說:“治理一個擁有一千輛兵車的國家,就要嚴謹地辦理國家大事而又恪守信用,節約開支而又愛惜人才,教百姓不誤農時”。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When administering a country in possession of a thousand military chariots, you should strictly and cautiously handle the major national affairs, keep your promises, cut down expenses and highly value talented people, and remind farmers not to miss the farming season.”
【原文】
1·6 子曰:“弟子(1)入(2)則孝,出(3)則弟,謹(4)而信,汎(5)愛眾,而親仁(6),行有餘力(7),則以學文(8)。”
【注釋】
(1)弟子:一般有兩種意義:一是指年幼者;二是指學生。這裏指前者。
(2)入:在家。另指進入父親的居處。《禮記·內則》:“由命士以上,父子皆異宮”。這段話記述了古時父子分居,學習則在外舍的習俗。宮,父親居處。入父宮,指進到父親居處。
(3)出:與“入”相對而言,指外出拜師學習或做事。“出則弟”,其中的“弟”通“悌”,是說要用弟弟善待兄長的態度對待老師或長者。
(4)謹:寡言少語稱之為謹。
(5)汎:讀“飯”,同泛,廣泛的意思。
(6)仁:仁即仁人,仁德之人。
(7)行有餘力:指有閑暇時間。
(8)文:古代文獻。主要指詩、書、禮、樂等文化知識。
【白話】
孔子說:“弟子們在父母跟前,就孝順他們;出門在外,要順從師長,言行要謹慎,要誠實可信,寡言少語,要廣泛地去愛眾人,親近那些有仁德的人。這樣做躬行實踐之後,如果還有餘力的話,就再去學習文獻知識。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Together with your parents, you should show filial devotion and obedience to them; while out of home, you should obey your teachers. Words and deeds should be cautious. Keep honest and reliable and taciturn. Show universal love to the broad masses and be close to the noble-minded persons. If still having some leeway after earnestly practising what you advocate like this, you should study historical documents and try to learn some knowledge.”
【原文】
1·7 子夏(1)曰:“賢賢(2)易色;事父母能竭其力;事君,能致其身(4);與朋友交,言而有信。雖曰未學,吾必謂之學矣。”
【注釋】
(1)子夏:姓卜,名商,字子夏,孔子的學生,比孔子小44歲,生於公元前507年。孔子死後,他在魏國宣傳孔子的思想主張。
(2)賢賢:第一個“賢”字作動詞用,尊重的意思。賢賢即尊重賢者。
(3)易:有兩種解釋;一是改變的意思,此句即為尊重賢者而改變好色之心;二是輕視的意思,即看重賢德而輕視女色。
(4)致其身:致,意為“獻納”、“盡力”。這是說把生命奉獻給君主。
【白話】
子夏說:“一個人能夠看重賢德而不以女色為重;侍奉父母,能夠竭盡全力;服侍君主,能夠獻出自己的生命;同朋友交往,說話誠實恪守信用。這樣的人,盡管他自己說沒有學習過,我一定說他已經學習過了。”
【英譯】
Tzu Xia said: “If a person pays much attention to his morality but not to feminine charms, does his best to show filial devotion and obedience to his parents, serves his lord sparing no sacrifice, keeps honest and reliable when associating with friends, I should definitely say that he has once studied the historical documents even if he himself says he has never touched them.
【原文】
1·8 子曰:“君子(1)不重(2)則不威;學則不固(3)。主忠信(4)。無(5)友不如己者(6);過(7)則勿憚(8)改。”
【注釋】
(1)君子:這個詞一直貫穿於本段始終,因此這裏應當有一個斷句::君子,不重則不威。
(2)重:莊重、自持。
(3)學則不固:有兩種解釋:一是作堅固解,與上句相連,不莊重就沒有威嚴,所學也不堅固;二是作“孤陋”解,喻人見聞少,學了就可以不孤陋寡聞。
(4)主忠信:以忠信為主。
(5)無:同“毋”,讀“無”,“不要”的意思。
(6)不如己:一般解釋為不如自己,言外之意,不像自己那麽好。另一種解釋說,“不如己者,不類乎己,所謂‘道不同不相為謀’也。”把“如”解釋為“類似”,即和自己類似的人,沒有好壞相比之意。後一種解釋更為符合孔子的原意。
(7)過:過錯、過失。
(8)憚:讀“但”,害怕、畏懼。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子,不莊重就沒有威嚴;學習可以使人不閉塞;要以忠信為主,不要同與自己不同道的人交朋友;有了過錯,就不要怕改正。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As far as a gentleman is concerned, he cannot become a man of high prestige if he does not behave solemnly. Study can help one avoid being ill-imformed. Do everything according to principle of keeping honest and reliable. Do not make friends with anyone who does not cherish the same ideals and take the same course as you do. So long as there is a mistake, you should not be afraid of correcting it.”
【原文】
1·9 曾子曰:“慎終(1)追遠(2),民德歸厚矣。”
【注釋】
(1)慎終:人死為終。這裏指父母的去世。舊注曰:“慎終者喪盡其哀”,即,慎重處理父母的喪事,竭盡全力表示悲哀。
(2)追遠:遠指祖先。舊注曰:“追遠者祭盡其敬”,即,追思先祖,千方百計表示崇敬。
【白話】
曾子說:“謹慎地處理父母的喪事,追念久遠的祖先,自然會使老百姓日趨忠厚老實了。”
【英譯】
Zeng Ztu said: “Be cautious to deal with the death of your parents and remember to mourn for your age-old ancestors frequently. If so, you can certainly make people behave honestly.”
【原文】
1·10 子禽(1)問於子貢(2)曰:夫子(3)至於是邦(4)也,必聞其政,求之與,抑(5)與之與?”子貢曰:“夫子溫、良、恭、儉、讓(6)以得之。夫子之求之也,其諸(7)異乎人之求之與?”
【注釋】
(1)子禽:姓陳名亢,字子禽。他是否是孔子的學生,曆來爭議未決。
(2)子貢:姓端木,名賜,字子貢,衛國人,比孔子小31歲,孔子的學生,生於公元前520年。子貢善辯,孔子認為他可以做大國的宰相。另據《史記》記載,子貢還曾在衛國經商,以致家財千金,是有名的商業家。
(3)夫子:這是古代的一種敬稱,凡是做過大夫的人都可以榮獲這一稱謂。孔子曾擔任過魯國的司寇,所以他的學生們稱他為“夫子”。後來,因此而沿襲以稱呼老師。《論語》書中所說的“夫子”,都是孔子的學生對他的尊稱。
(4)邦:國家,指當時割據的諸侯國家。
(5)抑:表示選擇的文言連詞,“還是”的意思。
(6)溫、良、恭、儉、讓:溫順、善良、恭敬、儉樸、謙讓。
(7)其諸:語氣詞,大概,或者。
【白話】
子禽問子貢說:“老師到了一個國家,總是要過問這個國家的政事。這種特權是他自己求得呢,還是人家國君主動給他的呢?”子貢說:“老師溫良恭儉讓,所以才得到這樣的特權,但他對這一特權求取的方法,或許與別人的不同吧?”
【英譯】
Tzu Qin asked Tzu Gong: “Whenever our teacher visits a country, he always asks something about its government affairs. Is this sort of privilege asked for by himself or is it given to him by the lord of the country?” Ztu Gong said: “Our teacher is gentle, kind, respectful, simple, frugal and modest, so he can get this sort of privilege. Yet, his way to get this privilege is maybe different from that of others, isn’t it?”
【原文】
1·11 子曰:“父在,觀其(1)誌;父沒,觀其行(2);三年(3)無改於父之道,可謂孝矣。”
【注釋】
(1)其:他的,指兒子,不是指父親。
(2)行:讀“性”,指行為舉止等。
(3)三年:對於古人所說的數字不必過於機械地理解,隻是說要經過一段較長的時間而已,不一定僅指三年的時間。
【白話】
孔子說;“當他父親在世的時候,要觀察他的誌向;在他父親死後,要考察他的行為;如果他對父親的合理主張長期不加改變,這種人就可以說是盡到孝了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You should observe his ambition when a person’s father is still alive; if his father passes away, you should observe his action. If he can keep the reasonable thought of his father unchanged his father’s reasonable thought unchanged for three years, he can be considered filial.”
【原文】
1·12 有子曰:“禮(1)之用,和(2)為貴(3)。先王之道(4),斯(5)為美。小大由之,有所不行。知和而和,不以禮節(6)之,亦不可行也。”
【注釋】
(1)禮:典章製度和道德規範。
(2)和:調和、和諧、協調。
(3)貴:重要。就是以什麽為重的“重”。
(4)先王之道:指堯、舜、禹、湯、文、武,周公等古代帝王的治世之道。
(5)斯:這, 此。這裏指“禮”,也可指“和”。
(6)節:節製,規範。
【白話】
有子說:“禮的應用,以和諧為重。古代君主的治國方法,最難能可貴的地方正是在這裏。不過無論大事小事隻顧按和諧的原則去做,有時卻又行不通。原因就是為和諧而和諧,不以禮來規範和諧,也是行不通的。”
【英譯】
You Tzu said: “When putting standards of morality into practice, the important thing is harmony. As for ways of country-governing of the ancient lords, anything praiseworthy lies just in here. Yet, if you handle everything, big or small, only according to the principle of harmony, sometimes you just cannot win. The reason is that it is unworkable to do everything only for harmony but not to standardize harmony with proprieties.”
【原文】
1·13 有子曰:“信近(1)於義(2),言可複(3)也;恭近於禮,遠(4)恥辱也;因(5)不失其親,亦可宗(6)也。”
【注解】
(1)近:接近、符合。
(2)義:義是儒家的倫理範疇。是指思想和行為符合一定的標準。這個標準最終又歸結為“禮”。
(3)複:實踐。
(4)遠:讀“願”,動詞,使動用法,使之遠離,此外亦可以譯為避免。
(5)因:依靠、憑藉。
(6)宗:遵從,效仿,學習。
【白話】
有子說:“講信用要符合義,這樣的話才能實行;恭敬要符合禮,這樣才能遠離恥辱;所依賴的都是可靠的人,這一點很值得學習。”
【英譯】
You Tzu said: “You should keep honesty in line with righteousness. It is only by doing so that you can put your words into practice. Respectfulness must agree with standards of morality. Only this can help you avoid shame. Make sure that all people whom you rely on are reliable. This point is well worth learning.”
【原文】
1·14 子曰:“君子食無求飽,居無求安,敏於事而慎於言,就(1)有道(2)而正(3)焉,可謂好學也已。”
【注釋】
(1)就:靠近,看齊。
(2)有道:指有道德的人。
(3)正:端正,完善。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子吃不求飽、住不求安、做事機敏、言談謹慎、接近德高望重者以完善自己,這就算好學。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek neither sufficient food nor comfortable living conditions, but they handle everything as nimble as a squirrel does and speak cautiously and go to noble-minded people so as to perfect themselves day by day. If they can do like this, then they can be thought perfect in learning.”
【原文】
1·15 子貢曰:“貧而無諂(1),富而無驕,何如(2)?”子曰:“可也。未若貧而樂(3),富而好禮者也。”子貢曰:《詩》雲,‘如切如磋!如琢如磨(4)’,其斯之謂與?”子曰:“賜(5)也!始可與言《詩》已矣,告諸往而知來者。”
【注釋】
(1)諂:讀“產”,巴結,奉承。
(2)何如:怎麽樣。
(3)貧而樂:另有版本為“貧而樂道”,對照下文的“富而好禮者也”,顯然是對的。
(4)如切如磋,如琢如磨:語出《詩經·衛風·淇澳》。有兩種解釋:一說切磋琢磨分別指對骨、牙、玉、石四種不同材料的加工,否則不能成器;一說加工牙和骨,切了還要磋,加工玉石,琢了還要磨,有精益求精之意。
(5)賜:子貢名,孔子對學生都稱其名。
【白話】
子貢說:“貧窮而能不諂媚,富有而能不驕傲自大,怎麽樣?”孔子說:“這也算可以了。但是還不如雖貧窮卻樂於道,雖富裕而又好禮之人。”子貢說:“《詩》上說,‘要像對待骨、角、象牙、玉一樣,切磋它,琢磨它’,講的就是這個意思吧?”孔子說:“賜呀,我可以同你談論《詩》了,因為你從我講過的話中,既能領悟從前,又能預知未來。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong said: “Poor but not fawning , rich but not arrogant. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “Not so bad. But still, it is somewhat far from the norms that a man is poor but ready to follow right doctrines, rich but ready to follow standards of morality.” Tzu Gong said: “《The Book of Songs》said: ‘to treat it like carving and polishing bones, horns, ivory and jade.’ Does it mean this?” Confucius said: “Now I can discuss 《The Book of Songs》with you because from what I said you can comprehend the past and foretell the future.”
【原文】
1·16 子曰:“不患(1)人(2)之不已知,患不知人也。”
【注釋】
(1)患:憂慮,擔心,怕。
【白話】
孔子說:“不怕別人不了解自己,隻怕自己不了解別人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Don’t be afraid that others don’t understand you. You should be afraid that you don’t understand others.”
為政篇第二
【原文】
2·1 子曰:“為政以德(1),譬如北辰(2),居其所(3)而眾星共(4)之。”
【注釋】
(1)為政以德:以,用。以道德統治,即“德治”。
(2)北辰:北極星。
(3)所:處所,位置,方位。
(4)共:同拱,環繞。
【白話】
孔子說:“以道德教化治理政務,就會像北極星那樣,居於一定方位,並有群星環繞在周圍。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If governing a country by education in morality, a lord will be like the Big Dipper which is located in a certain orientation with all stars around it.”
【原文】
2·2 子曰:“詩三百(1),一言以蔽(2)之,曰:“思無邪(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)詩三百:詩,指《詩經》,此書實有305首,三百隻是取其整數。
(2)蔽:概括。
(3)思無邪:語出《詩經·魯頌》。“思”,思想。無邪,純正,不是邪門歪道。
【白話】
孔子說:“《詩經》三百首,用一句話來概括它,就是‘思想純正’。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Having 300 poems, 《Poems》could be generalized into one sentence: the thought is pure.”
【原文】
2·3 子曰:“道(1)之以政,齊(2)之以刑,民免(3)而無恥(4),道之以德,齊之以禮,有恥且格(5)。”
【注釋】
(1)道:引導。
(2)齊:整齊、約束。
(3)免:避免、躲避。
(4)恥:羞恥之心。
(5)格:有兩種解釋:一為“至”;二為“正”,即“守正”。本文取後者。
【白話】
孔子說:“用行政命令去引導百姓,使用刑法來約束他們,他們就隻能會設法避免因犯罪而受懲罰,但卻失去了廉恥之心;用道德教化引導百姓,使用禮製去統一百姓的言行,百姓不僅會有羞恥之心,而且還會因此而守法。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a lord guides his people with orders and restrains them with penal law, the people will only try to avoid punishment which is caused owing to crimes but will lose sense of shame. Yet, if a lord guides his people by education in morality and uses proprieties to make his people’s words and deeds kept in line, then the people will not only have a sense of shame but also try to abide by rules.”
【原文】
2·4 子曰:“吾十有(1)五而誌於學,三十而立(2),四十而不惑(3),五十而知天命(4),六十而耳順(5),七十而從心所欲不逾矩(6)。”
【注釋】
(1)有:同“又”。
(2)立:站得住腳。
(3)不惑:掌握知識,不被外界所迷惑。
(4)天命:非人力所能抗拒和支配的事物。
(5)耳順:從諫如流,正確對待正反兩方麵的意見。
(6)從心所欲不逾矩:從,遵從;逾,越過;矩,規矩,規律。
【白話】孔子說:“我十五歲立誌學習,三十歲有所建樹,四十歲不再困惑,五十歲思想開竅,六十明辨是非,七十隨心所欲而不越軌。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I was determined to study at the age of fifteen, scored some achievements at thirty, no longer felt puzzled at forty, was enlightened at fifty, could distinguish between truth and falsehood at sixty, could do as I liked without overstepping usual practice at seventy.”
【原文】
2·5 孟懿子(1)問孝,子曰:“無違。(2)”樊遲(3)禦(4),子告之曰:“孟孫(5)問孝於我, 我對曰無違。”樊遲曰:“何謂也。”子曰:“生,事之以禮;死,葬之以禮,祭之以禮。”
【注釋】
(1)孟懿子:魯國的大夫,三大家之一,姓仲孫,名何忌,“懿”是諡號。其父臨終前要他向孔子學禮。
(2)無違:不要違背。
(3)樊遲:姓樊名須,字子遲。孔子的弟子,比孔子小46歲。他曾和冉求一起幫助季康子開展革新。
(4)禦:駕馭馬車。
(5)孟孫:指孟懿子。
【白話】
孟懿子問什麽是孝,孔子說:“孝就是不要違背禮。”後來樊遲給孔子駕車,孔子告訴他:“孟孫問我什麽是孝,我回答他說不要違背禮。”樊遲說:“不要違背禮是什麽意思呢?”孔子說:“父母活著的時候,要按禮侍奉他們;父母去世後,要按禮埋葬他們,祭祀他們。”
【英譯】
Meng Yitzu asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “Filial devotion means not going against standards of morality.” Later on, Fan Chi drove carriage for Confucius, Confucius told him: “Meng Sun asked me what filial devotion is. I told him that filial devotion means not going against standards of morality.” Fan Chi said: “What do you mean by saying not going against standards of morality?” Confucius said: “When parents are alive, you should serve them according to standards of morality; when they pass away, you should bury them and offer sacrifices to them according to standards of morality.”
【原文】
2·6 孟武伯(1)問孝,子曰:“父母唯其疾之憂(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)孟武伯:孟懿子的兒子,名彘。武是他的諡號。
(2)父母唯其疾之憂:其,代詞,指父母。疾,病。
【白話】
孟武伯向孔子請教孝道。孔子說:“對父母,要特別為他們的疾病擔憂。”
【英譯】
Meng Wubo asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “The key point is that you should especially be concerned about your parents’ illness.”
【原文】
2·7 子遊(1)問孝,子曰:“今之孝者,是謂能養。至於犬馬,皆能有養(2),不敬,何以別乎?”
【注釋】
(1)子遊:姓言名偃,字子遊,吳人,比孔子小45歲。
(2)養:讀“樣”。
【白話】
子遊問什麽是孝,孔子說:“如今所謂的孝,隻是說能夠贍養父母就夠了。然而,即便是犬馬也都能夠得到飼養。因此,不強調尊敬父母這一點,那麽贍養父母與飼養犬馬又有什麽區別呢?”
【英譯】
Tzu You asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “The so called filial devotion nowadays only means to provide for parents. But even dogs and horses can be provided for. So, if we don’t emphasize the necessity of respecting parents, then what’s the difference between providing for parents and raising dogs and horses?”
【原文】
2·8 子夏問孝,子曰:“色難(1)。有事,弟子服其勞(2);有酒食,先生(3)饌(4),曾是以為孝乎?”
【注釋】
(1)色難:色,臉色。難,不容易的意思。
(2)服勞:服,從事、擔負。服勞即服侍。
(3)先生:先生指長者或父母;前麵說的弟子,指晚輩、兒女等。
(4)饌:讀“賺”,意為飲食、吃喝。
【白話】
子夏問什麽是孝,孔子說:“對父母和顏悅色最難做到,僅僅是有事情,兒女替父母去做,有酒飯,讓父母享用,這難道就能被認為是孝嗎?”
【英譯】
Tzu Xia asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “The most difficult thing is to treat parents with amiable looks. If having something to do, you can do it for them; if having food and wine, you let them enjoy. Could it be said that it is considered filial devotion to parents?”
【原文】
2·9 子曰:“吾與回(1)言,終日不違(2),如愚。退而省其私(3),亦足以發,回也不愚。”
【注釋】
(1)回:姓顏名回,字子淵,生於公元前521年,比孔子小30歲,魯國人,孔子的得意門生。
(2)不違:不提反麵意見。
(3)省其私:考察顏回私下的言行。
【白話】
孔子說:“我給顏回講學,他一天到晚從不提反對意見,像個蠢人。等他退下之後,我考察他私下的言論,發現他對我所講授的內容有所發揮,可見顏回其實並不蠢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When I taught Yan Hui, he never had any objections all day long just like a foolish man. But after he left, I examined his private words and found he had developed what I’d taught him. Therefore, he is not foolish at all.
【原文】
2·10 子曰:“視其所以(1),觀其所由(2),察其所安(3),人焉廋(4)哉?人焉廋哉?”
【注釋】
(1)所以:所做的事情。
(2)所由:所走的道路。
(3)所安:所安心做的事。
(4)廋:讀“叟”,隱藏、藏匿。
【白話】
孔子說:“要了解一個人,應看他言行的動機,觀察他所走的路,考察他所安心做的事,如果這樣,這個人怎麽能隱蔽得了呢?這個人怎麽能隱蔽得了呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If you want to know a person, you should analyze the motives of his words and deeds, observe the way he takes and examine what he is up to with ease of mind. If so, how can a person cover up himself? How can a person cover up himself?”
【原文】
2·11 子曰:“溫故而知新(1),可以為師矣。”
【注釋】
(1)溫故而知新:故,已經過去的。新,剛剛學到的知識。
【白話】
孔子說:“在溫習舊知識時,能有新體會,你就可以當老師了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Restudy the old to obtain better insight. Then you can be a teacher.”
【原文】
2·12 子曰:“君子不器(1)。”
【注釋】
(1)器:器具。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子不像器具那樣,隻有某方麵的用途。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are not like tools each of which only has a certain use.”
【原文】
2·13 子貢問君子。子曰:“先行其言而後從之。”
【白話】
子貢問關於君子的事。孔子說:“你如果有話要說,那就先做後說。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong asked some questions about gentlemen. Confucius said: “If you have something to say, you should put them into practice first and then say it.”
【原文】
2·14 子曰:“君子周(1)而不比(2),小人比而不周。”
【注釋】
(1)周:合群。
(2)比:讀“必”,勾結。
(3)小人:沒有道德修養的庸俗之輩。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子團結民眾而不結黨營私,小人結黨營私而不團結民眾。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen unite the broad masses but don’t gang up for selfish purpose. While shameless men gang up for selfish purpose but don’t unite the broad masses.”
【原文】
2·15 子曰:“學而不思則罔(1),思而不學則殆(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)罔:迷惑、糊塗。
(2)殆:讀“帶”,疑惑、危險。
【白話】
孔子說:“隻讀書學習,而不思考問題,就會糊裏糊塗而沒有收獲;隻空想而不讀書學習,就會因疑惑而猶豫不決。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Only study but not think, you’ll be perplexed without any gains; only indulge in idle dreams but not study, you’ll suffer from misgivings and hesitate all the time.”
【原文】
2·16 子曰:“攻(1)乎異端(2),斯(3)害也已(4)。”
【注釋】
(1)攻:攻擊、批駁。
(2)異端:不合乎正統的邪說。
(3)斯:代詞,這。
(4)也已:語氣詞,含有“完了”的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“批駁邪說,禍害也就被消除了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Refute heresy, misfortune will be eliminated.”
【原文】
2·17 子曰:“由(1),誨女(2),知之乎?知之為知之,不知為不知,是知也。”
【注釋】
(1)由:姓仲名由,字子路。生於公元前542年,孔子的學生,長期追隨孔子。
(2)女:同汝,你。
【白話】
孔子說:“由,我教給你的東西,明白了嗎?知道就是知道,不知道就是不知道,這就是智慧啊!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You, do you understand what I taught you? If you do, say yes, otherwise, just say no. This is wisdom.”
【原文】
2·18 子張(1)學幹祿(2),子曰:“多聞闕(3)疑(4),慎言其餘,則寡尤(5);多見闕殆,慎行其餘,則寡悔。言寡尤,行寡悔,祿在其中矣。”
【注釋】
(1)子張:姓顓 (讀“專”) 孫名師,字子張,生於公元前503年,比孔子小48歲,孔子的學生。
(2)幹祿:幹,求的意思。祿,即古代官吏的俸祿。幹祿就是求取官職。
(3)闕:缺。此處意為放置在一旁。
(4)疑:懷疑。
(5)寡尤:寡,少的意思。尤,過錯。
【白話】
子張要學謀取官職的辦法。孔子說:“要多聽,有懷疑的地方先放在一旁不說,其餘有把握的,也要謹慎地說出來,這樣就可以少犯錯誤;要多看,有懷疑的地方先放在一旁不做,其餘有握的,也要謹慎地去做,就能減少後悔。說話少過失,做事少後悔,官職俸祿就在這裏了。”
【英譯】
Tzu Zhang wanted to learn the way of seeking official posts. Confucius said: “Listen more and put aside what you doubt about. As for the rest which you are sure of, you should say them out cautiously. Doing so, you can make fewer mistakes. Observe more and put aside what you doubt about. As for the rest which you are sure of, you should do them cautiously. Doing so, you can reduce the possibility of feeling regret. When speaking, you make fewer mistakes; when doing, you seldom feel regret. Then the official posts are lying in here.”
【原文】
2·19 哀公(1)問曰:“何為則民服?”孔子對曰(2):“舉直錯諸枉(3),則民服;舉枉錯諸直,則民不服。”
【注釋】
(1)哀公:姓姬名蔣,哀是其諡號,魯國國君,公元前494 - 前468年在位。
(2)對曰:《論語》中記載對國君及在上位者問話的回答都用“對曰”,以表示尊敬。
(3)舉直錯諸枉:舉,選拔。直,正直。錯,同措,放置。枉,不正直。
【白話】
魯哀公問:“怎樣才能使百姓服氣呢?”孔子回答說:“把正直無私的人提拔起來,把邪惡不正的人置於一旁,老百姓就會服氣了;把邪惡不正的人提拔起來,把正直無私的人置於一旁,老百姓就不會服氣了。”
【英譯】
The Lord Ai asked: “How to make people heartily convinced?” Confucius said: “Promote honest people and give shameless ones a cold shoulder. This can make people heartily convinced. If you do exactly the opposite, the people won’t be heartily convinced.”
【原文】
2·20 季康子(1)問:“使民敬、忠以(2)勸(3),如之何?”子曰:“臨(4)之以莊,則敬;孝慈(5),則忠;舉善而教不能,則勸。”
【注釋】
(1)季康子:姓季孫名肥,康是諡號,魯哀公時任正卿,是當時政治上最有權勢的人。
(2)以:連接詞,與“而”同。
(3)勸:勉勵。這裏指自勉。
(4)臨:對待。
(5)孝慈:一說當政者自己孝慈;一說當政者引導老百姓孝慈。此處采用後者。
【白話】
季康子問道:“要想獲得百姓的敬重,並能使他們盡忠勤勉,該怎麽做呢?”孔子說:“你用莊重的態度對待百姓,他們就會敬重你;你有一顆孝順仁慈之心,百姓就會盡忠於你;你選用好人,又教育能力差的人,百姓就會勤勉。”
【英譯】
Ji Kangtzu asked: “How to make people respect me with loyalty and work diligently?” Confucius said: “You treat people in a solemn manner, they will respect you with loyalty; you show filial devotion to your parents and kindness to others, people will be loyal to you; you choose and use kind persons, educate less capable ones, people will work diligently.”
【原文】
2·21 或(1)謂孔子曰:“子奚(2)不為政?”子曰:“《書》(3)雲:‘孝乎惟 孝,友於兄弟。’施於有政(4),是亦為政,奚其為為政?”
【注釋】
(1)或:有人。
(2)奚:為什麽。
(3)《書》:指《尚書》。
(4)施:施行。
【白話】
有人對孔子說:“你什麽不從事政治呢?”孔子回答說:“《尚書》說,‘孝就是孝敬父母,友愛兄弟。’把這孝悌的道理施於政事,也就是從事政治,這種作法為什麽就不算為政呢?”
【英譯】
Someone said to Confucius: “Why aren’t you engaged in politics?” Confucius replied: “《Shang Shu》said, ‘Being filial means to show filial devotion to parents, while being friendly means to show friendship to brothers.’ Putting the principle of filialness and friendship into political affairs is to be engaged in politics. Why can’t this action be considered to be engaged in politics?”
【原文】
2·22 子曰:“人而無信,不知其可也。大車無輗(1),小車無軏(2),其何以行之哉?”
【注釋】
(1)輗:讀“尼”,古代大車車轅前麵橫木上的木銷子。大車指的是牛車。
(2)軏:讀“月”,古代小車車轅前麵橫木上的木銷子。沒有輗和軏,車就不能走。
【白話】
孔子說:“一個人不講信用,是根本不可以的。就好像大車沒有輗、小車沒有軏一樣,它靠什麽行走呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Breaking one’s own word is absolutely what one cannot do. How can ox carts move without big or small wooden latches? ”
【原文】
2·23 子張問:“十世(1)可知也?”子曰:殷因(2)於夏禮,所損益(3)可知也;周因於殷禮,所損益可知也。其或繼周者,雖百世,可知也。”
【注釋】
(1)世:古時稱30年為一世。也有的把“世”解釋為朝代。 從上下文看來,似乎指朝代而言。
(2)因:因襲:沿用、繼承。
(3)損益:減少和增加,即優化、變動之義。
【白話】
子張問孔子:“今後十世的禮儀製度可以預先知道嗎?”孔子回答說:“商朝繼承了夏朝的禮儀製度,所減少和所增加的內容是可以知道的;周朝又繼承商朝的禮儀製度,所廢除的和所增加的內容也是可以知道的。將來有繼承周朝的,就是一百世以後的情況,也是可以預料的。”
【英譯】
Tzu Zhang asked Confucius: “Can we anticipate the rite systems of the next ten dynasties?” Confucius replied: “Shang Dynasty inherited the rite systems of Xia Dynasty, and additions and deletions could be anticipated; Zhou Dynasty inherited the rite systems of Shang Dynasty, additions and deletions could also be anticipated. There must have some dynasties in the future which inherit Zhou Dynasty and their conditions can certainly be anticipated even after a hundred dynasties.”
【原文】
2·24 子曰:“非其鬼(1)而祭之;諂(2)也。見義(3)不為,無勇也。”
【注釋】
(1)鬼:有兩種解釋:一是指鬼神,二是指死去的祖先。這裏泛指鬼神。
(2)諂:諂媚、阿諛。
(3)義:指該做的事。
【白話】
孔子說:“不是你該祭祀的鬼神,你卻去祭祀,這是諂媚。見到該做的事卻不做,是怯懦。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If you offer sacrifices to the ghosts and spirits you should not do, then you will be considered to toady them. If you just stand by with folded arms when you see something you should step forward boldly to do, then you will be thought chicken-hearted.”
八佾篇第三
【原文】
3·1 孔子謂季氏(1),“八佾(2)舞於庭,是可忍(3),孰不可忍也!”
【注釋】
(1)季氏:魯國正卿季孫氏,即季平子。
(2)八佾:佾,讀“義”,行列。古時一佾8人,八佾就是64人,據《周禮》規定,隻有周天子才可以使用八佾,諸侯為六佾,卿大夫為四佾,士用二佾。季氏是正卿,隻能用四佾。
(3)忍:容忍;忍心。
【白話】
孔子談到季氏時說,“他在庭院中大跳六十四人舞,這樣的事如果都能容忍,那還有什麽不可容忍的呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius talked about Ji: “He asked sixty-four people to dance in his own courtyard. If this can be tolerated, what cannot?”
【原文】
3·2 三家(1)者以《雍》徹(2)。子曰:“‘相維辟公,天子穆穆’(3),奚取於三家之堂(4)?”
【注釋】
(1)三家:魯國當政的三家:孟孫氏、叔孫氏、季孫氏。他們都是魯桓公的後代,又稱“三桓”。
(2)《雍》:《詩經·周頌》中的一篇。古代天子祭宗廟完畢時唱這首詩。
(3) 徹:結束。
(4) 相維辟公,天子穆穆:《雍》詩中的兩句。相,助。維,語助詞,無意義。辟公,指諸侯。穆穆:莊嚴肅穆。
(5)堂:接客祭祖的地方。
【白話】
三大家族在祭祖結束時,大唱《雍》歌。孔子說:“‘諸侯輔助,天子肅穆’,這樣的歌詞怎能在這三家的廟堂裏唱?”
【英譯】
After offering sacrifices to their ancestors, the three families should ask musicians to sing 《Yong》. Confucius said: “ ‘The emperor solemnly officiates at sacrificial rites, while the lords should be assistants.’ How can 《Yong》be sung in these three families’ temples?”
【原文】
3·3 子曰:“人而不仁,如禮何?人而不仁,如樂何?”
【白話】
孔子說:“一個人缺乏仁德,他怎麽能實行禮呢?一個人缺乏仁德,他怎麽能運用樂呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly put proprieties into practice? If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly use music?”
【原文】
3·4 林放(1)問禮之本。子曰:“大哉問!禮,與其奢也,寧儉;喪,與其易(2)也,寧戚(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)林放:魯國人。
(2)易:治理。這裏指有關喪葬的禮節儀式辦理得很周到。一說謙和、平易。
(3)戚:心中悲哀的意思。
【白話】
林放問什麽是禮的根本。孔子回答說:“你提的問題意義重大,就禮節儀式的一般情況而言,與其奢侈,不如節儉;就喪事而言,與其儀式上治辦周備,不如內心真正哀傷。”
【英譯】
Lin Fang asked questions about the basic things of proprieties. Confucius said: “The questions you put forward are most important! As far as proprieties are concerned, generally speaking, they should be thrifty rather than extravagant. As for funeral affairs, you should emphasize true inner sorrow rather than comprehensive rites.”
【原文】
3·5 子曰:“夷狄(1)之有君,不如諸夏(2)之亡(3)也。”
【注釋】
(1)夷狄:古代中原地區的人對周邊地區,即外國的貶稱,謂之不開化,缺乏教養,不知書達禮。
(2)諸夏:古代中原地區華夏族的自稱。
(3)亡:同無。古書中的“無”字多寫作“亡”。
【白話】
孔子說:“落後的夷狄雖然有君主,還不如中原諸國沒有君主呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The backward foreign countries also have their own lords, but they are not so good as the countries in central China who, even if, have no lords.”
【原文】
3·6 季氏旅(1)於泰山,子謂冉有(2)曰:“女(3)弗能救(4)與?”對曰:“不能。”子曰:“嗚呼!曾謂泰山不如林放(5)乎?”
【注釋】
(1)旅:祭祀的一種。祭祀山川為旅。當時,隻有天子和諸侯才有祭祀名山大川的資格。
(2)冉有:姓冉名求,字子有,生於公元前522年,孔子的弟子,比孔子小29歲。當時是季氏的家臣,所以孔子責備他。
(3)女:同汝,你。
(4)救:挽求、勸阻的意思。這裏指諫止。
(5)林放:見本篇第4章的注釋。
【白話】
季孫氏去祭祀泰山。孔子對冉有說:“你難道不能勸阻他嗎?”冉有說:“不能。”孔子說:“唉!難道說泰山神還不如林放知禮嗎?”
【英譯】
Ji Sun went to offer sacrifices to Mt. Tai . Confucius said to Ran You: “Can’t you dissuade him?” Replied: “No, I can’t.” Confucius said: “Alas! Could it be said that Mt. Tai is inferior to Lin Fang?”
【原文】
3·7 子曰:“君子無所爭,必也射(1)乎!揖(2)讓而升,下而飲,其爭也君子。”
【注釋】
(1)射:原意為射箭。此處指古代的射禮。
(2)揖:拱手行禮,表示尊敬。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子沒有什麽可與別人相爭的事情。如果有的話,那就是射箭比賽嘍!。比賽時,先相互作揖謙讓,然後上場。射完後,又相互作揖再退下來,然後登堂喝酒。這就是君子之爭。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen have nothing to compete with others. If they have, they must be archery competitions. During an archery competition, each side makes a bow first to the other side with hands folded in front and then steps forward. After competition, each side makes a bow again to the other side with hands folded and then walks out and finally sits in the hall drinking wine. This is the competition between gentlemen.”
【原文】
3·8 子夏問曰:“‘巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以為絢兮’。(1)何謂也?”子曰:“繪事後素(2)。”曰:“禮後乎?”子曰:“起予者商也(3),始可與言詩已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以為絢兮:前兩句見《詩經·衛風·碩人》篇。倩,讀“欠”,笑得好看。兮,語助詞,相當於“啊”。盼:眼睛黑白分明。絢,有文采。
(2)繪事後素:繪,畫。素,白底。
(3)起予者商也:起,啟發。予,我,孔子自指。商,子夏名商。
【白話】
子夏問孔子:“‘笑得真好看啊,美麗的眼睛真明亮啊,用素粉來打扮啊。’這幾句話是什麽意思呢?”孔子說:“這是說先有白底然後畫畫。”子夏又問:“那麽,是不是說禮也是後來出現的事呢?”孔子說:“商,你真是能啟發我的人,現在可以同你討論《詩經》了。”
【英譯】
Tzu Xia asked Confucius: “ ‘What a nice smiling face! What a pair of beautiful bright eyes! Dress up with plain face powder’. What do these sentences mean? ” Confucius said: “Make a white background and then paint.” Tzu Xia said: “Does it mean that proprieties also something coming late?” Confucius said: “Shang, you’re really skillful to enlighten me. Now I can start talking about The Book of Songs with you.”
【原文】
3·9 子曰:“夏禮吾能言之,杞(1)不足徵(2)也;殷禮吾能言之,宋(3)不足徵也。文獻(4)不足故也。足,則吾能徵之矣。”
【注釋】
(1)杞:春秋時國名,是夏禹的後裔。在今河南杞縣一帶。
(2)徵:證明。
(3)宋:春秋時國名,是商湯的後裔,在今河南商丘一帶。
(4)文獻:文,指曆史典籍;獻,指賢人。
【白話】
孔子說:“夏朝的禮,我能說清楚,杞國不足以讓我證明它;商朝的禮,我能說清楚,宋國不足以讓我證明它。這都是因為文獻不足,否則,我就能證明了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I can say something about the proprieties of Xia Dynasty, but its continuator Ji is not enough for me to prove it. I can say something about the proprieties of Yin Dynasty, but its continuator Song is not enough for me to prove it. It’s because that there are not enough materials. Otherwise, I can prove them.”
【原文】
3·10 子曰:“禘(1)自既灌(2)而往者,吾不欲觀之矣。”
【注釋】
(1)禘:讀“地”,古代隆重的祭祀典禮,隻有天子才可以舉行。
(2)灌:禘禮中第一次獻酒。
【白話】
孔子說:“對於行禘禮的儀式,從第一次獻酒以後,我就不願意看了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for the grand Di ceremonies held by the lords to offer sacrifices to ancestors, I have already been unwilling to watch them ever since the first time to offer wine.”
【原文】
3·11 或問禘之說(1),子曰:“不知也。知其說者之於天下也,其如示諸斯(2)乎!”指其掌。
【注釋】
(1)禘之說:“說”,理論、道理、規定。禘,讀“地”,是祭的一種形式。
(2)示諸斯:“斯”指後麵的“掌”字。
【白話】
有人問孔子關於舉行禘祭的規定。孔子說:“我不知道。知道這種規定的人,對治理天下的事,就會像把這東西擺在這裏一樣吧!” 孔子指著自己的手掌。
【英譯】
Someone asked Confucius about the rules to hold Di ceremonies. Confucius said: “I don’t know. As far as the persons are concerned who know these rules, they are probably just like me to put it here.” While saying, he pointed his palm.
【原文】
3·12 祭如在,祭神如神在。子曰:“吾不與祭,如不祭。”
【白話】
祭祀祖先就像祖先真在麵前,祭神就像神真在麵前。孔子說:“我如果不參加祭祀,那就如同沒有祭祀一樣。”
【英譯】
Offer sacrifices to ancestors as if the ancestors are really right here; offer sacrifices to gods as if the gods are really right here. Confucius said: “If I don’t participate in the ceremonies personally, then it’s just like that the ceremonies are not held.”
【原文】
3·13 王孫賈(1)問曰:“與其媚(2)於奧(3),寧媚於灶(4),何謂也?”子曰:“不然。獲罪於天(5),無所禱也。”
【注釋】
(1)王孫賈:衛靈公的大臣。
(2)媚:諂媚、巴結。
(3)奧:屋內西南角的神。
(4)灶:灶神。
(5)天:以天喻君。
【白話】
王孫賈問道:“有人說與其奉承奧神,不如奉承灶神。這話是什麽意思?”孔子說:“不對。如果你冒犯上天,怎麽祈禱也沒用。”
【英譯】
Wang Sungu asked: “People say that fawning on room god is not so good as fawning on kitchen god. What does it mean?” Confucius said: “No, this saying doesn’t make sense. If you offend the heaven, it’s no use no matter how to prayer.”
【原文】
3·14 子曰:“周監(1)於二代(2),鬱鬱(3)乎文哉,吾從周。”
【注釋】
(1)監:讀“見”,同鑒,借鑒。
(2)二代:這裏指夏代和周代。
(3)鬱鬱:文采盛貌。豐富、濃鬱之意。
【白話】
孔子說:“周朝的禮儀製度借鑒於夏、商二代,是多麽豐富多彩啊。我遵從周朝的製度。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The rite system of Zhou was made by drawing lessons from the two dynasties of Xia and Shang. How rich it is! I’d like to follow Zhou’s system.”
【原文】
3·15 子入太廟(1),每事問。或曰:“孰謂鄹(2)人之子知禮乎?入太廟,每事問。”子聞之,曰:“是禮也。”
【注釋】
(1)太廟:君主的祖廟。魯國太廟,即周公旦的廟,供魯國祭祀周公。
(2)鄹:讀“鄒”,春秋時魯國地名,又寫作“陬”,在今山東曲阜附近。“鄹人之子”指孔子。
【白話】
孔子到了太廟,每件事都要問。有人說:“誰說此人懂得禮呀,他到了太廟裏,什麽事都要問別人。”孔子聽到此話後說:“這就是禮呀!”
【英譯】
Whenever entering the temple of the lord’s ancestors, Confucius would ask questions about everything. Someone said: “Who says that this person knows proprieties? Whenever he enters the temple of the lord’s ancestors, he asks everything.” Learning this, Confucius said: “This is in itself a sort of propriety.”
【原文】
3·16 子曰:“射不主皮(1),為力不同科(2),古之道也。”
【注釋】
(1)皮:皮,用動物皮做成的箭靶子。
(2)科:等級。
【白話】
孔子說:“比賽射箭,不在於穿透靶子,因為各人的力氣大小不同。自古以來就是這樣。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When shooting an arrow, the key point doesn’t lie in shooting through the target because people are different in physical strength. It’s always been like this since ancient times.”
【原文】
3·17 子貢欲去告朔(1)之餼羊(2)。子曰:“賜也!爾愛(3)其羊,我愛其禮。”
【注釋】
(1)告朔:朔,農曆每月初一為朔日。告朔,古代製度,天子每年秋冬之際,把第二年的曆書頒發給諸侯,告知每個月的初一日。
(2)餼羊:餼,讀“細”。餼羊,祭祀用的活羊。
(3)愛:愛惜。
【白話】
子貢提出赦免每月初一祭祖的活羊。孔子說:“賜,你愛惜那隻羊,我卻愛惜那種禮。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong suggested that alive sheep not be used when holding the ceremony of offering sacrifices in the temple of the lord’s ancestors on the first day of each month. Confucius said: “Ci ( i.e.Tzu Gong), you l care for the sheep, but I treasure the proprieties.”
【原文】
3·18 子曰:“事君盡禮,人以為諂也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我完全按周禮事奉君主,別人卻以為這是謅媚呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I serve the lord completely according to the proprieties of Zhou Dynasty, but people think I toady the lord.”
【原文】
3·19 (1)定公問:“君使臣,臣事君,如之何?”孔子對曰:“君使臣以禮,臣事君以忠。”
【注釋】
(1)定公:魯國國君,姓姬名宋,定是諡號。公元前509~前495年在位。
(2)使:使喚,差人做事。
【白話】
魯定公問孔子:“君主怎樣使喚臣下,臣子怎樣事奉君主呢?”孔子回答說:“君主應該按照禮的要求去使喚臣子,臣子應該以忠來事奉君主。”
【英譯】
Ding Gong (i.e. the lord of the country Lu) asked: “How does a lord order his courtiers and how do the courtiers serve their lord?” Confucius said: “A lord orders his courtiers according to the proprieties while the courtiers serve their lord loyally and devotedly.”
【原文】
3·20 子曰:“《關睢》(1),樂而不淫,哀而不傷。”
【注釋】
(1)《關睢》:睢,讀“居”。《詩經》開篇之作。寫一君子追求淑女,因思戀過甚而輾轉反側,難以入眠的憂思,以及結婚時鍾鼓樂之琴瑟友之的歡樂。
【譯文】
孔子說:“《關睢》這篇詩,快樂而不放蕩,憂愁而不哀傷。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The poem 《Guan Ju》is joyful but not loose; depressed but not sorrowful.”
【原文】
3·21 哀公問社(1)於宰我,宰我(2)對曰:“夏後氏以鬆,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰:使民戰栗(3)。”子聞之,曰:“成事不說,遂事不諫,既往不咎。”
【注釋】
(1)社:土地神,祭祀土神的廟也稱社。
(2)宰我:名予,字子我,孔子的學生。
(3)戰栗:恐懼,發抖。
【白話】
魯哀公問宰我祭祀土地神的事。宰我回答說:“夏朝用鬆樹,商朝用柏樹,周朝用栗樹。用栗樹就是使老百姓戰栗。”孔子聽後說:“已經做過的事不用提了,已經完成的事不用再去批評了,已經過去的事也不必再追究了。”
【英譯】
Ai Gong asked Zai Wo something about offering sacrifices to village god. Zai Wo said: “Xia Dynasty used pine trees; Shang Dynasty used cypress trees; and Zhou Dynasty used chestnut trees. By using chestnut trees, it means to make people trembling.” On hearing this, Confucius said: “We’d better not to mention what has already been done, not to criticize what has already been finished, not to go into past misdeeds.”
【原文】
3·22 子曰:“管仲(1)之器小哉!”或曰:“管仲儉乎?”曰:“管氏有三歸(2),官事不攝(3),焉得儉?”“然則管仲知禮乎?”曰:“邦君樹塞門(4),管氏亦樹塞門;邦君為兩君之好有反坫(5),管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知禮,孰不知禮?”
【注釋】
(1)管仲:姓管名夷吾,齊國人,春秋時期法家先驅。齊桓公的宰相,輔助其成為諸侯霸主,卒於公元前645年。
(2)三歸:相傳是三處藏錢幣的府庫。
(3)攝:兼任。
(4)樹塞門:樹,樹立。塞門,在大門口築的一道短牆,以別內外,相當於影壁。
(5)反坫:坫,讀“電”。古國君招待別國國君時,放置獻過酒的空杯之土台。
【白話】
孔子說:“管仲這個人的器量真是狹小呀!”有人說:“管仲節儉嗎?”孔子說:“他有三處藏金處,就連管家都實行專責製,這怎麽談得上節儉呢?”那人又問:“那麽管仲知禮嗎?”孔子回答:“國君大門口修建影壁,管仲在大門口也修建照壁。國君同別國國君會見時在堂上有放空酒杯的設備,管仲也有這樣的設備。如果說管仲知禮,那麽還有誰不知禮呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “What a narrow-minded person Guan Zhong is!” Someone asked: “Is he thrifty?” Confucius said: “Guan Zhong has three places to hide his money. Even his butlers undertake specific responsibility. How can it be considered thrift?” The person asked again: “Does Guan Zhong know rules of proprieties?” Confucius said: “The lord has a screen wall at the gate. So does he. The lord has a special earth terrace on which to put empty wine-cups. So does he. If Guan Zhong knows the rules of proprieties, who doesn’t know?”
【原文】
3·23 子語(1)魯大師(2)樂,曰:“樂其可知也:始作,翕(3)如也;從(4)之,純(5)如也,皦(6)如也,繹(7)如也,以成。”
【注釋】
(1)語:讀“玉”,告訴,動詞用法。
(2)大師:大,讀“太”。大師是樂官名。
(3)翕:讀“西”。意為合、聚、協調。
(4)從:讀“縱”,意為放縱、展開。
(5)純:美好、和諧。
(6)皦:讀“腳”,音階分明。
(7)繹:連續不斷。
【白話】
孔子對魯國樂官談論演奏音樂的道理說:“奏樂的道理是可以知道的:開始演奏,各種樂器合奏,聲音繁美;繼續展開下去,悠揚悅耳,音階分明,連續不斷,最後完成。”
【英譯】
Confucius talked the principles of music playing to the musicians of the country Lu: “The principles of music playing are understandable: at the beginning, you do an instrumental ensemble and the sound is nice; then you expand your playing, the sound is melodious, the scales are distinct. Do this ceaselessly, and at last, your playing comes to an end.”
【原文】
3·24 儀封人(1)請見,曰:“君子之至於斯也,吾未嚐不得見也。”從者見之(2)。出曰:“二三子何患於喪(3)乎?天下之無道也久矣,天將以夫子為木鐸(4)。”
【注釋】
(1)儀封人:儀為地名,在今河南蘭考縣境內。封人,係鎮守邊疆的官。
(2)從者見之:隨行的人見了他。
(3)喪:失去,這裏指失去官職。
(4)木鐸:鈴的木舌。古代天子發布政令時搖它以召集聽眾。此處指能號令天下的人。
【白話】
儀的地方官求見孔子,說:“凡是君子到這裏來,我從來沒有見不到的。”孔子的隨從學生引他去見了孔子。他出來後說:“諸位何愁沒官可做呢?天下無道已經很久了,上天將以孔夫子為聖人來號令天下。”
【英譯】
A local official in Yi asked to see Confucius saying: “Whenever a gentleman comes here, I’ve never failed to see him.” A student of Confucius’ led him to see the master. When coming out, he said: “No reasons for you to worry about having no opportunities to be officials. Heaven looks upon Confucius as a sage and let him to lead the people.”
【原文】
3·25 子謂韶(1):“盡美(2)矣,又盡善(3)也。”謂武(4):“盡美矣,未盡美也。”
【注釋】
(1)韶:相傳是古代歌頌虞舜的一種樂舞。
(2)美:指樂曲的音調、舞蹈的形式而言。
(3)善:指樂舞的思想內容而言的。
(4)武:相傳是歌頌周武王的一種樂舞。
【白話】
孔子講到“韶”這一樂舞時說:“藝術形式美極了,內容也很好。”談到“武”這一樂舞時說:“藝術形式很美,但內容卻差一些。”
【英譯】
When talking the dance named《Shao》, Confucius said: “Its artistic form is extremely beautiful and its contents are also excellent.” While talking the dance named 《Wu》, he said: “Its artistic form is very beautiful, but its content are not so good.”
【原文】
3·26 子曰:“居上不寬,為禮不敬,臨喪不哀,吾何以觀之哉?”
【白話】
孔子說:“居於執政地位的人,不能寬厚待人,行禮的時候不嚴肅,參加喪禮時也不悲哀,這種情況我怎麽能看得下去呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some higher officials cannot treat people generously, fail to take part in ceremonies solemnly and show no sorrow when participating in funerals. How can I tolerate this thing?”
裏仁篇第四
【原文】
4·1 子曰:“裏仁為美(1),擇不處仁(2),焉得知(3)?”
【注釋】
(1)裏仁為美:裏,住處,借作動詞用。仁,就是仁者,說俗了,也就是好人。
(2)處:居住。
(3)知:讀“誌”,同智。
【白話】
孔子說:“住在有好人的地方才對。如果你選擇不與好人相處,那怎麽能說你明智呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “One should live in a place where there are not a few noble people. If he chooses not to live with noble people, how can he be considered wise?”
【原文】
4·2 子曰:“不仁者不可以久處約(1),不可以長處樂。仁者安仁(2),知者利仁。”
【注釋】
(1)約:窮困、困窘。
(2)安仁、利仁:安仁是安於仁道;利仁,認為仁有利自己才去行仁。
【白話】
孔子說:“沒有仁德的人不能長久地處在貧困中,也不能長久地處在安樂中。仁人是安於仁道的,有智慧的人則是知道仁對自己有利才去行仁的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Persons lack of fine characters can neither rest content with poverty for long nor live easily and comfortably for long. Noble-minded people rest content with humanity, justice and virtue, but wise people put humanity, justice and virtue into practice only when they know these things are good for them.”
【原文】
4·3 子曰:“唯仁者能好(1)人,能惡(2)人。”
【注釋】
(1)好:讀“浩”,喜愛的意思。作動詞。
(2)惡:讀“物”,憎惡、討厭。作動詞。
【譯文】
孔子說:“隻有那些有仁德的人,才能愛人和恨人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Only noble-minded persons can really love people and hate people.”
【原文】
4·4 子曰:“苟誌於仁矣,無惡也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“如果立誌於仁,就不會做壞事了。”
【英譯】
If a person is determined to be a noble-minded, then he can avoid misdemeanors.
【原文】
4·5 子曰:“富與貴,是人之所欲也,不以其道得之,不處也;貧與賤,是人之所惡也,不以其道得之,不去也。君子去仁,惡乎成名?君子無終食之間違仁,造次必於是,顛沛必於是。”
【白話】
孔子說:“富裕和顯貴是人人都想要得到的,但不用正當方法得到的,就不應該去享受;貧窮與低賤是人人都厭惡的,但不用正當的方法去擺脫,這種事是不能做的。君子如果離開仁德,又怎麽能叫君子呢?沒有一頓飯的工夫就背離仁德,君子是不會做這種事的,就是在最緊迫的時刻,君子也必須按照仁德辦事,就是在顛沛流離的時候,也一定會按仁德去辦事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Riches and honors are something everyone wants. But, if they are improperly obtained, then we should not enjoy them. Poorness and humbleness are something everyone detests. But if they are improperly eliminated, then we’d rather not to free ourselves from them. If gentlemen lack humanity and virtue, how can they be considered gentlemen? Gentlemen don’t depart from humanity and virtue just in a short period of time of a dinner. Even at the most critical moment, gentlemen must act according to the principle of humanity and virtue. And even destitute and homeless, they can act according to the principle of humanity and virtue.
【原文】
4·6 子曰:“我未見好仁者,惡不仁者。好仁者,無以尚之;惡不仁者,其為仁矣,不使不仁者加乎其身。有能一日用其力於仁矣乎?我未見力不足者。蓋有之矣,我未之見也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我沒有見過愛好仁德的人,也沒有見過厭惡不仁的人。愛好仁德的人,是不能再好的了;厭惡不仁的人,在實行仁德的時候,不讓不仁德的人影響自己。有能一天把自己的全部力量都用在實行仁德上嗎?我還沒有見過有誰力量不夠的。這種人可能還是有的,但我沒見過。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I’ve never seen anyone who upholds humanity and virtue or anyone who detests non-humanity and non-virtue. When acting according to the principle of humanity and virtue, the ones who detest non-humanity and non-virtue can prevent others who lack humanity and virtue from affecting themselves. I’ve never seen anyone who doesn’t have enough strength. This sort of persons may really exist but I’ve never seen one.”
【原文】
4·7 子曰:“人之過也,各於其黨。觀過,斯知仁矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“人的錯誤,各不相同。觀察一個人的錯誤,就可以知道他的精神境界。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Different people have different mistakes. You can know a person’s spiritual realm by observing his mistakes.”
【原文】
4·8 子曰:“朝聞道,夕死可矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“早晨得知真理,晚上死去也值得。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Learn truth in the morning and die in the evening. It’s something worthy to be done.”
【原文】
4·9 子曰:“士誌於道,而恥惡衣惡食者,未足與議也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“立誌追求真理,但又以粗衣淡飯為恥,這種人不值得與他交談。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Determined to seek truth but shamed for leading a thrifty and simple life. This sort of people is not worthy to be talked with.”
【原文】
4·10 子曰:“君子之於天下也,無適(1)也,無莫(2)也,義(3)之與比(4)。”
【注釋】
(1)適:讀“敵”,意為親近、厚待。
(2)莫:疏遠、冷淡。
(3)義:適宜、妥當。
(4)比:親近、相近、靠近。
【譯文】
孔子說:“君子對於天下事,不刻意強求,不無故反對,一切按道義行事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither crack their brains to seek anything in the world nor oppose anything without reason or cause.”
【原文】
4·11 子曰:“君子懷(1)德,小人懷土(2);君子懷刑(3),小人懷惠。”
【注釋】
(1)懷:思念。
(2)土:鄉土。
(3)刑:法製懲罰。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子想的是道德,小人想的是家鄉;君子想的是法製,小人想的是實惠。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “What a gentleman thinks is morality, but what a vulgarian thinks is his native place; what a gentleman thinks is the legal system, what a vulgarian thinks is the material benefit.”
【原文】
4·12 子曰:“放(1)於利而行,多怨(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)放:讀“訪”,同仿,效法,引申為追求。
(2)怨:別人的怨恨。
【白話】
孔子說:“為追求利益而行動,就會招致更多的怨恨。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Doing everything only for seeking fortune will bring about resentment.”
【原文】
4·13 子曰:“能以禮讓為國乎,何有(1)?不能以禮讓為國,如禮何(2)?”
【注釋】
(1)何有:全意為“何難之有”,即不難的意思。
(2)如禮何:把禮怎麽辦?
【白話】
孔子說:“能用禮讓原則治理國家,還有何難呢?不能用禮讓原則治理國家,又如何能實行禮呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If you administer a country according to the principle of giving up something for the sake of courtesy, there will be no difficulties. But if you cannot administer a country according to this principle, how can you put the standards of morality into practice?”
【原文】
4·14 子曰:“不患無位,患所以立;不患莫己知,求為可知也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“不怕沒有官位,就怕自己沒有學到賴以站得住腳的東西。不怕沒有人知道自己,隻求自己成為值得為人所知的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Don’t be afraid that you have no official posts. What you should be afraid of is not having learnt something which can help you keep a foothold.”
【原文】
4·15 子曰:“參乎,吾道一以貫之。”曾子曰:“唯。”子出,門人問曰:“何謂也?”曾子曰:“夫子之道,忠恕而已矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“參啊,我的道是由一個基本的思想貫徹始終的。”曾子說:“是。”孔子出去之後,同學便問曾子:“這是什麽意思?”曾子說:“老師的道,不過就是忠恕罷了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Zengcan, my doctrine is something through which a basic idea runs from beginning to end.” Zengcan said: “Oh, I see.” The master left and his followers asked: “What does it mean?” Zeng Tzu said: “The key point of our master’s doctrine is but forgivingness.”
【原文】
4·16 子曰:“君子喻於義,小人喻於利。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子著眼於義,小人隻盯著利。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen have their eyes on justice, but vugarians only on fortune.”
【原文】
4·17 子曰:“見賢思齊焉,見不賢而內自省也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“見到賢人就想學習看齊,見到不賢的人,就自我反省。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When you see worthy persons, you should think how to learn from them; when you see vulgarians, you should have self-examination.”
【原文】
4·18 子曰:“事父母幾(1)諫,見誌不從,又敬不違,勞(2)而不怨。”
【注釋】
(1)幾:讀“基”,輕微、婉轉的意思。
(2)勞:憂愁、煩勞的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“事奉父母時,要委婉地勸說他們改掉不妥之處。見父母不願聽從,對他們還是要恭敬不違抗,替他們操勞而不抱怨。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When you serve your parents, you should tactfully advise them to overcome shortcomings, if any. If they are unwilling to accept your advice, you should still respect them and work for them without any complains.”
【原文】
4·19 子曰:“父母在,不遠遊(1),遊必有方(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)遊:指遊學、遊官、經商等外出活動。
(2)方:一定的地方。
【白話】
孔子說:“父母在世,不要出遠門;如果萬不得已,也要有個準地方。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When your parents are still alive, don’t leave home. If you are away from home as a last resort, you should have a definite destination.”
【原文】
4·20 子曰:“三年(1)無改於父之道(2),可謂孝矣。”
(1)三年:對於古人所說的數字不必過於機械地理解,隻是說要經過一個較 長的時間而已,不一定僅指三年的時間。
(2)道:有時候是一般意義上的名詞,無論好壞、善惡都可以叫做道。但更多時候是積極意義的名詞,表示善的、好的東西。
【白話】
孔子說;“若是父親死後三年還不背離父親的正確之道,這樣的人可以說是盡到孝了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person can still keep his father’s good doctrine unchanged for three years after his father’s death, then he can be considered filial.
【原文】
4·21 子曰:“父母之年,不可不知也。一則以喜,一則以懼。”
【白話】
孔子說:“父母的年紀,不能不知道。一方麵為他們的長壽而高興,一方麵又為他們的衰老而恐懼。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You cannot be unaware of your parents’ birth-days. On the one hand, you are happy for their good health; but on the other hand, you are afraid of their decrepitude.
【原文】
4·22 子曰:“古者言之不出,恥躬之不逮也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“古人不輕易把話說出口,他們以做不到為恥。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Ancient people never said a word in a rash way. They took overstatement as a shame.”
【原文】
4·23 子曰:“以約(1)失之者鮮(2)矣。”
【注釋】
(1)約:約束。
(2)鮮:少的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“嚴格約束自己但卻還犯錯誤的人很少見。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There are seldom persons who restrain themselves strictly but still commit mistakes.”
【原文】
4·24 子曰:“君子欲訥(1)於言而敏(2)於行。”
【注釋】
(1)訥:遲鈍。這裏指說話要謹慎。
(2)敏:敏捷、快速的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子說話要謹慎,行動要敏捷。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are cautious in speech and quick in action.”
【原文】
4·25 子曰:“德不孤,必有鄰。”
【白話】
孔子說:“有道德的人不會孤立,一定會有誌同道合者與他相處。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Noble-minded persons are never isolated. They’ll surely have some persons to get along with who cherish the same ideals and take the same course.”
【原文】
4·26 子遊曰:“事君數(1),斯(2)辱矣;朋友數,斯疏矣。”
【注釋】
(1)數:讀“碩”,屢次、多次,引申為煩瑣的意思。
(2)斯:就。
【白話】
子遊說:“事奉君主太過煩瑣,就會受到侮辱;對待朋友太煩瑣,就會被疏遠了。”
【英譯】
Tzu You said: “If you serve the lord too trivial and boring, you’ll be put to shame. If you treat your friends too trivial and boring, you’ll become estranged from your friends.
公冶長篇第五
【原文】
5·1 子謂公冶長(1),“可妻也。雖在縲絏(2)之中,非其罪也。”以其子(3)妻(4)之。
【注釋】
(1)公冶長:姓公冶名長,齊國人,孔子的弟子。
(2)縲絏:讀“雷謝”,捆綁犯人用的繩索,這裏借指牢獄。
(3)子:古時無論兒、女均稱子。
(4)妻:讀“氣”,動詞,嫁給。
【白話】
孔子評論公冶長說:“可以把女兒嫁給他,他雖然被關在牢獄裏,但這並不是他的罪過。”於是,孔子就把自己的女兒嫁給了他。
【英譯】
When commenting on Gongye Chang, Confucius said: “Anyone can marry his daughter to this man. Although he was in jail, yet no one can put blame on him.” Therefore, Confucius married his daughter to him.
【原文】
5·2 子謂南容(1),“邦有道(2),不廢(3);邦無道,免於刑戮(4)。”以其兄之子妻之。
【注釋】
(1)南容:姓南宮名適(讀“過”),字子容。孔子的學生,通稱他為南容。
(2)道:道,是說國家的政治符合最高的和最好的原則。這裏指國家按照道管理,天下太平。
(3)廢:廢置,不任用。
(4)刑戮:刑罰。
【白話】
孔子評論南容說:“國家太平時,不會倒黴;國家混亂時,不會坐牢。”孔子把侄女嫁給了他。
【英譯】
When commenting on Nan Rong, Confucius said: “During great order across the land, he will not get into trouble; while during disorder under heaven, he will not be put into jail.” And therefore, Confucius married his niece to Nan Rong.
【原文】
5·3 子謂子賤(1),君子哉若人(2),魯無君子者,斯焉取斯(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)子賤:姓宓(讀“扶”)名不齊,字子賤。生於公元前521年,比孔子小49歲。
(2)若人:這個,此人。
(3)斯焉取斯:斯,此。第一個“斯”指子賤,第二個“斯”字指子賤的品德。
【譯文】
孔子評論子賤說:“這個人真是個君子呀。如果魯國沒有君子,他是從哪裏學到這種品德的呢?”
【英譯】
When commenting on Tzu Jian, Confucius said: “What a gentleman Tzu Jian is! If no gentlemen in the country Lu, then where did he learn this sort of noble morality?”
【原文】
5·4 子貢問曰:“賜(1)也何如?”子曰:“女,器也。”曰:“何器也?”曰:“瑚璉(2)也。”
【注釋】
(1) 賜: 就是子貢。姓端木,名賜,字子貢,又作子贛,亦稱作衛賜,春秋末衛國人,孔子的著名弟子。
(2)瑚璉:古代祭祀時盛糧食用的器具。
【白話】
子貢問孔子:“我這個人怎麽樣?”孔子說:“你呀,好比一個器具。”子貢又問:“是什麽器具呢?”孔子說:“是瑚璉。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong asked Confucius: “What do you think of me?” Confucius said: “You’re just like a tool.” Tzu Gong asked: “What sort of tool?” Confucius said: “Hulian. (an ancient tool to contain food when offering sacrifices) ”
【原文】
5·5 或曰:“雍(1)也仁而不佞(2)。”子曰:“焉用佞?禦人以口給(3),屢憎於人,不知其仁(4)。焉用佞?”
【注釋】
(1)雍:姓冉名雍,字仲弓,生於公元前522年,孔子的學生。
(2)佞:讀“寧”第四聲,能言善辯,有口才。
(3)口給:言語便捷、嘴快話多。
(4)不知其仁:指有口才者有仁與否不可知。
【白話】
有人說:“冉雍這個人有仁德但不善辯。”孔子說:“何必要能言善辯呢?靠伶牙利齒和人辯論,常常招致別人的討厭,我不知道他是不是算得上仁,但何必要有好的口才呢?”
【英譯】
Someone said: “Ran Yong is a noble-minded person but he’s not good at arguing.” Confucius said: “What’s the need to be good at arguing? If a person lives on arguing with a glib tongue, he will be detested by others. I don’t know whether he can be considered noble-minded person, but what’s the need to be eloquent?”
【原文】
5·6 子使漆雕開(1)仕。對曰:“吾斯之未能信。”子說(2)。
【注釋】
(1)漆雕開:姓漆雕名開,字子開,一說字子若,生於公元前540年,孔子的門徒。
(2)說:讀“月”,同“悅”。
【白話】
孔子讓漆雕開去做官。漆雕開回答說:“我對做官這件事還沒有信心。”孔子聽了很高興。
【英譯】
Confucius asked Qi Diaokai to seek official posts. Qi said: “I don’t have confidence in official posts.” Hearing this, Confucius was very happy.
【原文】
5·7 子曰:“道不行,乘桴(1)浮於海,從(2)我者,其由(3)與!”子路聞之喜。子曰:“由也好勇過我,無所取材。”
【注釋】
(1)桴:讀“夫”,用來過河的木筏子。
(2)從:跟隨、隨從。
(3)仲由,字子路,又字季路,魯國卞人,孔子得意門生。
【白話】
孔子說:“如果我的主張行不通,我就乘木筏到海外去。能跟從我的大概隻有仲由吧!”子路聽了很高興。孔子說:“仲由除了勇氣這點超過我,其它並沒有什麽可取的才能。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If what I advocate isn’t workable, I’ll go to the sea by raft. Maybe only Zhong You is willing to follow me.” Hearing this Tzu Lu was very delighted. But Confucius said: “Zhong You has nothing more to surpass me except for courage.”
【原文】
5·8 孟武伯問:“子路仁乎?”子曰:“不知也。”又問。子曰:“由也,千乘之國,可使治其賦(1)也,不知其仁也。”“求也何如?”子曰:“求也,千室之邑(2),百乘之家(3),可使為之宰(4)也,不知其仁也。”“赤(5)也何如?”子曰:“赤也,束帶立於朝(6),可使與賓客(7)言也,不知其仁也。”
【注釋】
(1)賦:兵賦,向居民征收的軍事費用。
(2)千室之邑,邑是古代居民的聚居點,大致相當於後來城鎮。有一千戶人家的大邑。
(3)百乘之家:指卿大夫的采地,當時大夫有車百乘,是采地中的較大者。
(4)宰:家臣、總管。
(5)赤:姓公西名赤,字子華,生於公元前509年,孔子的學生。
(6)束帶立於朝:指穿著禮服立於朝廷。
(7)賓客:指一般客人和來賓。
【白話】 孟武伯問:“子路達到仁的標準了嗎?”孔子說:“不知道。”又問。孔子說:“子路可以做大將,不知他仁否。”又問:“冉求怎樣?”孔子說:“冉求可以當市長,不知他仁否。” “公西赤怎樣?”孔子說:“公西赤可以當外長,不知他是仁否。”
【英譯】
Meng Wubo asked: “Is Tzu Lu up to the standards of humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know.” Meng Wubo asked again. The master said: “Zhong You can be a general. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Ran Qiu?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu can be a mayor. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Gongxi Chi?” Confucius said: “Gongxi Chi can be a foreign minister. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.”
【原文】
5·9 子謂子貢曰:“女與回也孰愈(1)?”對曰:“賜也何敢望回?回也聞一以知十(2),賜也聞一以知二(3)。”子曰:“弗如也。吾與(4)女弗如也。”
【注釋】
(1)愈:勝過、超過。
(2)十:指數的全體,舊注雲:“一,數之數;十,數之終。”
(3)二:舊注雲:“二者,一之對也。”
(4)與:讚同、同意。
【白話】
孔子對子貢說:“你和顏回兩個相比,誰更好一些呢?”子貢回答說:“我怎麽敢和顏回相比呢?顏回他聽到一件事就可以推知十件事;我呢,聽到一件事,隻能推知兩件事。”孔子說:“你是不如他呀,我同意你說的,就是不如他。”
【英譯】
Confucius said to Tzu Gong: “You and Yan Hui, who is better?” Tuz Gong replied: “How dare I compare myself with Yan Hui? Yan Hui can know ten events on the basis of knowing one event. But I can know two events on the basis of knowing one event.” Confucius said: “You are not so good as Yan Hui. I agree with you. You are really not good as him.”
【原文】
5·10 宰予晝寢,子曰:“朽木不可雕也,糞土(1)之牆不可杇(2)也,於予與何誅(3)!”子曰:“始吾於人也,聽其言而信其行;今吾於人也,聽其言而觀其行。於予與(4)改是。”
【注釋】
(1)糞土:腐土、髒土。
(2)杇:讀“汙”,抹牆用的抹子。這裏指用抹子粉刷牆壁。
(3)誅:意為責備、批評。
(4)與:語氣詞。
【白話】
宰予白天睡覺。孔子說:“腐朽的木頭無法雕刻,糞土壘的牆壁無法粉刷。對於宰予這個人,責備還有什麽用呢?”孔子說:“起初我對於人,是聽了他說的話便相信了他的行為;現在我對於人,聽了他講的話還要觀察他的行為。在宰予這裏我改變了觀察人的方法。”
【英譯】
Zai Yu sleeps in the day time. Confucius said: “Rotten wood can not be carved. Walls which are built with dirt can not white-washed. What’s the use to reproach him?” Confucius said: “At the beginning, I believed a person’s action after I heard his words. But now I’ll observe his action after I hear his words. The problem of Zai Yu made me change my way to observe people.”
【原文】
5·11 子曰:“吾未見剛者。”或對曰:“申棖(1)。”子曰:“棖也欲,焉得剛?”
【注釋】
(1)申棖:棖,讀“成”。姓申名棖,字周,孔子的學生。
【白話】
孔子說:“我沒有見過剛強的人。”有人回答說:“申棖就是剛強的。”孔子說:“申棖這個人欲望太多,怎麽能剛強呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I’ve never seen anyone firm and unyielding.” Someone said: “Shen Cheng is firm and unyielding.” Confucius said: “Sheng Cheng has too many desires, how can he be firm and unyielding?”
【原文】
5·12 子貢曰:“我不欲人之加諸我也,吾亦欲無加諸人。”子曰:“賜也,非爾所及也。”
【白話】
子貢說:“我不願被迫做自己不願做的事,我也不願強迫別人去做不願做的事。”孔子說:“賜呀,這不是你能做到的。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong said: “I’m unwilling to be forced to do what I don’t want to. I’m also unwilling to force others to do what they don’t want to.” Confucius said: “Ci, this isn’t what you can do.”
【原文】
5·13 子貢曰:“夫子之文章(1),可得而聞也;夫子之言性(2)與天道(3),不可得而聞也。”
【注釋】
(1)文章:這裏指孔子傳授的詩書禮樂等。
(2)性:人性。
(3)天道:天命。
【白話】
子貢說:“老師講授的文章,依靠耳聞是能夠學到的;但老師講授的人性和天道的理論,依靠耳聞是不能夠學到的。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong said: “What you teach in your articles can be grasped by listening, but the theories on human’s nature and heaven’s doctrines cannot be grasped by listening.”
【原文】
5·14 子路有聞,未之能行,唯恐有聞。
【白話】
子路在聽到一條道理但沒有能親自實行的時候,惟恐又聽到新的道理。
【英譯】
Whenever Tzu Lu hears a theory but cannot put it into practice, he is afraid to hear any new ones.
【原文】
5·15 子貢問曰:“孔文子(1)何以謂之文也?”子曰:“敏(2)而好學,不恥下問,是以謂之文也。”
【注釋】
(1)孔文子:衛國大夫孔圉(讀“語”),“文”是諡號,“子”是尊稱。
(2)敏:敏捷、勤勉。
【白話】
子貢問道:“為什麽給孔文子一個‘文’的諡號呢?”孔子說:“他聰敏好學,不以向地位卑下的人請教為恥,所以給他諡號叫‘文’。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong asked: “Why was Kong Wentzu given a posthumous title Wen?” Confucius said: “He was intelligent and diligent and did not consider it disgraceful to learn from persons in humble position.”
【原文】
5·16 子謂子產(1)有君子之道四焉:“其行己也恭,其事上也敬,其養民也惠,其使民也義。”
【注釋】
(1)子產:姓公孫名僑,字子產,鄭國大夫,做過正卿,是鄭穆公的孫子,為春秋時鄭國的賢相。
【白話】
孔子評論子產時說他有君子的四種道德:“他自己行為莊重,他事奉君主恭敬,他愛護百姓施與恩惠,他役使百姓有法度。”
【英譯】
When commenting on Tzu Chan, Confucius said that he had four noble characters: “He conducts himself sedately, serves his lord respectfully and cherishes people by bestowing favor.”
【原文】
5·17 子曰:“晏平仲(1)善與人交,久而敬之(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)晏平仲:齊國的賢大夫,名嬰。 “平”是他的諡號。
(2)久而敬之:“之”在這裏指代晏平仲。
【白話】
孔子說:“晏平仲善於和人交朋友,相識久了,別人十分尊敬他。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with others. Knowing each other as time goes on, he is respected by others.”
【原文】
5·18 子曰:“臧文仲(1)居蔡(2),山節藻棁(3),何如其知也!”
【注釋】
(1)臧文仲:姓臧孫名辰,“文”是他的諡號。因不遵守周禮,被孔子指責為“不仁”、“不智”。(2)居蔡:養大龜。居,養,藏。蔡,國君用以占卜的大龜。蔡,本是地名。此地產龜,所以把國君用以占卜的大龜也叫做蔡。
(3)山節藻棁:節,柱上的鬥拱。棁,讀“桌”,房梁上的短柱。把鬥拱雕成山形,在棁上繪以水草花紋。這是古時裝飾天子宗廟的做法。
【白話】
孔子說:“臧文仲建造自己的宗廟,房頂呈拱形,柱子上畫著水草圖案,廟內藏著大龜,象天子的宗廟一樣,這怎麽算明智?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong built a temple with an arched roof and columns were painted with a design of water plants. And moreover, a big tortoise was hidden in the temple which was just like a shrine of the lord. How can he be considered wise?”
【原文】
5·19 子張問曰:“令尹子文(1)三仕為令尹,無喜色;三已(2)之,無慍色。舊令尹之政,必以告新令尹。何如?”子曰:“忠矣。”曰:“仁矣乎?”曰:“未知。焉得仁?”“崔子(3)弑(4)齊君(5),陳子文(6)有馬十乘,棄而違之,至於他邦,則曰:‘猶吾大夫崔子也。’違之。之一邦,則又曰:‘猶吾大夫崔子也。’違之,何如?子曰:“清矣。”曰:“仁矣乎?”曰:“未知,焉得仁?”
【注釋】
(1)令尹子文:令尹,楚國的官名,相當於宰相。子文是楚國的著名宰相。
(2)三已:三,有時也泛指多次。已,罷免。
(3)崔文:齊國大夫崔杼(讀“住”)曾殺死齊莊公,在當時引起極大反應。
(4)弑:讀“是”,位在下的人殺了地位在上的人。
(5)齊君:即指被崔杼所殺的齊莊公。
(6)陳文子:陳國的大夫,名須無。
【白話】
子張問:“子文三次做宰相,都沒感到高興;三次被罷免,也都沒感到委屈。卸任前,總是認真地辦理交接事宜,這樣做怎麽樣?”孔子說:“算忠。”問:“算仁嗎?”答:“不知道,哪裏談得上仁?”又問:“崔子殺了齊莊公,陳文子拋棄家產跑了。到了另一國,他說:‘這裏的大夫同崔子一樣。’又跑了。再到一國,再說:‘他們同崔子一樣。’再跑了。怎樣?”孔子說:“算清高了。”問:“算仁嗎?”答:“不知道,哪裏談得上仁?”
【英譯】
Tzu Zhang asked: “Tzu Wen served as premier three times, but he was never happy, and he was dismissed from office three times, he never felt wronged. Moreover, before he was relieved of his office, he was very careful to handle the matter relating handing over and taking over. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “Quite loyal.” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius replied: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Cui Tzu killed Qi Zhuanggong, Chen Wentzu abandoned his family property and ran away. Whenever getting into another country, he used to say: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ Again, he ran away. After getting into another country, he said once more: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ And then he ran way again. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “He is really above politics and worldly interests.” Tzu Zhang asked: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?”
【原文】
5·20 季文子(1)三思而後行。子聞之,曰:“再,斯(2)可矣。”
【注釋】
(1)季文子:即季孫行父,魯成公、魯襄公時任正卿,“文”是他的諡號。
(2)斯:就。
【白話】
季文子每做一件事都要考慮多次。孔子聽到了,說:“考慮兩次也就行了。”
【英譯】
Before doing anything, Ji Wentzu always thinks over it again and again. Learning this, Confucius said: “Think twice. That’s enough.”
【原文】
5·21 子曰:“寧武子(1),邦有道則知,邦無道則愚(2),其知可及也,其愚不可及也。”
【注釋】
(1)寧武子:姓寧名俞,衛國大夫,“武”是他的諡號。
(2)愚:這裏是裝傻的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“寧武子這個人,當國家太平時,他就顯得聰明,當國家混亂時,他就裝傻。他的那種聰明別人可以做得到,他的那種裝傻別人就做不到了。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You know Ji Wutzu. When the country is in great order, he seems very clever, while the country is in great disorder, he would pretend to be very stupid. As far as his cleverness is concerned, everyone can catch up with him, but as for his stupidity, no one can reach him.”
【原文】
5·22 子在陳(1)曰:“歸與!歸與!吾黨之小子(2)狂簡(3),斐然(4)成章,不知所以裁(5)之。”
【注釋】
(1)陳:古國名,大約在今河南東部和安徽北部一帶。
(2)吾黨之小子:古代以500家一為黨。吾黨意即我的故鄉。小子,指孔子在魯國的學生。
(3)狂簡:誌向遠大但行為粗率簡單。
(4)斐然:斐,音fěi,有文彩的樣子。
(5)裁:裁剪,節製。
【白話】
孔子在陳國說: “回去吧!回去吧!家鄉的學生們誌大才疏,不過文采揚揚,真不知該怎麽指導他們。”
【英譯】
Confucius said in the country Chen: “Go back! Go back! The students in my hometown have great ambition but little talent. Yet their writings have rich and bright colors. I really don’t know how to guide them.”
【原文】
5·23 子曰:“伯夷叔齊(1)不念舊惡(2),怨是用希(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)伯夷、叔齊:殷朝末年孤竹君的兩個兒子。父親死後,二人互相讓位,都逃到周文王那裏。周武王起兵伐紂,他們認為這是以臣弑君,是不忠不孝的行為,曾加以攔阻。周滅商統一天下後,他們以吃周朝的糧食為恥,逃進深山中以野草充饑,餓死在首陽山中。
(2)惡:仇恨。
(3)希:同“稀”
【白話】
孔子說:“伯夷、叔齊不記仇,別人對他們的怨恨也就少。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Bo Yi and Shu Qi don’t bear grudges, so they are seldom hated by others.”
【原文】
5·24 子曰:“孰謂微生高(1)直?或乞醯(2)焉,乞諸其鄰而與之。”
【注釋】
(1)微生高:姓微生名高,魯國人。當時人認為他為直率。
(2)醯:讀“希”,即醋。
【白話】
孔子說:“誰說微生高性格直率?有人向他要點醋,他都不直說沒有,還暗地到他鄰居討點給人家。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Who said Wei Shenggao is frank? Someone asked him for some vinegar, he didn’t say frankly that he had no and moreover he stealthily asked his neighbor for some and then gave it to that man.”
【原文】
5·25 子曰:“巧言、令色、足恭(1),左丘明(2)恥之,丘亦恥之。匿怨而友其人,左丘明恥之,丘亦恥之。”
【注釋】
(1)足恭:一說是兩腳做出恭敬逢迎的姿態來討好別人;另一說就是抽象地指過分恭敬。這裏采用後說。
(2)左丘明:姓左丘名明,魯國人,相傳是《左傳》一書的作者。
【白話】
孔子說:“甜言蜜語、皮笑肉不笑、點頭哈腰,左丘明認為可恥,我也認為可恥;心懷怨恨跟人交朋友,左丘明認為可恥,我也認為可恥。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Saying honey words, putting on a false smile, nodding and bowing, Zuo Qiuming considers all these things shameful. So do I. Making friends with others but harboring resentment at the same time, Zuo Qiuming considers it shameful. So do I.”
【原文】
5·26 顏淵、季路侍(1)。子曰:“盍(2)各言爾誌。”子路曰:“原車馬,衣輕裘,與朋友共,敝之而無憾。”顏淵曰:“願無伐(3)善,無施勞(4)。”子路曰:“願聞子之誌。”子曰:“老者安之,朋友信之,少者懷之(5)。”
【注釋】
(1)侍:服侍,站在旁邊陪著尊貴者叫侍。
(2)盍:何不,讀“何”。
(3)伐:誇耀。
(4)施勞:施,表白。勞,功勞。
(5)少者懷之:讓少者得到關懷。
【白話】
顏淵、子路兩人侍立在孔子身邊。孔子說:“你們何不各自說說自己的誌向?”子路說:“願與朋友共同分享我的車馬和皮袍,用壞了也不抱怨。”顏淵說: “但願能做到不誇耀優點、不宣揚功勞。”子路說:“您的願望呢?”孔子說:“但願老人能享受安樂,少兒能得到關懷,朋友能夠信任我。”
【英譯】
With Yan Yuan and Tzu Lu standing by in attendance, Confucius said: “Why don’t you say something about your ideals?” Tzu Lu said: “I’d like to let my friends share my carriage, horse and fir coat. Even if all these are worn out, I don’t have any complains.” Yan Yuan said: “I’d like not to boast of my strong points, not to publicize my merits.” Tzu Lu said to Confucius: “I’d like to know your ideal.” Confucius said: “I’d like to see that the aged can enjoy ease and comfort, the young can get every concern, and friends have trust in me.”
【原文】
5·27 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未見能見其過而內自訟者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“這個社會完了!我沒見過既知道自己有錯,又能自我批評的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Finished! I’ve never seen anyone who not only knows his own mistakes but also criticizes himself.”
【原文】
5·28 子曰:“十室之邑,必有忠信如丘者焉,不如丘之好學也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“即使隻有十戶人家的小村子,也一定有像我這樣講忠信的人,隻是不如我那樣好學罷了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Even in a small village with only ten families, there are certainly someone like me who pays much attention to honesty.”
雍也篇第六
【原文】
6·1 子曰:“雍也可使南麵(1)。”
【注釋】
(1)南麵:指君主,因為坐北朝南為尊。
(白話)
孔子說:“可以讓內冉作君主。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “ Nei Yong can be a lord.”
【原文】
6·2 仲弓問子桑伯子(1)。子曰:“可也,簡(2)。”仲弓曰:“居敬(3)而行簡(4),以臨(5)其民,不亦可乎?居簡而行簡,無乃(6)大(7)簡乎?”子曰:“雍之言然。”
【注釋】
(1)桑伯子:人名,此人生平不可考。
(2)簡:簡要,不煩瑣。
(3)居敬:為人嚴肅認真,依禮嚴格要求自己。
(4)行簡:指推行政事簡而不繁。
(5)臨:麵臨、麵對。此處有“治理”的意思。
(6)無乃:豈不是。
(7)大:同“太”。
【白話】
仲弓問孔子認為桑伯子這個人怎麽樣。孔子說:“還行,辦事簡明。”仲弓說:“計劃嚴密而又行動簡明,以此來管理百姓,不也可以嗎?計劃粗糙而又行動草率,不也太隨便了嗎?”孔子說:“你說得對。”
【英譯】
Zhong Gong asked Confucius what he thinks of Sang Botzu. Confucius said: “Not so bad. He does everything simply and clearly.” Zhong Gong said: “Isn’t it O.K. to administer people with a thorough plan and simple action? Plan is crude and action is careless. Isn’t it too careless?”
【原文】
6·3 哀公問:“弟子孰為好學?”孔子對曰:“有顏回者好學,不遷怒(1),不貳過(2),不幸短命死矣(3)。今也則亡(4),未聞好學者也。”
【注釋】
(1)不遷怒:不把對一個人的怒氣發泄到另外一個人身上,如“遷怒於人”。 這裏指不把自己的怒火發到別人身上。
(2)不貳過:“貳”,重複、一再的意思。這裏指不犯同樣錯誤。
(3)短命死矣:顏回死時年僅31歲。
(4)亡:古音義同“無”。
【白話】
魯哀公問:“你的學生中誰最好學?”孔子回答說:“有一個叫顏回的好學,他從不對人發火,也從不重犯同樣的錯誤。不幸短命死了。現在沒有那樣的人了,沒有聽說誰是好學的。”
【英譯】
Ai Gong, lord of the country Lu asked: “Who is the best one to love study among your students?” Confucius replied: “There is one who named Yan Hui. He was never gray with anyone. He never made same mistakes. Unfortunately he died young. Now there is no longer that sort of person. I’ve never hear anyone who is love study.”
【原文】
6·4 子華(1)使於齊,冉子(2)為其母請粟(3)。子曰:“與之釜(4)。”請益。曰:“與之庾(5)。”冉子與之粟五秉(6)。子曰:“赤之適齊也,乘肥馬,衣輕裘。吾聞之也:君子周(7)急不濟富。”
【注釋】
(1)子華:就是前文曾提到過的公西赤。姓公西名赤,字子華,孔子的學生,比孔子小42歲。
(2)冉子:冉有,在《論語》書中被孔子弟子稱為“子”的隻有四五個人,冉有即其中之一。
(3)粟:在古文中,粟與米連用時,粟指帶殼的穀粒,去殼以後叫做米;粟字單用時,就是指米了。
(4)釜:讀“府”,古代量名,一釜約等於六鬥四升,約合100斤。釜,另指大鍋,不在此文之義。
(5)庾:讀“雨”,古代量名,一庾等於二鬥四升,約合40斤。
(6)秉:約2000斤。英語中既沒有“升鬥”的概念,也沒有“斤兩”的概念,因西方,尤其是美國人平日以“磅”為計量單位,為方便起見,也為西方人清楚意見,故將斤譯成磅,因一磅雖比一斤少些,但大致差不多,不得已求其次吧。
(7)周:周濟、救濟。
【白話】
子華出使齊國,冉子請孔子拿點米給子華的母親。孔子說:“給一百斤。”冉子說:“給多點吧。”孔子說:“加四十斤。”可冉子卻給了兩千斤。孔子說:“子華在齊國,坐豪華車,穿名牌衣,我已聽說了。君子隻救濟窮人,不給富人添加財富。”
【英譯】
Tzu Hua was sent to the country Qi on a diplomatic mission. Ran Tzu asked Confucius to give some rice to his mother. Confucius said: “Give 100 pounds.” Ran Tzu said: “Give a little more please.” Confucius said: “Add forty pounds.” But Ran Tzu gave two thousand pounds. Confucius said: “In the country Lu, Tzu Hua
takes splendid carriage and wears beautiful clothes. I’ve learned it. Gentlemen give relief only to the poor but don’t add property to the rich.”
【原文】
6·5 原思(1)為之宰(2),與之粟九百(3),辭。子曰:“毋,以與爾鄰裏鄉黨(4)乎!”
【注釋】
(1)原思:姓原名憲,字子思,魯國人。孔子的學生,生於公元前515年。孔子在魯國任司法官的時候,原思曾做他家的總管。
(2)宰:家宰,管家。
(3)九百:沒有說明單位是什麽。
(4)鄰裏鄉黨:相傳古代以五家為鄰,25家為裏,1,2500家為鄉,500家為黨。此處指原思的同鄉,或家鄉周圍的百姓。
【白話】
原思給孔子家當總管,孔子給他俸米九百,原思推辭不要。孔子說:“不要推辭。(如果有多的,)給你的鄉親們吧。”
【英譯】
Yuan Si served Confucius’s family as a butler. Confucius gave him 900 pounds of rice, but Yuan Se refused. Confucius said: “Don’t refuse. If you think it more than enough, you can give the superfluous part to your neighbors.”
【原文】
6·6 子謂仲弓,曰:“犁牛(1)為之騂且角(2)。雖欲勿用(3),山川(4)棒舍諸(5)?”
【注釋】
(1)犁牛:即耕牛。古代祭祀要用專門飼養的牛,紅毛長角,不能以耕農代替,。
(2)騂且角:騂:讀“心”,紅色。祭祀用的牛,毛色為紅,角長得端正。
(3)用:用於祭祀。
(4)山川:山川之神。此喻上層統治者。
(5)其舍諸:其,同“豈”,“怎麽會”的意思。舍,舍棄。諸,“之於”二字的合音。
【譯文】
孔子在評論仲弓的時候說:“如果耕牛產下的牛犢也長著紅色的毛,角也長得整齊端正,人們雖想不用它做祭品,但山川之神難道會舍棄它嗎?”
【英譯】
When commenting on Zhong Gong, Confucius said: “If a farm cattle breeds a calf with red hair and elegant horns, the mountain and river spirits don’t abandon this calf, can’t they?”
【原文】
6·7 子曰:“回也其心三月(1)不違仁,其餘則日月(2)至焉而已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)三月:指較長的時間。
(2)日月:指較短的時間。
【白話】
孔子說:“顏回這個人,他的心可以在長時間內不離開仁德,其餘的學生則隻能在短時間內做到仁而已。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Yan Hui can keep humanity and virtue unchanged for a long time, but my other students can keep them unchanged only for a short period.”
【原文】
6·8 季康子(1)問:“仲由可使從政也與?”子曰:“由也果(2),於從政乎何有?”曰:“賜也可使從政也與?”曰:“賜也達(3),於從政乎何有?”曰:“求也可使從政也與?”曰:“求也藝(4),於從政乎何有?”
【注釋】
(1)季康子:他在公元前492年繼其父為魯國正卿,此時孔子正在各地遊說。8年以後,孔子返回魯國,冉求正在幫助季康子推行革新措施。孔子於是對此三人做出了評價。
(2)果:果斷、決斷。
(3)達:通達、順暢。
(4藝:有才能技藝。
【白話】
季康子問:“仲由這個人,可以讓他管理國家政事嗎?”孔子說:“仲由做事果斷,對於管理國家政事有什麽困難呢?”季康子又問:“端木賜這個人,可以讓他管理國家政事嗎?”孔子說:“端木賜通達事理,對於管理政事有什麽困難呢?“又問:“冉求這個人,可以讓他管理國家政事嗎?”孔子說:“冉求有才能,對於管理國家政事有什麽困難呢?”
【英譯】
Ji Kangtzu asked: “Is Zhong You capable to be in charge of government affairs?” Confucius said: “Zhong You is resolute in action. Will it be difficult for him to be in charge of government affairs?” Ji Kangtzu asked: “Is Duanmu Ci capable to be in charge of government affairs?” Confucius said: “Duanmu Ci is philosophic. Will it be difficult for him to be in charge of government affairs?” Ji Kangtzu asked: “Is Ran Qiu capable to be in charge of government affairs?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu is talent. Will it be difficult for him to be in charge of government affairs?”
【原文】
6·9 季氏使閔子騫(1)為費(2)宰,閔子騫曰:“善為我辭焉!如有複我(3)者,則吾必在汶上(4)矣。”
【注釋】
(1)閔子騫:姓閔名損,字子騫,魯國人,孔子的學生,比孔子小15歲。
(2)費:讀“密”,季氏的封邑,在今山東費縣西北一帶。
(3)複我:再來召我。
(4)汶上:汶,讀“問”,水名,即今山東大汶河,當時流經齊、魯兩國之間。在汶上,是說要離開魯國到齊國去。
【白話】
季氏派人請閔子騫到費邑去做官,閔子騫對來人說:“請替我推辭吧!如果再來召我,那我一定跑到汶水那邊去了。”
【英譯】
Ji sent someone to ask Min Tzujian to be an official in the county Mi. Min Tzujian said to the man: “Please refuse for me. If you come again, I’ll be on the other side of Wen River .”
【原文】
6·10 伯牛(1)有疾,子問之,自牖(2)執其手,曰:“亡之(3),命矣夫(4),斯人也而有斯疾也!斯人也而有斯疾也!”
【注釋】
(1)伯牛:姓冉名耕,字伯牛,魯國人,孔子的學生。孔子認為他的“德行”較好。
(2)牖:讀“有”,窗戶。
(3)亡之:一作喪失解,一作死亡解。 這裏選擇第一解。
(4)夫:讀“福”,語氣詞,相當於“吧”。
【白話】
伯牛病了,孔子前去探望他,從窗戶外麵握著他的手說:“我竟然要失去這個人,這是命裏注定的吧!這樣的人竟會得這樣的病啊,這樣的人竟會得這樣的病啊!”
【英譯】
Bo Niu was ill. Confucius went to see him and held his hand from outside the window and said: “I should have to lose this man. It is that I’m doomed to lose him. Such a person should have got this sort of disease! Such a person should have got this sort of disease!”
【原文】
6·11 子曰:“賢哉回也,一簞(1)食,一瓢飲,在陋巷(2),人不堪其憂,回也不改其樂。賢哉回也。”
【注釋】
(1)簞:讀“單”,古代盛飯用的竹器。
(2)巷:此處指顏回的住處。
【白話】
孔子說:“顏回的品質是多麽高尚啊!一簞飯,一瓢水,住在簡陋的小巷裏,別人都忍受不了,顏回卻沒有改變快樂的性格。顏回的品質是多麽高尚啊!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “How noble-minded Yan Hui is! A basket of rice, a ladleful of water, and living in a shabby lane. Other people cannot endure this sort of hard life. But Yan Hui never changed his optimistic nature. How noble-minded Yan Hui is!”
【原文】
6·12 冉求曰:“非不說(1)子之道,力不足也。”子曰:“力不足者,中道而廢。今女畫(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)說:音義皆同“悅”,高興。
(2)畫:劃定界限,停止前進。
【白話】
冉求說:“我不是不喜歡您的學說,而是能力不足。”孔子說:“如果是能力不足的話,會半道而廢,現在你還沒開始,就不想前進了。”
【英譯】
Ran Qiu said: “It’s not that I don’t like your doctrine but I’m lack of a tremendous capacity.” Confucius said: “If lack of a tremendous capacity, one will stop halfway. You have not started but you’re unwilling to go forward.”
【原文】
6·13 子謂子夏曰:“女為君子儒,無為小人儒。”
【白話】
孔子對子夏說:“你要做君子式的讀書人,不要做小人式的讀書人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said to Tzu Xia: “You should be a scholar of gentleman type but not a scholar of vugarian type.”
【原文】
6·14 子遊為武城(1)宰。子曰:“女得人焉爾(2)乎?”曰:“有澹台滅明(3)者,行不由徑(4),非公事,未嚐至於偃(5)之室也。”
【注釋】
(1)武城:魯國的小城邑,在今山東費縣境內。
(2)焉爾乎:此三個字都是語助詞。
(3)澹台滅明:姓澹台名滅明,字子羽,武城人,孔子弟子。
(4)徑:小路,引申為邪路。
(5)偃:言偃,即子遊,這是他自稱其名。
【白話】
子遊做了武城的長官。孔子說:“你在那裏得到了人才沒有?”。子遊回答說:“有一個叫澹台滅明的人,從來不走邪路,沒有公事從不到我屋子裏來。”
【英譯】
Tzu You got the position of mayor of Wucheng City . Confucius asked: “Have you got any persons of talent?” Tzu You replied: “There is a man named Dantai Mieming. He never goes astray and doesn’t come to my room if having no official business to do.”
【原文】
6·15 子曰:“孟之反(1)不伐(2),奔(3)而殿(4),將入門,策其馬,曰:非敢後也,馬不進也。”
【注釋】
(1)孟之反:名側,魯國大夫。
(2)伐:誇耀。
(3)奔:敗走。
(4)殿:殿後,在全軍最後作掩護。
【白話】
孔子說:“孟之反不自誇,撤退時主動在後麵掩護,剛進城門,他策馬快速通過歡迎隊伍,說:‘不是我有膽走在最後,是馬跑不快’。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Meng Zhifan never praised himself. When fighting a battle, he always covered the retreat in the back of his own accord. When entering the city gate, he whipped his horse and quickly passed through the crowded welcomers, saying: ‘It’s not that I’ve got the guts to keep behind but that my horse runs not so quickly.”
【原文】
6·16 子曰:“不有祝鮀(1)之佞(2),而有宋朝(3)之美,難乎免於今之世矣。”
【注釋】
(1)祝鮀:鮀,讀“駝”。字子魚,衛國大夫,有口才,以能言善辯受到衛靈公重用。
(2)佞: 口才。
(3)宋朝:宋國的公子朝,《左傳》中曾記載他因美麗而惹起亂的事情。
【白話】
孔子說:“如果沒有祝鮀的口才,卻有宋朝的美貌,一生難免災禍。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person isn’t eloquent as Zhu Tuo but only has a beautiful face like Song Chao’s, he can never avoid disasters through out his life.”
【原文】
6·17 子曰:“誰能出不由戶,何莫由斯道也?”
【白話】
孔子說:“誰能出門不走門?為什麽沒有人走我這條路呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Who can go out of a door without going through this door? Why nobody takes my way?”
【原文】
6·18 子曰:“質(1)勝文(2)則野(3),文勝質則史(4)。文質彬彬(5),然後君子。”
【注釋】
(1)質:樸實、自然,無修飾的。
(2)文:文采,經過修飾的。
(3)野:粗野,缺乏文彩。
(4)史:言詞華麗,這裏有虛偽、浮誇的意思。
(5)彬彬:指文與質的配合很恰當。
【白話】
孔子說:“質樸的品格勝於華美的文采,就會流於粗俗;華美的文采勝於質樸的品格,則會流於浮華。隻有二者配合恰當,才是君子。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person’ s characters of honesty and simplicity surpass his rich and bright colors in literature, he’ll say rude things and behave boorishly; yet if on the contrary, he’ll grandiloquent in language but conduct frivolously. Only by properly combining these two factors, both refined and courteous, can he become a gentleman.”
【原文】
6·19 子曰:“人之生也直,罔(1)之生也幸而免。”
【注釋】
(1)罔:罔同“網”,欺騙,不正直。
【白話】
孔子說: “人正直,才能生活幸福;不正直的人有時也能生活平安,但那隻是僥幸逃過災難而已。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Only an honest person can enjoy a happily life; sometimes a dishonest person can also enjoy a peaceful life, but he can avoid disasters only by pure luck.”
【原文】
6·20 子曰:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如樂之者。”
【白話】
孔子說:“知道學習不如喜歡學習,喜歡學習不如以學習為樂。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Knowing the importance of study is not so good as loving study; loving study is not so good as taking pleasure from study.”
【原文】
6·21 子曰:“中人以上,可以語上也;中人以下,不可以語上也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“中上等天賦的人,可以同他研究高深的學問;中下等天賦的人,不可以同他討論高深的學問。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for a person with an upper-middle-class gift, you can study with him profound learning; as for a person with a lower-middle-class gift, you cannot study with him profound learning.”
【原文】
6·22 樊遲問知(1),子曰:“務(2)民之義(3),敬鬼神而遠之,可謂知矣。”問仁,曰:“仁者先難而後獲,可謂仁矣。”
【注釋】
(1)知:音義皆同“智”。
(2)務:從事、致力於。
(3)義:意願。
【白話】
樊遲問智,孔子說:“做事順應民意,尊重宗教卻遠離宗教,就算明智了。”又問仁,答:“吃苦在前、享受在後,就算仁了。”
【英譯】
Fan Chi asked something about sensibleness, Confucius said: “Whenever you do something, you must submit to popular will. You respect religion but keep yourself far away from it. This can be considered sensibleness.” Fan Chi asked something about humanity. Confucius said: “If you can be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts, then it can be considered humanity.”
【原文】
6·23 子曰:“知(1)者樂水,仁者樂(2)山;知者動,仁者靜;知者樂,仁者壽。”
【注釋】
(1)知:音義皆同“智”。
(2)樂,古讀“要”,喜愛的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“明智的人喜歡水,仁慈的人喜歡山;明智的人好動,仁慈的人好靜;明智的人快樂,仁慈的人長壽。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Wise people love water. Benevolent people love mountains. Wise people love to be active. Benevolent people love to be calm. Wise people are happy. Benevolent people enjoy longevity.”
【原文】
6·24 子曰:“齊一變,至於魯;魯一變,至於道。”
【白話】 “齊國的製度經過改革,就能達到魯國的水平;魯國的製度經過改革,就能走上正道。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Through reformation, the system of the country Qi can reach the level of the country Lu and the system of the country Lu can be put on the right track.”
【原文】
6·25 子曰:“觚(1)不觚,觚哉!觚哉!”
【注釋】
(1)觚:讀“孤”,古代盛酒的器具,上圓下方,有棱,容量約有二升。後來觚被改變了,所以孔子認為觚不像觚。
【譯文】
孔子說:“觚不像個觚了,這也算是觚嗎?這也算是觚嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “This wine-container does not like a wine-container. Can it be considered a wine-container? Can it be considered a wine-container?”
【原文】
6·26 宰我問曰:“仁者雖告之曰: ‘井有仁(1)焉’,其從之也?”子曰:“何為其然也?君子可逝(2)也,不可陷(3)也;可欺也,不可罔也。”
【注釋】
(1)仁:這裏指有仁德的人。
(2)逝:往。這裏指到井邊去看並設法救之。
(3)陷:陷入。
【白話】
宰我問道:“對於有仁德的人,別人告訴他井裏掉下去一位仁人,他會跟著下去嗎?”孔子說:“為什麽要這樣做呢?君子可以到井邊去救,卻不可以陷入井中;君子可能被欺騙,但不可以盲目行動。”
【英譯】
Zai Wo asked: “A benevolent person is told that a benevolent person fell into a well. Can he follow him and jump into the well? ” Confucius said: “Why does he do this sort of thing? A gentleman can go to the well to rescue the man, but he cannot make himself fell into the well. A gentleman may be cheated but he cannot act blindfold.”
【原文】
6·27 子曰:“君子博學於文,約(1)之以禮,亦可以弗畔(2)矣夫(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)約:一種釋為約束;一種釋為簡要。
(2)畔:同“叛”。
(3)矣夫:語氣詞,表示較強烈的感歎。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子廣泛學習,遵紀守法,也就不會誤入歧途!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Song long as keeping extensive study, observing disciplines and abiding by the law, a gentleman can avoid going astray.”
【原文】
6·28 子見南子(1),子路不說(2)。夫子矢(3)之曰:“予所否(4)者,天厭之!天厭之!”
【注釋】
(1)南子:衛靈公夫人,是衛國政權的實際控製者,生活淫亂。
(2)說:音義皆同“悅”。
(3)矢:音義皆同“誓”,發誓。
(4)否:不對,不是,指做了不正當的事。
【白話】
孔子去見南子,子路不高興。孔子發誓說:“如果我做什麽不正當的事,讓上天譴責我吧!讓上天譴責我吧!”
【英譯】
Confucius went to see Nan Tzu, Tzu Lu was unhappy. Confucius swore: “If I do something wrong, let the heaven condemn me! Let the heaven condemn me!”
【原文】
6·29 子曰:“中庸(1)之為德也,其至矣乎!民鮮久矣。”
【注釋】
(1)中庸:儒家處世哲學,不偏不倚,調合折中。
【白話】
孔子說:“作為一種道德,中庸該是最高境界了吧!很久以來人們就已經缺少這種道德了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As a sort of virtue, mean should be the highest state! But people have lacked this sort of virtue for a long time.”
【原文】
6·30 子貢曰:“如有博施(1)於民而能濟眾(2),何如?可謂仁乎?”子曰:“何事於仁?必也聖乎!堯舜(3)其猶病諸(4)。夫(5)仁者,己欲立而立人,己欲達而達人。能近取譬(6),可謂仁之方也已。”
【注釋】
(1)施:舊讀“是”,動詞。
(2)眾:指眾人。
(3)堯舜:傳說中上古時代的兩位帝王,也是孔子心目中的榜樣。儒家認為是“聖人”。
(4)病諸:病,擔憂。諸,“之於”的合音。
(5)夫:句首發語詞。
(6)能近取譬:能夠就自身打比方。即推己及人的意思。
【白話】
子貢說:“如果有人能通過向百姓提供很多好處來周濟大眾,這個人怎麽樣?他可以算是仁人嗎?”孔子說:“豈止仁人,簡直是聖人了!就連堯、舜都難做到。仁人,就是想自立,也幫他人自立;想自己發達,也幫他人發達。凡事能就近以自己為例,繼而推己及人,這就可以說是實行仁的方法了。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong said to Confucius: “Supposing there is a person who can relieve the broad masses by providing them much material benefit, what do you think of him? Can he be considered one of humanity?” Confucius said: “Far more than that. He’s simply a sage! Even Yao and Shun couldn’t reach this state. As far as a man of humanity is concerned, he should help others to rely on themselves when he himself wants to stand on his own legs, and help others to rise in the world when he himself wants to get a vigorous development in his own cause. Whenever doing anything, he should take himself as an example and then ‘do unto others what you would do unto yourself’. This can be considered a way to put humanity into practice.”
述而篇第七
【原文】
7·1 子曰:“述而不作(1),信而好古,竊(2)比於我老彭(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)述而不作:述,傳述。作,創造,創新。
(2)竊:私,私自,私下。
(3)老彭:具體指誰不詳,學術界看法不一。
【白話】
孔子說:“隻傳授現有的知識而不創新,相信先人,特別喜愛古代典籍,我私下自比商朝的老彭。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I only pass on the existing knowledge but don’t make innovations, believe ancestors, especially love the ancient classical works. In secret, I compare myself with Shang Dynasty’s Mr. Peng.”
【原文】
7·2 子曰:“默而識(1)之,學而不厭,誨(2)人不倦,何有於我哉(3)?”
【注釋】
(1)識:讀“誌”,記住的意思。
(2)誨:教誨。
(3)何有於我哉:對我有什麽難呢?
【白話】
孔子說:“將知識默記在心,自學不滿足,教人不厭倦,這些對我有什麽難的?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Learn knowledge by heart, unsatisfied with study, untiring of teaching others. How can these things be difficult to me?”
【原文】
7·3 子曰:“德之不修,學之不講,聞義不能徙(1),不善不能改,是吾憂也。”
【注釋】
(1)徙:讀“喜”,遷移。此處指靠近,做到。
【白話】
孔子說:“對品德不培養,對學問不鑽研,聽到好人好事不能學習,有錯誤不能改正,這些都是我所擔憂的。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Don’t cultivate noble morality, don’t assiduously study knowledge, don’t learn from good examples, don’t correct mistakes. All these are what I worry about.”
【原文】
7·4 子之燕居(1),申申(2)如也;夭夭(3)如也。
【注釋】
(1)燕居:安居、家居、閑居。
(2)申申:衣冠整潔。
(3)夭夭:行動遲緩、斯文和舒和的樣子。
【白話】
孔子閑居在家,衣冠楚楚,悠閑自在。
【英譯】
When staying at home, Confucius was well dressed, carefree and content.
【原文】
7·,5 子曰:“甚矣吾衰也!久矣吾不複夢見周公(1)。”
【注釋】
(1)周公:姓姬名旦,周文王的兒子,周武王的弟弟,成王的叔父,魯國國君的始祖,傳說是西周典章製度的製定者,他是孔子所崇拜的“聖人”之一。
【白話】
孔子說:“我非常衰老了!好久沒有夢見周公了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I’m too doddery! I haven’t dreamt of Mr. Zhou for a long time.”
【原文】
7·6 子曰:“誌於道,據於德(1),依於仁,遊於藝(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)德:舊注雲:德者,得也。能把道貫徹到自己心中而不失掉就叫德。
(2)藝:藝指孔子教授學生的禮、樂、射、禦、書、數等六藝,都是日常所用。
【白話】
孔子說:“樹立遠大理想,培養優秀道德,胸懷仁愛之心,陶冶高尚情操。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Acquire high ideals, cultivate fine morality, cherish humane feeling, mould noble sentiment.”
【原文】
7·7 子曰:“自行束脩(1)以上,吾未嚐無誨焉。”
【注釋】
(1)束脩:脩,讀“修”,幹肉,又叫脯。束脩就是十條幹肉。孔子要求學生初次見麵時要交十多條幹肉作學費,後來學費被代稱“束脩”。
【白話】
孔子說:“凡是自願拿出十多條幹肉,我從來沒有不教的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for the students who are willing to give me ten or more pieces of dried beef, I’ve never refused to teach them.”
【原文】
7·8 子曰:“不憤(1)不啟,不悱(2)不發。舉一隅(3)不以三隅反,則不複也。”
【注釋】
(1)憤:苦思冥想而仍然領會不了的樣子。
(2)悱:讀“非”,想說又不能明確說出來的樣子。
(3)隅:讀“雨”,角落。
【白話】
孔子說:“學生不到苦思冥想時,不去提醒;不到想說卻說不出時,不去引導。不能舉一例能理解三個類似的問題,就不要再教了。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When teaching a student, don’t remind him before he can rack his brains, and don’t guide him before he wants to say but cannot speak out. If he cannot learn by analogy, don’t teach him anymore.”
【原文】
7·9 子食於有喪者之側,未嚐飽也。
【白話】
有戴孝的人在旁邊,孔子從來沒有吃飽過。
【英譯】
With a person in mourning at his side, Confucius can never eat his fill.”
【原文】
7·10 子於是日哭,則不歌。
【白話】
於是孔子就哭了一天,不再唱歌。
【原文】
Weeping the whole day, Confucius no longer sings.
【原文】
7·11 子謂顏淵曰:“用之則行,舍之則藏(1),惟我與爾有是夫(2)!”子路曰:“子行三軍(3),則誰與(4)?”子曰:“暴虎(5)馮河(6),死而無悔者,吾不與也。必也臨事而懼(7)。好謀而成者也。”
【注釋】
(1)舍之則藏:舍,舍棄,不用。藏,隱藏。
(2)夫:語氣詞,相當於“吧”。
(3)三軍:是當時大國所有的軍隊,每軍約一萬二千五百人。
(4)與:在一起的意思。
(5)暴虎:空拳赤手與虎搏鬥。
(6)馮河:無船徒步過河。
(7)臨事不懼:懼是謹慎、警惕的意思。遇事格外小心謹慎。
【白話】
孔子對顏淵說:“受重用,我就大顯身手;不受重用,我就韜光養晦,隻有你我才能做到這樣吧!”子路問孔子說:“您如果統帥三軍,要什麽樣的人配合呢?”孔子說:“空手鬥虎,光腳過河,死不後悔的人,我是不會要的。我要找的,一定是小心行事、以智謀取勝的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said to Yan Yuan: “If I’m put in an important position, I’ll fully display my talents, otherwise I’ll conceal my capacities. Only you and me can do this, can’t we?” Tzu Lu asked Confucius: “If you command the country’s armed forces, what sorts of persons do you choose to be your assistants?” Confucius said: “I don’t need anyone who can wrestle with tigers bear-handed and across rivers bare-foot, and never repent. Who I’m looking for are those who can act cautiously and win by strategy.”
【原文】
7·12 子曰:“富(1)而可求(2)也;雖執鞭之士(3),吾亦為之。如不可求,從吾所好。”
【注釋】
(1)富:指升官發財。
(2)求:指合於道,可以去求。
(3)執鞭之士:古代為天子、諸侯和官員出入時手執皮鞭開路的人。意思指地位低下的職事。
【白話】
孔子說:“如能合理致富,哪怕趕車,我也幹;如不能,我就幹自己喜歡的事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “So long as I can be rich reasonably, I’m willing to do anything, even if I have to drive cars for others, I don’t care. Otherwise, I’d like to do anything I love.”
【原文】
7·13 子之所慎:齊(1)、戰、疾。
【注釋】
(1)齊:同齋,齋戒。古人在祭祀前要沐浴更衣,不吃葷,不飲酒,不與妻妾同寢,整潔身心,表示虔誠之心,這叫做齋戒。
【白話】
孔子謹慎行事,這些事包括,齋戒、戰爭和疾病。
【英譯】
Confucius acted cautiously in three aspects including fast, war and diseases.
【原文】
7·14 子在齊聞《韶》(1),三月不知肉味,曰:“不圖為樂之至於斯也。”
【注釋】
(1)《韶》:舜時古樂曲名。
【白話】
孔子在齊國聽到了《韶》樂,有很長時間嚐不出肉的滋味,他說,“想不到《韶》樂的美到這種迷人的地步。”
【英譯】
After hearing the music named《Shao》in the country Qi, Confucius couldn’t taste beef. He said: “I’ve never realized that《Shao》should be amazing like this.”
【原文】
7·15 冉有曰:“夫子為(1)衛君(2)乎?”子貢曰:“諾(3),吾將問之。”入,曰:“伯夷、叔齊何人也?”曰:“古之賢人也。”曰:“怨乎?”曰:“求仁而得仁,又何怨。”出,曰:“夫子不為也。”
【注釋】
(1)為:這裏是幫助的意思。
(2)衛君:衛出公輒,是衛靈公的孫子。公元前492年 ̄前481年在位。他的父親因謀殺南子而被衛靈公驅逐出國。靈公死後,被立為國君,其父回國與他爭位。
(3)諾:答應的說法。
【白話】
冉有說:“老師打算輔佐衛國的君主嗎?”子貢說:“哦,我去問問。”子貢進去後,問:“伯夷、叔齊屬於哪種人?”答:“古代賢人啊。”問:“他們後悔嗎?”答:“求仁而得仁,後悔什麽?”子貢出來說:“老師不會去幫衛君。”
【英譯】
Ran You said: “Is our master going to assist the lord of the country Wei?” Tzu Gong said: “Let me ask him.” After entering the room, Tzu Gong asked his master: “Bo Yi and Shu Qi belong to what sorts of persons?” The master replied: “They are ancient worthy persons.” Tzu Gong asked: “Did they regret?” The master replied: “They sought humanity and they got it. Why regret?” Tzu Gong going out and said: “Our master wouldn’t go to assist the country Wei.”
【原文】
7·16 子曰:“飯疏食(1)飲水,曲肱(2)而枕之,樂亦在其中矣。不義而富且貴,於我如浮雲。”
【注釋】
(1)飯疏食,飯,這裏是“吃”的意思,作動詞。疏食即粗糧。
(2)曲肱:肱,讀“公”,由肩至肘的部位,此處泛指胳膊,。曲肱,彎著胳膊。
【白話】
孔子說:“吃粗糧,喝白水,彎著胳膊當枕頭,也能樂在其中啊。不仁不義的富貴,對我來說,就象天上的浮雲。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Even have plain tea and simple fare and take a bended arm as a pillow, I can still take pleasure in them. In my eye, riches and honors without humanity are just like floating clouds in the sky.”
【原文】
7·17 子曰:“加(1)我數年,五十以學易(2),可以無大過矣。”
【注釋】
(1)加:通“假”,給予的意思。
(2)易:指《周易》,古代占卜用的一部書。
【白話】
孔子說:“再給我幾年時間,到五十歲學習《易》,我就可以不犯大錯了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Let me have several more years and I’ll study 《Yi》. And at that time, I can avoid committing big mistakes.”
【原文】
7·18 子所雅言(1),《詩》、《書》、執禮,皆雅言也。
【注釋】
(1)雅言:周王朝的京畿之地在今陝西地區,以陝西語音為標準音的周王朝的官話,在當時被稱作“雅言”。孔子平時談話時用魯國的方言,但在誦讀《詩》、《書》和讚禮時,則以當時陝西語音為準。因此雅言就相當於今天的普通話。
【白話】
孔子有時講孔子有時講普通話:吟詩、讀書、舉行典禮時,都用普通話。
【英譯】
Sometimes Confucius spoke popular speech. When reading 《Poems》,《Book》and taking part in ceremonies, he spoke popular speech.
【原文】
7·19 葉公(1)問孔子於子路,子路不對。子曰:“女奚不曰,其為人也,發憤忘食,樂以忘憂,不知老之將至雲爾(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)葉公:葉,讀“社”。葉公姓沈名諸梁,楚國的大夫,封地在葉城(今河南葉縣南),所以叫葉公。
(2)雲爾:雲,代詞,如此的意思。爾同耳,而已,罷了。
【白話】
葉公向子路問孔子是個什麽樣的人,子路不答。孔子對子路說:“你為什麽說:他這個人,發憤用功,連吃飯都忘了,快樂得把一切憂慮都忘了,連自己快要老了都不知道,如此而已?”
【英譯】
An official in Yecheng City asked Tzu Lu about Confucius. Tzu Lu didn’t answer. Confucius said to Tzu Lu: “Why don’t you answer him like this: when reading, he is so absorbed as to forget to eat and so happy as to forget his anxiety and even not to realize that he is becoming older and older?”
【原文】
7·20 子曰:“我非生而知之者,好古,敏以求之者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我不是生來就有知識,而是愛好古代東西,並勤奮敏捷學習的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I’m not a person who has got knowledge before his birth but a person who is fond of ancient things and quick in thought and studies them diligently.”
【原文】
7·21 子不語怪、力、亂、神。
【白話】
孔子不談論怪異、暴力、動亂、鬼神。
【英譯】
Confucius never talks about monstrosities, violence, turbulence, ghosts and spirits.”
【原文】
7·22 子曰:“三人行,必有我師焉。擇其善者而從之,其不善者而改之。”
【白話】
孔子說: “三人走路,必有人可作為我的老師。選擇他的優點向他學習,找出他的缺點作為借鑒,進而自我改正。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Three people are walking. There must be someone among them who can be my teacher. I’d like to find out his strong points to learn and pick out his shortcomings to drawn on lessons from and make self-correction.
【原文】
7·23 子曰:“天生德於予,桓魋(1)其如予何?”
【注釋】
(1)桓魋:魋,讀“魁”,任宋國軍事行政官員司馬,是宋桓公的後代。 公元前492年,孔子從衛國去陳國時經過宋國。桓魋聽說以後,帶兵要去害孔子。當時孔子正與弟子們在大樹下演習周禮的儀式,桓魋砍倒大樹,而且要殺孔子,孔子連忙在學生保護下,離開了宋國,在逃跑途中,他說了這句話。
【白話】
孔子說:“上天把美德賦予了我,桓魋能把我怎麽樣?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The heaven bestowed virtues on me. What can Huan Kui do to me?”
【原文】
7·24 子曰:“二三子(1)以我為隱乎?吾無隱乎爾。吾無行而不與二三子者,是丘也。”
【注釋】
(1)二三子:這裏指孔子的學生們。
【白話】
孔子說:“弟子們,你們以為我有什麽隱瞞的嗎?我沒有向你們隱瞞任何事情。我沒有什麽事不是和你們一起做的。這就是我孔丘的為人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You students think that I’ve hid something from you? I’ve hid nothing from you. I don’t have anything which I didn’t do together with you. This is my behavior.”
【原文】
7·25 子以四教:文(1)、行(2)、忠(3)、信(4)。
【白話】
孔子教學有四項內容:文獻、品行、忠誠、守信。
【英譯】
What Confucius taught included four aspects: documents, virtue, honesty and keeping promise.
【原文】
7·26 子曰:“聖人吾不得而見之矣!得見君子者,斯(1)可矣。”子曰:“善人吾不得而見之矣!得見有恒(2)者,斯可矣。亡而為有,虛而為盈,約(3)而為泰(4),難乎有恒矣。”
【注釋】
(1)斯:就。
(2)恒:指恒心。
(3)約:窮困。
(4)泰:這裏是奢侈的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“聖人我是不可能看到了,能看到君子,也就夠可以了。”孔子又說:“善人我不可能看到了,能見到始終如一的人,也就夠可以了。沒有卻裝作有,空虛卻裝作充實,窮困卻裝作富足,這樣的人很難有恒心。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s impossible for me to see sages. If I can see gentlemen, that’s enough.” Confucius said again: “It’s impossible for me to see kind people. If I can see someone who can be true to himself forever, that’s enough. Have nothing, but pretend to have something. Empty, but pretend to be full. Poor, but pretend to be rich. It’s difficult for this sort of people to keep on doing something perseveringly.”
【原文】
7·27 子釣而不綱(1),弋(2)不射宿(3)。
【注釋】
(1)綱:大繩。這裏作動詞用。在水麵上拉一根大繩,在大繩上係許多魚鉤來釣魚,叫綱。
(2)弋:讀“義”,用帶繩子的箭來射鳥。
(3)宿:指歸巢歇宿的鳥兒。
【白話】
孔子逮魚隻垂釣不撒網,逮鳥隻射飛的不射睡的。
【英譯】
Confucius caught fish with only a hook but not a net, he shot only flying birds but not sleeping birds.
【原文】
7·28 子曰:“蓋(1)有不知而作之者,我無是也。多聞,擇其善者而從之,多見而識之,知之次也(2)。”
【注釋】
(1) 蓋:大概。
(2) 知之次也:僅次於生而知之。
【白話】 孔子說:“有些人不了解情況就冒然行事,我不會這樣。多聽,向先進人物學習;多看,把細節牢記在心。這種方法僅次於生而知之。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some people act rashly without knowing concrete conditions. I don’t do anything like that. Listen more and learn from exemplary persons; observe more and bear details in mind. This is only second to being born with knowledge.”
【原文】
7·29 互鄉(1)難與言,童子見,門人惑。子曰:“與(2)其進(3)也,不與其退也,唯何甚?人潔己(4)以進,與其潔也,不保其往(5)也。”
【注釋】
(1)互鄉:地名,具體所在已無可考。
(2)與:讚許。
(3)進、退:一說進步、退步;一說進見請教,退出以後的作為。
(4)潔己:潔身自好,努力修養,成為有德之人。
(5)不保其往:保,一說擔保,一說保守。往,一說過去,一說將來。
【白話】
互鄉人表現欠佳,很難與他們溝通,可是那裏的一名兒童卻得到了孔子的接見,學生們對此迷惑不解。孔子說:“肯定他現在的進步並不等於認可他過去的錯誤,何必糾著人家的過去的小辮子不放呢?人家改好了,要肯定他的進步,過去的就不要再提了。”
【英譯】
People in Hu Xiang didn’t behave themselves well. It was difficult to exchange ideas with them. But a boy from there was granted an interview by Confucius. His students felt perplexed about it. Confucius said: “Affirming a person’s present progress is not equal to approving his past mistakes. What’s the need to seize on others’ mistakes? Since they’ve corrected their mistakes, we should affirm their progress but not mention their past any longer.”
【原文】
7·30 子曰:“仁遠乎哉?我欲仁,斯仁至矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“仁難道離我們很遠嗎?隻要我想達到仁,仁就來了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Humanity is very far from us? So long as I want humanity, and there it comes.”
【原文】
7·31 陳司敗(1)問:“昭公(2)知禮乎?“孔子曰:“知禮。”孔子退,揖(3)巫馬期(4)而進之曰:“吾聞君子不黨(5),君子亦黨乎?君取(6)於吳,為同姓(7),謂之吳孟子(8)。君而知禮,孰不知禮?”巫馬期以告。子曰:“丘也幸,苟有過,人必知之。”
【注釋】
(1)陳司敗:陳國司法官,姓名不詳,也有人說是齊國大夫,姓陳名司敗。
(2)昭公:魯國的君主,名惆,讀“愁”,公元前541--前510年在位。“昭”是諡號。
(3)揖:做揖,行拱手禮。
(4)巫馬期:姓巫馬名施,字子期,孔子的學生,比孔子小30歲。
(5)黨:偏袒、包庇的意思。
(6)取:同“娶”。
(7)為同姓:魯國和吳國的國君同姓姬。周禮規定:同姓不婚,昭公娶同姓女,是違禮的行為。
(8)吳孟子:魯昭公夫人。春秋時代,國君夫人的稱號,一般是她出生的國名加上她的姓,但因她姓姬,和吳國的國君同姓,故稱為吳孟子,而不稱吳姬。
【白話】
陳司敗問:“魯昭公知道禮嗎?”孔子說:“懂得禮。”孔子出來後,陳司敗向巫馬其作了個揖,請他走近自己,對他說:“我聽說,君子是沒有偏私的,難道君子還包庇別人嗎?魯君在吳國娶了一個同姓的女子為做夫人,是國君的同姓,稱她為吳孟子。如果魯君算是知禮,還有誰不知禮呢?”巫馬期把這句話告訴了孔子。孔子(承認搞錯了)說:“我真是幸運。如果有錯,人家一定會知道。”
【英譯】
Chen Sibai asked: “Does Lu Zhaogong know proprieties?” Confucius said: “Yes, he does.” After Confucius left, Chen Sibai made a bow to Wu Maqi with hands folded in front and asked him to come near and said: “I heard that gentlemen show no partiality. Could it be said that gentlemen show partiality? The lord of the country Lu married a woman in the country Wu. She has the same family name as his and calls her as Wu Mengtzu. If the lord of the country Lu is considered to know proprieties, is there anyone who doesn’t know?” Wu Maqi told this to Confucius. Confucius said: “I’m lucky. If I make mistakes, others must know.”
【原文】
7·32 子與人歌而善,必使反之,而後和之。
【白話】
孔子與別人一起唱歌,如果唱得好,一定要請他再唱一遍,然後和他一起唱。
【英譯】
Confucius sometimes sung together with others. If he did well, he was certainly asked to repeat one more time and then others sung together with him.
【原文】
7·33 子曰:“文,莫(1)吾猶人也。躬行君子,則吾未之有得。”
【注釋】
莫:約摸、大概、差不多。
【白話】
孔子說:“就書本知識來說,大約我和別人差不多,做一個身體力行的君子,那我還沒有做到。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As far as book-learning is concerned, maybe I’m about the same with others. But as for a gentleman who earnestly practices what he advocates, I’m much inferior to the standards.”
【原文】
7·34 子曰:“若聖與仁,則吾豈敢?抑(1)為之(2)不厭,誨人不倦,則可謂雲爾(3)已矣。”公西華曰:“正唯弟子不能學也。”
【注釋】
(1)抑:折的語氣詞,“隻不過是”的意思。
(2)為之:指聖與仁。
(3)雲爾:這樣說。
【白話】
孔子說:“如果提到聖與仁,那我怎麽敢當!但是不停地向這兩方麵努力,以及孜孜不倦地教誨別人,我做的還算可以。”公西華說:“這正是我們學不到的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for sage and humanity, how can I deserve this? Yet, I have been constantly doing my best to go in the direction of these two aspects. And moreover, I’ve been assiduously teaching others. I think my behavior in this respect is not so bad.” Gong Xihua said: “This is the very thing that I can’t learn.”
【原文】
7·35 子疾病(1),子路請禱(2)。子曰:“有諸(3)?”子路對曰:“有之。《誄》(4)曰:‘禱爾於上下神祗(5)。’”子曰:“丘之禱久矣。”
【注釋】
(1)疾病:疾指有病,病指病情嚴重。
(2)請禱:向鬼神請求和禱告,即祈禱。
(3)有諸:諸,“之於”的合音。意為:有這樣的事嗎。
(4)《誄》:讀“壘”,祈禱文。
(5)神祗:祗:讀“其”,古代稱天神為神,地神為祗。
【白話】
孔子病情嚴重,子路向鬼神祈禱。孔子說:“有這回事嗎?”子路說:“有的。《誄》文上說:‘為你向天地神靈祈禱。’”孔子說:“我很久以來就在祈禱了。”
【英譯】
Confucius was seriously ill and Tzu Lu prayed for him. Confucius said: “Really?” Tzu Lu said: “Yes. The text of《Lei》says: ‘Say prayer for you to heaven and earth, to spirits and ghosts.’” Confucius said: “I’ve long been praying.”
【原文】
7·36 子曰:“奢則不孫(1),儉則固(2)。與其不孫也,寧固。”
【注釋】
(1)孫:同遜,恭順。不孫,即為不順,這裏的意思是“越禮”。
(2)固:簡陋、鄙陋。這裏是寒酸的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“奢侈就會驕狂,節儉就會寒酸,與其驕狂,寧可寒酸。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Luxury leads arrogance. Thrifty leads shabbiness. I’d rather show shabbiness than act
arrogance.”
【原文】
7·37 子曰:“君子坦蕩蕩(1),小人長戚戚(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)坦蕩蕩:心胸寬廣、開闊、容忍。
(2)長戚戚:經常憂愁、煩惱的樣子。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子總是胸懷寬廣,小人總是憂愁悲傷。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are always openhearted, while vulgarians are always sorrowful.”
【原文】
7·38 子溫而厲,威而不猛,恭而安。
【白話】
孔子溫和而又嚴厲,威嚴而不凶悍,莊重而又安祥。
【英譯】
Confucius is gentle-natured but stern, awful but not violent, solemn but benign.
泰伯篇第八
【原文】
8·1 子曰:“泰伯(1),其可謂至德也已矣。三(2)以天下讓,民無得而稱焉(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)泰伯:周代始祖古公亶父的長子。傳說古公亶父知道三子季曆的兒子姬昌有聖德,想傳位給季曆,泰伯知道後便與二弟仲雍一起避居到吳。古公亶父死,泰伯不回來奔喪,後來又斷發文身,表示終身不返,把君位讓給了季曆,季曆傳給姬昌,即周文王。武王時,滅了殷商,統一了天下。這一曆史事件在孔子看來,是值得津津樂道的,三讓天下的泰伯是道德最高尚的人。隻有天下讓與賢者、聖者,才有可能得到治理,而讓位者則顯示出高尚的品格,老百姓對他們是稱讚無比的。
(2)三:多次的意思,不必拘泥於三次。
(3)民無得而稱焉:百姓找不到合適的詞句來讚揚他。
【白話】
孔子說:“泰伯可以說是品德最高尚的人了,幾次讓出王位,老百姓都找不到合適的詞句來稱讚他。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You may well say that Tai Bo is the noblest person. He renounced sovereign authority several times. People just can’t find proper words to praise him.”
【原文】
8·2 子曰:“恭而無禮則勞(1),慎而無禮則葸(2),勇而無禮則亂,直而無禮則絞(3)。君子篤(4)於親,則民興於仁,故舊(5)不遺,則民不偷(6)。”
【注釋】
(1)勞:辛勞,勞苦。
(2)葸:讀“喜”,拘謹,畏懼。
(3)絞:說話尖刻,出口傷人。
(4)篤:厚待、真誠。
(5)故舊:故交,老朋友。
(6)偷:淡薄。
【白話】
孔子說:“恭敬而無禮則徒勞,謹慎而無禮則膽怯,勇敢而無禮則闖禍,直率而無禮則尖刻。如果領導能真心愛護親屬,則百姓就會崇尚仁愛;如果君子能真心愛護故舊,則百姓就不會冷漠無情。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Without proprieties, respectfulness is futile; without proprieties, cautiousness will lead to cowardice; without proprieties, braveness will cause trouble; without proprieties, frankness will become acridness. If leaders sincerely love their kinsfolk, people will uphold love and humanity; if gentlemen truly take care of their old friends, people couldn’t be indifferent.”
【原文】
8·3 曾子有疾,召門弟子曰:“啟(1)予足!啟予手!詩雲(2):‘戰戰兢兢,如臨深淵,如履薄冰。’而今而後,吾知免(3)夫,小子(4)!”
【注釋】
(1)啟:開啟,曾子讓學生掀開被子看自己的手腳。
(2)詩雲:以下三句引自《詩經·小雅·小旻》篇。
(3)免:指身體免於損傷。
(4)小子:對弟子的稱呼。
【白話】
曾子有病,把門下弟子召集到身邊說:“看看我的腳!看看我的手有沒有損傷!《詩經》上說:‘小心謹慎,好像站在深淵旁邊,好像踩在薄冰上麵。’從今以後,我知道自己不再會受傷了,弟子們!”
【英譯】
Zeng Tzu was ill and called his disciples together before him and said: “Look at my hands! Look at my feet! 《Poems》said: ‘Trembling with fear, as if facing an abyss, as though walking on thin ice.’ From now on, I know that I won’t be wounded any longer, my disciples!”
【原文】
8·4 曾子有疾,孟敬子(1)問(2)之。曾子言曰:“鳥之將死,其鳴也哀;人之將死,其言也善。君子所貴乎道者三:動容貌(3),斯遠暴慢(4)矣;正顏色(5),斯近信矣;出辭氣(6),斯遠鄙倍(7)矣。籩豆之事(8),則有司(9)存。”
【注釋】
(1)孟敬子:即魯國大夫孟孫捷。
(2)問:探望、探視。
(3)動容貌:內心情感表露於麵容。
(4)暴慢:粗暴、放肆。
(5)正顏色:使臉色莊重嚴肅。
(6)出辭氣:說話的口氣。
(7)鄙倍:鄙,粗野。倍,同“悖”,讀“被”,即悖理,違背常理。
(8)籩豆:籩,讀“邊”,和豆都是古代祭祀典禮的器具。
(9)有司:主管某一方麵事務的官吏,這裏指主管祭祀、禮儀事務的官吏。
【白話】
曾子有病,孟敬子去看望他。曾子說:“鳥臨死時,叫聲悲哀;人臨死時,說話和善。君子應重視三方麵道德:容貌莊重,可避免粗暴;臉色嚴肅,可接近誠信;說話語氣得當,可避免粗野悖理。至於祭祀器皿一類的事,自有人管理。”
【英譯】
Zeng Tzu was ill and Meng Jingtzu visited him. Zeng Tzu said: “In dying hour, birds cry sadly; in face of death, people speak genially. Gentlemen should pay attention to three points about virtue: a solemn appearance can avoid rudeness; a severe expression is near honesty; a proper tone can avoid rudeness and going against common sense. As for matters concerning the tools of etiquette and ceremony, there are certainly some people to manage.”
【原文】
8·5 曾子曰:“以能問於不能,以多問於寡,有若無,實若虛;犯而為校(1) -- 昔者吾友嚐從事於斯矣。”
【注釋】
(1)校:讀“叫”,同較,計較。
【白話】
曾子說:“有才能卻向沒才能的人請教,知識多卻向知識少的人請教,有學問卻謙虛得像沒學問一樣;滿腹經綸卻大智若愚;被冒犯卻從不計較 -- 從前我的朋友就這樣做過了。”
【英譯】
Zeng Tzu said: “A man who is capable yet seeks advices from someone is incapable; a man who enjoys profound and extensive learning yet consults a person who is lack of knowledge and information; a man of letters is so modest that he acts as if he has no knowledge at all; a man of great learning is so modest that he behaves just like a foolish man; a person never bothers about anyone who offends him. In the past, a friend of mine conducted just like this.”
【原文】8·6 曾子說:“可以托六尺之孤(1),可以寄百裏之命(2),臨大節而不可奪也。君子人與?君子人也。”
【注釋】
(1)托六尺之孤:孤,死去父親的小孩叫孤,六尺指十五歲以下,古人以七尺指成年。托孤,受君主臨終前的囑托輔佐幼君。
(2)寄百裏之命:寄,寄托,委托。百裏之命,指掌握國家江山社稷。
【白話】
曾子說:“可以托付孤兒,可以托付江山,生死關頭,不屈不撓。這樣的人是君子嗎?當然是。”
【英譯】
Zeng Tzu said: “A man is so reliable that you can leave an ophen to him, you can entrust the country to him. And moreover, he is dauntless and unyielding in critical moment of life and death. A man of this sort is a gentleman? Certainly is.”
【原文】
8·7 曾子曰:“士不可以不弘毅(1),任重而道遠。仁以為己任,不亦重乎?死而後已,不亦遠乎?”
【注釋】
(1)弘毅:弘,廣大。毅,強毅。
【白話】
曾子說:“有誌者不可以不培養堅強的毅力,因為他責任重大,道路遙遠。把實現仁作為自己的責任,難道還不重大嗎?奮鬥終身,至死不變,難道路程還不遙遠嗎?”
【英譯】
Zeng Tzu said: “As for a person of resolution and integrity, he cannot but cultivate an unyielding will because his burden is heavy and his way ahead is long. He considers putting humanity into practice as his responsibility. Surely it doesn’t mean that his burden isn’t heavy. He keeps on fighting throughout his life and remains unyielding unto death. Could it be said that his way ahead isn’t long?”
【原文】
8·8 子曰:“興(1)於詩,立於禮,成於樂。”
【注釋】
(1)興:開始。
【白話】
一譯:孔子說:“培養修養從學《詩》開始,立誌從學禮開始,最後通過學樂而臻於完美。”
二譯:孔子說:“依靠吟詩獲得興致,根據禮法建功立業,憑借音樂愉悅身心。“
【英譯】
Translation No.1:
Confucius said: “Self-cultivation begins from learning poems; making up mind starts from learning proprieties and perfection is completed through learning music.”
Translation No.2:
Confucius said: “Taking pleasure in reciting poems; carving out career and performing merits according to proprieties; and be in a good mood through enjoying music.”
【原文】
8·9 子曰:“民可使由(1)之,不可使知之。”
另一種斷句:子曰:“民可(2),使由之;不可,使知之。”
【注釋】
(1)由:做。
(2)可:讚同,許可。
【白話】
1.孔子說:“對於老百姓,隻能使他們按照我們的意誌去做,不能使他們懂得為什麽要這樣做。”
2.孔子說:“民眾讚同的,就要執行;民眾不理解的,就要向他們解釋清楚。”
【英譯】
Translation 1:
Confucius said: “You can only let people do something, but not let them know why.”
Translation 2:
Confucius said: “We should do whatever the people approve; we should give them a clear explanation about whatever they can’t understand.”
【原文】
8·10 子曰:“好勇疾(1)貧,亂也。人而不仁(2),疾之已甚(3),亂也。”
【注釋】
(1)疾:恨、憎恨。
(2)不仁:不符合仁德的人或事。
(3)已甚:已,太。已甚,即太過份。
【白話】
孔子說:“勇敢而又嫌自己太窮,就會作亂。疾惡如仇太過分,也會惹禍。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person is very brave but hates poverty, he may cause trouble. If he hates evil men and ugly things too bitterly, he can also court disaster.”
【原文】
8·11 子曰:“如有周公之才之美,使驕且吝,其餘不足觀也已。”
【白話】
孔子說:“一個人即使有周公那樣美好的才能,如果驕傲自大而又吝嗇小氣,那其它方麵也就不值得一看了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “A person is capable even as Zhou Gong, his other aspects are still not worth looking at if he is either arrogant or mean.”
【原文】
8·12 子曰:“三年學,不至於穀(1),不易得也。”
【注釋】
(1)穀:古代以穀作為官吏的俸祿,這裏用“穀”字代表做官。不至於穀,即無官可做。 孔子辦教育的主要目的就是能做官的人才,古時一般學習三年為一個階段,此後便可做官。
【白話】
孔子說:“學了三年,還做不了官的,這樣的人是不易找到的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s difficult to find a man who has already studied three years but cannot gain an official post.”
【原文】
8·13 子曰:“篤信好學,守死善道,危邦不入,亂邦不居。天下有道則見(1),無道則隱。邦有道,貧且賤焉,恥也;邦無道,富且貴焉,恥也。”
【注釋】
(1)見:音義皆同“現”。
【白話】
孔子說:“堅守誠信努力學習,堅持原則終生不渝。危險的國家不去,動亂的國家不住。天下太平就大顯身手;天下大亂就韜光養晦。天下太平而自己貧賤,是恥辱;天下大亂而自己富貴,也是恥辱。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Keep promise and study hard; uphold principles unswervingly all one’s life. Do not go to dangerous countries; do not live in turbulent countries. Fully display one’s talent during great order under heaven; conceal one’s capacities during great disorder across the land. Being poor during great order across the land, it’s shameful; being rich during great disorder under heaven, it’s shameful too.”
【原文】
8·14 子曰:“不在其位,不謀其政。
【白話】
孔子說:“不在那個職位上,就不考慮那職位上的事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Think of nothing concerning a post you don’t enjoy.”
【原文】
8·15 子曰:“師摯之始(1),《關睢》之亂(2),洋洋(3)乎盈耳哉!”
【注釋】
(1)師摯之始:師,魯國的太師。摯,人名。“始”是樂曲的開端,即序曲。古代奏樂,開端叫“升歌”,一般由太師演奏,摯是太師,所以這裏說是“師摯之始”。
(2)《關睢》之亂:“始”是樂曲的開端,“亂”是樂曲的終了。“亂”是合奏樂。此時奏《關睢》樂章,所以叫“《關睢》之亂”。
(3)洋洋:豐富。
【白話】
孔子說:“從太師摯演奏的序曲開始,到最後演奏《關睢》的結尾,豐富而優美的音樂在我耳邊回蕩。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “From the very beginning of prelude played by the great musician Zhi thru to the end of 《Guan Ju》, rich and beautiful music constantly rang in my ears.”
【原文】
8·16 子曰:“狂(1)而不直,侗(2)而不願(3),悾悾(4)而不信,吾不知之矣。”
【注釋】
(1)狂:急躁、急進。
(2)侗:讀“同”,幼稚無知。
(3)願:謹慎、小心、樸實。
(4)悾悾:讀“空”,誠懇的樣子。
【白話】
孔子說:“狂妄而不正直,無知而不謹慎,表麵誠懇卻不守信,我真不知道這類人為什麽這樣。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Frantic but not upright, childish but not cautious, honest outwardly but unable to keep promise. I really don’t know why some people conduct this way.”
【原文】
8·17 子曰:“學如不及,猶恐失之。”
【白話】
孔子說:“孔子說:“學習如同賽跑,總怕趕不上,可趕上了,又怕被超過。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Study is just like race. You’re always afraid of being unable to catch up. Yet when you catch up, you’ll be afraid of being overtaken.”
【原文】
8·18 子曰:“巍巍(1)乎,舜禹(2)之有天下也而不與(3)焉!”
【注釋】
(1)巍巍:崇高,高大。
(2)舜禹:舜是傳說中的聖君明主。禹是夏朝的第一個國君。傳說古時代,堯禪位給舜,舜後來又禪位給禹。
(3)與:參與,奪取。
【白話】
孔子說:“多麽崇高啊!舜和禹不靠暴力手段奪取天下。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “How noble they are! Yao and Shun didn’t seize state power by means of violence.”
【原文】
8·19 子曰:“大哉堯(1)之為君也!巍巍乎,唯天為大,唯堯則(2)之。蕩蕩(3)乎,民無能名(4)焉。巍巍乎其有成功也,煥(5)乎其有文章!”
【注釋】
(1)堯:中國古代傳說中的聖君。
(2)則:效法。
(3)蕩蕩:浩大,舊時常有“皇恩浩蕩”之說。
(4)名:形容、稱說、稱讚。
(5)煥:光輝。
【白話】孔子說:“作為一代明君,堯真偉大啊!。多麽崇高啊!隻有天最高,也隻有堯才能效法天。他真是恩深似海,百姓不知道該用什麽語言稱讚。他的功勞有多大,他製定的禮儀製度有多完美啊!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As an enlightened lord, how great Yao is! What a noble lord he is! Only heaven is the highest one, and only Yao could follow the example of heaven. His kindness is as deep as the sea and people don’t know what sorts of words to choose to praise him. How great his contributions are! What a perfect propriety-system he made!”
【原文】
8·20 舜有臣五人(1)而天下治。武王曰:“予有亂臣十人(2)。”孔子曰:“才難,不其然乎?唐虞之際(3),於斯(4)為盛,有婦人焉(5),九人而已。三分天下有其二(6),以服事殷。周之德,其可謂至德也已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)舜有臣五人:傳說是禹、稷、契、皋陶、伯益。契:讀“謝”;陶:讀“搖”。
(2)亂臣:據《說文》:“亂,治也。”此處所說的“亂臣”,應為“治國之臣”。
(3)唐虞之際:傳說堯在位的時代叫唐,舜在位的時代叫虞。
(4)斯:指周武王時期。
(5)有婦人焉:指武王的亂臣十人中有武王之妻邑薑。
(6)三分天下有其二:相傳當時分九州,文王得六州,是三分之二。
【白話】
舜有五位賢臣就能治理好天下。武王說:“我有十個賢才。”孔子說:“人才難得,難道不是這樣的嗎?堯、舜、武王時期,人才最多。武王的十個賢人中還有一個女性,因此實際上隻有九個而已。周文王掌控三分之二的江山,卻仍然服從中央的領導。他的品德,真算是至高無上了。”
【英譯】
Yao had five worthy courtiers to help him get his country well governed. The lord Wu said: “I have ten worthy courtiers.” Confucius said: “It’s difficult to get talented people, isn’t it? During the periods of Yao , Shun and Wu, there was the largest number of talented people. There was a woman among Wu’s ten talented people, so in fact he only had nine. Lord Wen of Zhou Dynasty controlled two thirds of the sate power, yet he can still obey the leadership of the central government. His virtues are really most lofty.”
【原文】
8·21 子曰:“禹,吾無間(1)然矣。菲(2)飲食而致(3)孝乎鬼神,惡衣服而致美乎黻冕(4);卑(5)宮室而盡力乎溝洫(6)。禹,吾無間然矣。”
【注釋】
(1)間:空隙的意思。此處用作動詞。
(2)菲:菲薄,不豐厚。
(3)致:致力、努力。
(4)黻冕:讀“福免”,祭祀時穿的禮服叫黻;祭祀時戴的帽子叫冕。
(5)卑:低矮。
(6)溝洫:洫,讀“序”,溝渠。
【白話】
孔子說:“對於禹,我無可挑剔;他粗茶淡飯卻盡力孝敬鬼神;他麻衣布鞋,而祭祀時卻華裝麗服,他宮室低矮,卻致力修治水利。對於禹,我確實無可挑剔。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Yu had no fault for me to find. He led a thrifty and simple live but he did his best to serve spirits and ghosts. He was simply dressed but always turned himself out smartly when serving sacrifices. His palace was low and humble, but he devoted himself to water projects wholeheartedly. As for Yu, I can find no fault.”
子罕篇第九
【原文】
9·1 子罕(1)言利與(2)命與仁。
【注釋】
(1)罕:稀少。
(2)與:主張、推崇。
【白話】
孔子很少談到利,卻推崇天命和仁德。
【英譯】
Confucius rarely talked about lucre, but he had a great esteem for the will of God and virtue of humanity.
【原文】
9·2 達巷黨人(1)曰:“大哉孔子!博學而無所成名(2)。”子聞之,謂門弟子曰:“吾何執?執禦乎?執射乎?吾執禦矣。”
【注釋】
(1)達巷黨人:古代五百家為一黨,達巷是黨名。
(2)博學而無所成名:學問廣博,可是沒有哪一樣專才能使他成名。俗話說:樣樣精通,樣樣稀鬆。
【白話】
達巷黨有人說:“孔子偉大啊!他學識廣淵,隻可惜沒有哪一項專才能使他成名。”孔子聽後對門下弟子說:“我要在哪方麵去專呢?駕車?還是射箭?恐怕是駕車吧。”
【英譯】
Some people in Daxiangdang said: “What a great man Confucius is! He is really a scholar of profound and extensive learning, but it’s sorry to say that he doesn’t have any special skills to have his name up.” Learning this, Confucius said to his disciples: “Which aspect is my special skill? Cart-driving carts? Or arrow-shooting? Perhaps cart-driving is my special skill.”
【原文】
9·3 子曰:“麻冕(1),禮也;今也純(2),儉(3),吾從眾。拜下(4),禮也;今拜乎上,泰(5)也。雖違眾,吾從下。”
【注釋】
(1)冕:禮帽。
(2)純:黑絲。
(3)儉:儉省。
(4)拜下:在堂下跪拜。
(5)泰:傲慢失禮。
【白話】
孔子說:“用麻布做禮帽,是以前的規定;現在用絲綢,比較節約,我隨大溜。在堂下拜見君主,是以前的規定;現在都堂上拜,很失禮。雖然違背大眾時尚,我還是在堂下拜。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Making hats with linen is a previous regulation. But making hat with silk now is relatively economical. I’d like to follow the general trend. Making a respectful call on the lord in lower hall is a previous rule. But it is a breach of etiquette to do it in upper hall at present. Although infringing upon popular conventions, I’d like to do it in lower hall.”
【原文】
9·4 子絕四 -- 毋意(1),毋必(2),毋固(3),毋我(4)。
【注釋】
(1)意:音義皆同“臆”,猜想、臆斷。
(2)必:武斷。
(3)固:固執己見。
(4)我:自私。
【白話】
孔子杜絕了四種弊病:臆斷,武斷,固執,自私。
【英譯】
Confucius got rid of four defects: make groundless conclusions, making arbitrary decisions, stubbornness, selfishness.
【原文】
9·5 子畏於匡(1),曰:“文王(2)既沒,文不在茲(3)乎?天之將喪斯文也,後死者(4)不得與(5)於斯文也;天之未喪斯文也,匡人其如予何(6)?”
【注釋】
(1)畏於匡:匡,地名,在今河南省長垣縣西南。畏,受到威脅。公元前496年,孔子從衛國到陳國去經過匡地。匡人曾受到魯國陽虎的掠奪和殘殺。孔子的相貌與陽虎相像,匡人誤以孔子就是陽虎,所以將他圍困。 畏於匡,就是指這件事。
(2)文王:周文王,姓姬名昌,西周開國之君周武王的父親,孔子認為他是古代聖賢之一。
(3)茲:這裏,指孔子自己。
(4)後死者:也指孔子自己。
(5)與:參與掌握。
(6)如予何:奈我何,把我怎麽樣。
【白話】
孔子在匡地被困,他說:“文王死後,文化遺產不都由我繼承嗎?上天若要滅絕文化,我就不會掌握這些文化了;上天若不滅絕文化,匡人又能把我怎麽樣?
【英譯】
Being surrounded in Kuang, Confucius said: “After the death of Lord Wen, could it be said that the cultural heritage hasn’t be inherited by me? If Heaven wants to destroy culture, I wouldn’t have been able to master it. If Heaven doesn’t want to, what can people in Kuang do to me?”
【原文】
9·6 太宰(1)問於子貢曰:“夫子聖者與?何其多能也?”子貢曰:“固天縱(2)之將聖,又多能也。”子聞之,曰:“太宰知我乎?吾少也賤,故多能鄙事(3)。君子(4)多乎哉?不多也。”
【注釋】
(1)太宰:官名,掌握國君宮廷事務。
(2)縱:讓,使。
(3)鄙事:粗活兒。
(4)君子:此處指貴族。
【白話】
太宰問子貢說:“孔夫子是聖人吧?為什麽這樣多才多藝?”子貢說:“是上天讓他成為聖人,而且多才多藝。”孔子聽後說:“太宰怎麽會了解我呢?我小時地位低賤,所以會這麽多粗活兒。貴族會做這麽多粗活兒嗎?不會的。”
【英譯】
Taizai asked Tzu Gong: “Our master is a sage, isn’t he? Why is he so versatile?” Tzu Gong said: “It’s Heaven that made him a sage and versatile.” Learning this, Confucius said: “How can Taizai know me? When I was little, my social position was low so that I could do so many unskilled works. Do the nobility do these sorts of unskilled works? No.”
【原文】
9·7 牢(1)曰:“子雲,‘吾不試(2),故藝’。”
【注釋】
(1)牢:孔子的學生。
(2)試:用,被任用。
【白話】
牢說:“孔子說過,‘我當時不受重用,所以會這些技藝’。”
【英譯】
Lao said: “Confucius said: ‘I was then not put in important positions, so I can master these sorts of skills.’”
【原文】
9·8 子曰:“吾有知乎哉?無知也。有鄙夫(1)問於我,空空如也(2)。我叩(3)其兩端(4)而竭(5)焉。”
【注釋】
(1)鄙夫:低位低微的人。
(2)空空如也:頭腦空虛無知。
(3)叩:叩問、詢問。
(4)兩端:兩頭,指各個方麵。
(5)竭:盡力探究。
【白話】
孔子說:“我有知識嗎?其實沒有。有個鄉下人問我一些問題,我一點也不知道。我從問題的來龍去脈去問,才把問題全部搞清。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Do I have knowledge? No. A farmer once asked me some questions, but I couldn’t answer. It’s when I made a thorough inquiry that I could fully understand his questions.”
【原文】
9·9 子曰:“鳳鳥(1)不至,河不出圖(2),吾已矣夫!”
【注釋】
(1)鳳鳥:傳說舜和周文王時代都出現過鳳,而鳳的出現象征“聖王”將要出世。
(2)河不出圖:傳說在上古伏羲氏時代,黃河中出現過龍馬八卦圖。它的出現也象征著“聖王”將要出世。
【白話】
孔子說:“鳳不來,黃河也不出現八卦圖。看來我這輩子算完了!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Neither phoenix has come nor picture has appeared in the river. It seems I am finished!”
【原文】
9·10 子見齊衰(1)者,冕衣裳者(2)與瞽(3)者,見之,雖少,必作(4);過之,必趨(5)。
【注釋】
(1)齊衰:讀“資崔”,古喪服,麻布所製。這裏指戴孝者。
(2)冕衣裳者:冕,官帽;衣,上衣;裳,下裝,這裏統指官服。冕衣裳者指為官的貴族。
(3)瞽:讀“鼓”,盲。
(4)作:站起來,表敬意。
(5)趨:快步走,表敬意。
【白話】
孔子遇見戴孝的人,當官的人和盲人時,雖然他們年輕,也一定要站起來,從他們麵前經過時,也一定要快步走過。
【英譯】
Whenever meeting persons in mourning or nobility or blind persons, though they were young, he would stand up; whenever passing by them, he would quicken his steps.
【原文】
9·11 顏淵喟(1)然歎曰:“仰之彌(2)高,鑽(3)之彌堅,瞻(4)之在前,忽焉在後。夫子循循然善誘人(5),博我以文,約我以禮,欲罷不能。即竭吾才,如有所立卓爾(6)。雖欲從之,末由(7)也已。”
【注釋】
(1)喟:讀“窺”,歎息。
(2)彌:更加。
(3)鑽:鑽研。
(4)瞻:視看。
(5)循循然善誘人:循循然,有次序,有條不紊。誘,誘導,勸導,引導。
(6)卓爾:高大超群,有“卓爾不群”之說。
(7)末由:末,無,沒有。由,途徑。這裏指無可奈何,毫無辦法。
【白話】
顏淵感歎地說:“老師的學問越仰望越高,越鑽研越深;看著在前,可忽然卻在後。老師逐步引導,用知識豐富我,用禮法約束我,想不學都不成。我竭盡全力,仍然象有座高山矗立眼前。我雖想攀登,但卻無路可走。”
【英譯】
Sighing with deep feelings, Yan Yuan said: “Our master’s knowledge is the higher the more to be looked at, the deeper the more to be delved into. It seems in front, but all of a sudden, it goes behind. Our master enriched me with knowledge step by step and restrained me with proprieties and rules. It is impossible for me not to learn from him. I’ve done my best but he is just like a mountain loftily standing in front of my eyes. I want to climb it but there’s no way.”
【原文】
9·12 子疾病,子路使門人為臣(1)。病間(2),曰:“久矣哉,由(3)之行詐也。無臣(4)而為有臣。吾誰欺?欺天乎?且予與其死於臣之手也,無寧(5)死於二三子之手乎?且予縱不得大葬(6),予死於道路乎?”
【注釋】
(1)為臣:臣,指家臣,總管。孔子當時不是大夫,沒有家臣,但子路叫門人充當孔子的家臣,準備由此人負責總管安葬孔子之事。
(2)病間:病情減輕。
(3)由,仲由,亦即子路。前者為名,後者為字,又字季路,魯國人。
(4) 臣:家臣,總管,此處指料理後事的總管大拿。
(5)無寧:寧可。“無”是發語詞,沒有意義。
(6)大葬:指大夫的葬禮。
【白話】
孔子病重,子路派孔子的弟子去作孔子的家臣。後來,孔子的病好一些,他說:“仲由很久以前就這樣弄虛作假。我明明沒有家臣,卻偏偏要裝作有,我騙誰呢?我騙上天嗎?與其死在家臣手裏,不如死在你們跟前,這不更好嗎?再說啦,即便我不能厚葬,難道就會被扔到路上嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius was seriously ill. Tzu Lu sent a disciple of Confucius’ to serve him as a butler. When getting better later on, Confucius said: “Tzu Lu has long been playing false like this. It’s clear that I have no butler at all, but pretend to have. Whom do I cheat? Cheating Heaven? I’d rather die before you rather than die in the hands of a butler. Isn’t it better? Moreover, even if I cannot enjoy a stately funeral, could it be said that I’ll be thrown onto the road?”
【原文】
9·13 子貢曰:“有美玉於斯,韞匵(1)而藏諸?求善賈(2)而沽諸?”子曰:“沽(3)之哉,沽之哉!我待賈者也。”
【注釋】
(1)韞匵:讀“運獨”。韞,收藏。匵,同“櫝”,大櫃櫥。
(2)善賈:識貨的商人。
(3)沽:賣出去。
【白話】
子貢說:“這裏有塊玉,是把它收藏在櫃子裏呢?還是找個識貨的商人賣掉呢?”孔子說:“賣掉吧,賣掉吧!我正在等著識貨的人呢。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong said: “Here is a piece of jade. Keep it in cupboard or find a businessman who knows what’s what to sell it out?” Confucius said: “Sell it out! Sell it out! I’m just waiting for a businessman who is able to judge.”
【原文】
9·14 子欲居九夷(1)。或曰:“陋(2),如之何?”子曰:“君子居之,何陋之有?”
【注釋】
(1)九夷:中國古代對於東方少數民族的通稱。
(2)陋:落後。
【白話】
孔子想到一個偏遠的東部地區去住。有人說:“那裏很落後,怎麽能住呢?”孔子說:“有君子住在那裏,有什麽落後的?”
【英譯】
Confucius was going to live in a remote eastern place. Someone said: “That place is very backward. How can you live there?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen live there. How can it be backward?”
【原文】
9·15 子曰:“吾自衛反魯(1),然後樂正(2),雅頌(3)各得其所。”
【注釋】
(1)自衛反魯:公元前484年(魯哀公十一年)冬,孔子從衛國返回魯國,結束了14年遊曆不定的生活。
(2)樂正:調整樂曲的篇章。
(3)雅頌:這是《詩經》中兩類不同的詩的名稱。也是指雅樂、頌樂等樂曲名稱。
【白話】
孔子說:“我從衛國返回魯國以後,才把音樂整理好,《雅》和《頌》也都安排妥當。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Since coming back Lu from Wei, I’ve already made musics well sorted out and 《Ya》and 《Song》have also been properly arranged.”
【原文】
9·16 子曰:“出則事公卿(1),入則事父兄,喪事不敢不勉,不為酒困,何有於我哉。”
【注釋】
(1) 事公卿:是,侍奉。公卿,古時指高級官員。侍奉高級官員,代指為國盡職。
【白話】
孔子說:“在外事為國家盡職盡責,在家孝敬父兄,辦理喪事不敢怠慢,不因酒誤事,這些事對我來說有什麽難的呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Away from home, serve the country wholeheartedly and at home, show filial devotion to parents and friendship to bothers. When arranging funeral, dare not be careless and do not let wine spoil anything. How can it be difficult for me to do all these things?”
【原文】
9·17 子在川上曰:“逝者如斯夫,不舍晝夜。”
【白話】
孔子在河邊說:“時光就像這河水一樣啊,不分晝夜地向前流。”
【英譯】
Facing a rive, Confucius said: “Time elapses like this river running forward night and day.”
【原文】
9·18 子曰:“吾未見好德如好色者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我沒有見過像喜歡美色那樣喜歡美德的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I’ve never met anyone who loves virtue as if loves beauties.”
【原文】
9·19 子曰:“譬如為山,未成一簣(1),止,吾止也;譬如平(2)地,雖覆一簣,進,吾往也。
【注釋】
(1)簣:讀“愧”,土筐。
(2)平:動詞,填平。
【白話】
孔子說:“譬如堆山,還差一筐,沒堆成就停了,是我自己這樣做的;譬如填坑,隻倒一筐,但還要繼續填下去,也是我自己決定的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Like piling up a mountain, I failed to finish the job because of lacking only one basket of earth. It’s my own choice. Like filliing up a pit, I added only one basket of earth and then contimue to do like this. It’s also my own decision.”
【原文】
9·20 子曰:“語之而不惰者,其回也與!”
【白話】
孔子說:“聽我說話百聽不厭的,恐怕隻有顏回一個人吧!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I’m afraid there is only one person, namely Yan Hui, who is never bored when listening to my speech even one hundred times.”
【原文】
9·21 子謂顏淵曰:“惜(1)乎!吾見其進也,未見其止也。”
【注釋】
(1) 惜:可惜。孔子為何可惜呢?孔子的學生顏淵是一個十分勤奮刻苦的人,他在生活方麵幾乎沒有什麽要求,而是一心用在學問和道德修養方麵。但他卻不幸死了。對於他的死,孔子自然十分悲痛。他經常以顏淵為榜樣要求其他學生。
【白話】
孔子對顏淵說:“可惜呀!我隻見他前進,從沒有見他停止過。”
【英譯】
Confucius said to Yan Yuan: “What a pity! I’ve only seen him advancing but never seen him stopping.”
【原文】
9·22 子曰:“苗而不秀(1)者有矣夫;秀而不實者有矣夫!”
【注釋】
(1)秀:稻、麥等莊稼吐穗揚花叫秀。
【白話】
孔子說:“莊稼出了苗而不能吐穗的情況是有的;吐穗揚花而不結果實的情況也是有的!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It happens that crops have seedlings but sprout no ears; and it also happens that crops sprout ears but bear no fruit.”
【原文】
9·23 子曰:“後生可畏,焉知來者之不如今也?四十、五十而無聞焉,斯亦不足畏也已。”
【白話】
孔子說:“年輕人值得敬畏,怎麽知道後輩不如今人?如果四五十歲還默默無聞,那他就沒戲了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Young deserves to be treated with awe. How can you know that posterity is not so good as people of today? If a man is still unknown to the public at the age of forty or fifty, then he is finished.”
【原文】
9·24 子曰:“法語之言(1),能無從乎?改之為貴。巽與之言(2),能無說(3)乎?繹(4)之為貴。說而不繹,從而不改,吾末(5)如之何也已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)法語之言:法,指禮儀規則。這裏指以禮法規則正言規勸。
(2)巽與之言:巽,讀“訓”,恭順,謙遜。與,稱許,讚許。這裏指恭順讚許的話。
(3)說:音義皆同“悅”。
(4)繹:原義為“抽”,這裏指推究,追求,分析,鑒別。
(5)末:沒有。
【白話】
孔子說:“合理的規勸,能不聽從嗎?有錯誤就改實在可貴;恭維讚揚的話,能不令人高興嗎?不過,聽到恭維讚揚隻高興不分析、對於合理規勸隻讚成不采納,對這號人我真沒轍。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “How can I refuse reasonable advices? When having mistakes, it’s really admirable to correct them. How can it be said that flattery doesn’t make people happy? Yet, I’m really at my wit’s end to the people who are only happy but don’t make analysis on hearing flattery and who only approve but don’t adopt others’ reasonable advices.”
【原文】
9·25 子曰:“主忠信,毋友不如己者,過則勿憚改。”(1)
【白話】
孔子說:“一切以忠信為本,不結交不如自己的朋友,有錯誤不怕改正。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Take honesty as a foundation. Don’t make friends with people who are not so good as yourself. Don’t hesitate in correcting mistakes.”
【原文】
9·26 子曰:“三軍(1)可奪帥也,匹夫(2)不可奪誌也。”
【注釋】
(1)三軍:周朝1, 2500人為一軍,三軍包括大國所有的軍隊。此處為虛數,多的意思。
(2)匹夫:平民百姓,主要指男子。
【白話】
孔子說:“軍隊可以剝奪主帥;百姓不可剝奪誌向。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “An army can be deprived of its commander; yet a person cannot be deprived of his ideals.”
【原文】
9·27 子曰:“衣(1)敝縕袍(2),與衣狐貉(3)者立而不恥者,其由也與?‘不忮不求(4),何用不臧?’”子路終身誦之。子曰:“是道也,何足以臧?”
【注釋】
(1)衣:穿,當動詞用。
(2)敝縕袍:敝,壞。縕,讀“運”,舊的絲棉絮。這裏指破舊的絲棉袍。
(3)狐貉:狐和貉裘皮衣。
(4)不忮不求,何用不臧:這兩句見《詩經·邶風·雄雉》篇。忮,讀“誌”,害的意思。臧,善,好。 對應的是“否”,讀“匹”,壞、惡。相關成語有“否極泰來”,壞到極點好的來到。“臧否人物”,評論人物的優劣。
【白話】
孔子說:“穿著破衣爛衫,與穿著華裝麗服的人站在一起而不認為恥辱,恐怕隻有仲由才能做到吧。‘不嫉妒,不貪求,為什麽不加以讚揚呢?’”子路一生都反複背誦這句詩。孔子又說:“本該如此,何必非要讚揚呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Shabbily dressed, but stand side by side with people luxuriously dressed without feeling ashamed. Perhaps only Tzu Lu can do this. ‘Don’t be jealousy; don’t be greedy. Why no one praises these sorts of virtues?’” Tzu Lu recited this poem all his life. Confucius said again: “He should act this way. What’s the need to praise him?”
【原文】
9·28 子曰:“歲寒,然後知鬆柏之後彫也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“天冷才知道鬆柏是最後凋謝的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s at the time of cold that we know pine tree is the last one to become withered and bare.”
【原文】
9·29 子曰:“知者不惑,仁者不憂,勇者不懼。”
【白話】
孔子說:“聰明人不會迷惑,有仁德的人不會憂愁,勇敢的人不會畏懼。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Wise people cannot be puzzled; noble-minded people cannot be sorrowful; brave people cannot be timid.”
【原文】
9·30 子曰:“可與共學,未可與適道(1);可與適道,未可與立(2);可與立,未可與權(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)適道:適,往。有誌於道,追求道。
(2)立:堅持道而不變。
(3)權:秤錘。這裏引申為權衡輕重。
【白話】
孔子說:“可以一起學習的人,未必都能學到道;能夠學到道的人,未必能夠堅守道;能夠堅守道的人,未必能夠隨機應變。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There are some people from whom you can learn doctrines but it isn’t necessary to be able to gain something about doctrines. Even if you can gain something about doctrines, it won’t be necessary to be able to persevere in doctrines. And even you can persevere in doctrines, yet it won’t be necessary for you to be able to adjust yourself to circumstances.”
【原文】
9·31 “唐棣(1)之華,偏其反而(2)。豈不爾思,室是遠而(3)。”子曰:“未之思也,夫何遠之有?”
【注釋】
(1)唐棣:一種植物,屬薔薇科,落葉灌木。
(2)偏其反而:花枝搖曳。
(3)室是遠而:隻是住的地方太遠。
【白話】
古代有一首詩這樣寫道:“唐棣花啊,翩翩地搖。我豈能不想念你?隻是由於家住得太遠了。”孔子說:“還是沒有真想念,否則有什麽遠的呢?”
【英譯】
There is an ancient poem saying: “O, Tang Di flowers! You’re so beautifully swinging. How can it be said that I don’t miss you? It’s only because I live too far from here.” Confucius said: “Still, you don’t really miss him. Otherwise it’s quite out of the question of being too far.”
鄉黨篇第十
【原文】
10·1 孔子於鄉黨(1),恂恂(2)如也,似不能言者。其在宗廟、朝廷,便便(3)言,唯謹爾。
【注釋】
(1)鄉黨:鄉土,本鄉本土,引申“相親”。
(2)恂恂:讀“尋”,溫和恭順。
(3)便便:讀“片”第二聲,善於辭令。
【白話】
孔子麵對鄉親時顯得很溫和恭敬,好像不會說話。但宗廟、朝廷,卻善於言辭,隻是說話謹慎而已。
【英譯】
Facing fellow townsmen, Confucius didn’t seem good at speaking. Yet in ancestral temple and court, he was a man of eloquence, but he was rather cautious.
【原文】
10·2 朝,與下大夫言,侃侃(1)如也;與上大夫言,訚訚(2)如也。君在,踧踖(3)如也,與與(4)如也。
【注釋】
(1)侃侃:說話理直氣壯,輕鬆自信。
(2)訚訚:讀“銀”,正直,和顏悅色而又能直言諍辯。
(3)踧踖:讀“促吉”,恭敬不安。
(4)與與:小心謹慎、威儀適中的樣子。
【白話】
孔子上朝時,同下大夫說話,從容不迫;同上大夫說話,直言不諱;在國君麵前,恭敬謹慎。
【英譯】
In court, Confucius talked with ease and confidence to lower rank officials, was out-spoken to higher rank officials, and talked to the lord respectfully and cautiously.
【原文】
10·3 君召使擯(1),色勃如也(2);足躩(3)如也。揖所與立,左右手,衣前後,襜(4)如也。趨進,翼如也(5)。賓退,必複命曰:“賓不顧矣。”
【注釋】
(1)擯:讀“鬢”,動詞,負責招待國君的官員。
(2)色勃如也:臉色莊重。
(3)足躩:躩,讀“決”,腳步快。
(4)襜:讀“攙”,整齊之貌。
(5)翼如也:如鳥翅一般。
【白話】
國君召孔子去接待來賓,孔子表情莊重,腳步迅速;與兩旁的人作揖,左右拱手,衣服前後擺動,很整齊;快速向前時,步伐輕快;來賓走後,必定回報說:“客人走遠了。”
【英譯】
The lord called Confucius in and asked him to receive guests. Confucius looked serious and quickened his pace. While making bows with hands folded in front to people beside him in both sides, he cupped one hand in the other to the left and then to the right with his dress swinging forward and backward rather neatly. When swiftly stepping forward, he walked at a brisk space. When guests left, he was certain to report back: “Guests went far away.”
【原文】
10·4 入公門,鞠躬如(1)也,如不容。立不中門,行不履閾(2)。過位,色勃如也,足躩如也,其言似不足者。攝齊(3)升堂,鞠躬如也,屏氣似不息者。出,降一等(4),逞(5)顏色,怡怡如也。沒階(6),趨進,翼如也。複其位,踧踖如也。
【注釋】
(1)鞠躬如:謹慎而恭敬的樣子。
(2)履閾:閾,讀“玉”,門檻,腳踩門坎。
(3)攝齊:齊,讀“資”,衣服的下擺。攝,提起。提起衣服的下擺。
(4)降一等:從台階上走下一級。
(5)逞:舒展開,鬆口氣。
(6)沒階:走完台階。
【白話】
孔子走進朝廷的大門,看上去恭敬而謹慎,似乎沒有容身之地。站,不站在門中間;走,不踩門坎。經過國君的座位時,他臉色凝重,步速加快,說話似乎底氣不足。提起衣服下擺向堂上走時,畢恭畢敬,憋住氣好像不呼吸一樣。退出來,走下台階,臉色才舒展開,顯得神情怡然自得。走完台階,迅速地朝前走幾步,姿態像鳥兒展翅。回到自己的位置,依然恭敬而不安。
【英譯】
Entering the court gate, Confucius looked deferential and cautious as if no place to shelter himself. When standing, he never stood in the middle of a door; when walking, he never let his feet touch threshold. While passing by the lord’s seat, he looked serious and quickened pace and spoke with a feeble voice as if suffering vitality deficiency. When walking toward upper hall with his gown hem in hand, he held his breath with all courtesy and respect as if he didn’t breathe at all. Only at the time of turning back and walking down the steps did he show a relaxed look and seemingly feel happy and contented. After walking down all the steps, he took a few quick paces forward as a bird stretching its wings. Back onto his seat, he still looked extremely differential but uneasy.
【原文】
10·5 執圭(1),鞠躬如也,如不勝。上如揖,下如授。勃如戰色(2),足蹜蹜(3),如有循(4)。享禮(5),有容色。私覿(6),愉愉如也。
【注釋】
(1)圭:一種上圓下方的玉器,舉行典禮時,不同身份的人拿著不同的圭。出使鄰國,大夫拿著圭作為代表君主的憑信。
(2)戰色:戰戰兢兢的樣子。
(3)蹜蹜:讀“訴”,小步走路。
(4)如有循:循,沿著。好像沿著一條直線往前走一樣。
(5)享禮:享,獻上。獻禮儀式。
(6)覿:讀“敵”,會見。
【白話】
拿著圭,像對國君鞠躬,好像拿不動。向上舉,像作揖,放下來,像遞交。臉色凝重,戰戰兢兢,腳步細碎,像沿著一條直線走路。獻禮時,和顏悅色。與國君會麵,則輕鬆愉快。
【英譯】
Confucius held a jade “Gui” in hand as if bowing to the lord and being unable to hold it. He raised it as if he made a bow with hands folded in front. Putting it down as if he presented it. When he walked with light and quick steps as if following a straight line, he showed a severe look and trembled with fear. Yet when presenting gifts, he showed an amiable look. While having a private interview with the lord, he looked rather relaxed and happy.
【原文】
10·6 君子不以紺緅飾(1),紅紫不以為褻服(2)。當暑,袗絺綌(3),必表而出之(4)。緇衣(5),羔裘(6);素衣,麑(7)裘;黃衣,狐裘。褻裘長,短右袂(8)。必有寢衣(9),長一身有半。狐貉之厚以居(10)。去喪,無所不佩。非帷裳(11),必殺之(12)。羔裘玄冠(13)不以吊(14)。吉月(15),必朝服而朝。
【注釋】
(1)不以紺緅飾:紺,讀“敢”第四聲,深青透紅,齋戒服裝顏色。緅,讀“鄒”,黑中透紅,喪服顏色。這裏是說,不以這兩種顏色布料給便服做鑲邊飾物。
(2)紅紫不以為褻服:褻服,家用便服。古人認為,紅紫不是正色,便服不宜用。
(3)袗絺綌:袗,讀“枕”,單衣。絺,讀“吃”,細葛布。綌,讀“細”,粗葛布。這裏是說,穿粗葛布或細葛布單衣。
(4)必表而出之:把麻布單衣穿在外麵,裏麵還要襯有內衣。
(5)緇:黑色。
(6)羔裘:羔皮衣。古代的羔裘就是翻毛黑羊皮衣。
(7)麑:讀“尼”,小白鹿。
(8)短右袂:袂,讀“妹”,袖子。右袖短,便於做事。
(9)寢衣:睡衣。
(10)狐貉之厚以居:狐貉之厚,厚毛的狐貉皮。居,坐。
(11)帷裳:朝服和祭祀服,用整幅布,不加裁剪,折疊縫製。
(12)殺之:裁去多餘的布。殺,裁。
(13)玄冠:黑帽。
(14)吊:喪事。
(15)吉月:每月初一。一說正月初一。
【白話】
君子不用深紅色做衣邊,紅色紫色不可做內衣。夏天,穿粗布單衣,外出必穿外衣。黑色內衣,配黑色外衣;白色內衣,配黃色外衣;黃色內衣,配黃色外衣。內衣較長,右袖較短。一定要有睡衣,長一身半。坐墊要厚。喪事結束後,佩飾沒有限製。非正式場合的衣服,一定要裁邊。吊喪不穿黑衣、不戴黑帽。每月初一,必穿朝服去朝見。
【英譯】
Gentlemen neither use dark red material to make hems nor use red or purple material to make underwear. In summer, they wear coarse unlined clothes and must wear outer garment when away from home. They should pay attention to match: match black underwear with black outer garment, white underwear with yellow outer garment, yellow underwear with yellow outer garment. Underwear should be long with right sleeve relatively short. Pajamas must be used and should be one and half time the length of one’s height. Seat cushions must be thick. After funeral, there’re no restrictions on ornaments. As for clothes used on formal occasions, they must have hems cut. During funeral, black dress and hats are unadvisable. One the first day of every January, they must wear audience dress to have their audience with the sovereign ruler.
【原文】10·7 齊(1),必有明衣(2),布。齊必變食(3),居必遷坐(4)。
【注釋】
(1)齊:古時音義皆同齋。
(2)明衣:齋前沐浴後穿的浴衣。
(3)變食:改變平常的飲食。指不飲酒,不吃蔥、蒜等有刺激味的東西。
(4)居必遷坐:指從內室遷到外室居住,不和妻妾同房。
【白話】
齋戒沐浴,必備浴衣,用布縫製。齋戒飲食必改,住處也必遷移。
【英譯】
On fast days, one must wear bathrobe after bath, which is made of cloth. During fast period, one should change diet and residence.
【原文】
10·8 食不厭精,膾(1)不厭細。食饐(2)而餲(3),魚餒(4)而肉敗(5),不食。色惡,不食。臭惡,不食。失飪(6),不食。不時(7),不食,割不正(8),不食。不得其醬,不食。肉雖多,不使勝食氣(9)。唯酒無量,不及亂(10)。沽酒市脯(11),不食。不撤薑食,不多食。
【注釋】
(1)膾:讀“快”,切細的肉。
(2)饐:讀“義”,食物腐敗變質。
(3)餲:讀“愛”,變質。
(4)餒:魚腐爛。
(5)敗:肉腐爛,這裏指肉不新鮮。
(6)飪:烹調製作飯菜。
(7)不時:應時,合時令,時鮮。
(8)割不正:肉切得不方正。
(9)氣:同“餼”,讀“細”,穀物。
(10)亂:醉酒。
(11)脯:讀“腐“,熟肉幹。
【白話】
糧食舂得越精越好,魚和肉切得越細越好。糧食陳舊變質,魚和肉腐爛,都不吃。食物的顏色不好,不吃。氣味不好,不吃。烹調不當,不吃。不時鮮,不吃。肉切得不方正,不吃。佐料不當,不吃。肉雖多,但食量不超過糧食。隻有酒不限量,但不要喝醉。買的肉幹和酒,不吃。每餐必吃薑,但不多用。
【英譯】
When you pestle grain, the more delicate the better; while fish and meat to be cut, the finest the better. Neither moldy grain nor rotten fish and meat are eatable. Do not eat food with bad colors. Do not eat food with bad smell. Do not eat food improperly cooked. Do not eat food unseasonable. Do not eat meat without being cut into square pieces. Do not eat food improperly flavored. While eating meat, do not take more than rice though plenty. Only wine is unlimited, yet do not get drunk. Do not eat dried meat and wine bought from market. Ginger must be taken during each meal, but not too much.
【原文】
10·9 祭於公,不宿肉(1),祭肉(2)不出三日。出三日,不食之矣。
【注釋】
(1)不宿肉:不使肉過夜。
(2)祭肉:祭祀用的供品肉。
【白話】
孔子參加國君祭祀典禮後分到的祭肉,不隔夜吃。祭肉不超過三天。超過三天,就不吃了。
【英譯】
Confucius didn’t eat overnight sacrificial meat allotted to him after participating in sacrificial rites held by lord. Sacrificial meat couldn’t be kept over three days. Otherwise, he didn’t eat it at all.
【原文】
10·10 食不語,寢不言。
【白話】
吃飯時不說話,睡覺時候也不說話。
【英譯】
Confucius didn’t speak during eating or sleeping.
【原文】
10·11 雖疏食菜羹(1),瓜祭(2),必齊(3)如也。
【注釋】
(1)菜羹:菜湯。
(2)瓜祭:古人飯前把食品分出一些,放在食具裏祭祖。 瓜,葫蘆瓜。古人以葫蘆瓢為食具,把食品放在瓢裏祭祀,故稱瓜祭。
(3)齊:音以皆同“齋”。
【白話】
即使粗飯菜湯,吃飯前也留出一些來祭祖,而且像齋戒時那樣畢恭畢敬。
【英譯】
Even if coarse rice and vegetable soup, Confucius was certain to put some aside before dinner as sacrificial offerings to his ancestors. He did it with all courtesy and respect as if during fast days.
【原文】
10·12 席(1)不正,不坐。
【注釋】
(1)席:古代沒有桌椅,要把席子鋪在地上坐。
【白話】
席放得不正,不坐。
【英譯】
Confucius didn’t sit on mat which wasn’t put properly.
【原文】
10·13 鄉人飲酒(1),杖者(2)出,斯出矣。
【注釋】
(1)鄉人飲酒:指當時的鄉飲酒禮。
(2)杖者:柱拐杖的人,指老年人。
【白話】
鄉親們的飲酒儀式結束後,孔子一定要等老人先出去,然後自己才出去。
【英譯】
After ending country wine rites, Confucius would certainly let old people walk out before him.
【原文】
10·14 鄉人儺(1),朝服而立於阼階(2)。
【注釋】
(1)儺:讀“挪”,迎神驅鬼儀式。
(2)阼階:阼,讀“做”,東麵的台階。主人迎客要站在大堂東麵的台階上。
【白話】
鄉人舉行驅鬼儀式時,孔子總是穿著朝服站在東邊的台階上。
【英譯】
During country ghost-expelling-rites, Confucius usually had his official garment on and stood on the eastern step.
【原文】
10·15 問(1)人於他邦,再拜而送之(2)。
【注釋】
(1)問:問候。古代人在問候時往往要致送禮物。
(2)再拜而送之:在送別客人時,兩次拜別。
【白話】
托人向在外國朋友問候送禮,一定拜見兩次送行。
【英譯】
When asking someone to send regards or gifts to foreign friends, it was definite that Confucius saw him off by making two respectful calls on him
【原文】
10·16 康子饋藥,拜而受之。曰:“丘未達,不敢嚐。”
【白話】
季康子給孔子贈送藥品,孔子拜謝接受之後說:“我對藥性不了解,不敢嚐。”
【英譯】
Accepting some medicine given by Ji Kangtzu, Confucius said: “I’m not familiar with its property so I dare not have a taste.”
【原文】
10·17 廄焚。子退朝,曰:“傷人乎?”不問馬。
【白話】
馬棚被大火焚毀。孔子退朝回來,說:“傷人了嗎?”不問馬的情況。
【英譯】
Confucius’ stable was destroyed by a fire. Back from his audience with the sovereign ruler, he said: “Are there anyone wounded?” But he asked nothing about his horse.
【原文】
10·18 君賜食,必正席先嚐之。君賜腥(1),必熟而薦(2)之。君賜生,必畜之。侍食於君,君祭,先飯。
【注釋】
(1)腥:帶腥味的鮮肉。
(2)薦:供奉。
【白話】
君主賞賜食物,孔子一定要擺正先嚐;君主賞賜鮮肉,一定要煮熟供奉祖先;君主賞賜活物,一定要養起來。陪君主吃飯,君主祭祀時,自己先嚐。
【英譯】
Given food by the lord, Confucius definitely put it properly and then had a taste. Given raw meat, he definitely had it cooked and then offered it as sacrifices to ancestors. Given something alive, he definitely accepted and raised it. Accompanying the lord to have a meal, he definitely had a taste before the lord began offering sacrifice.
【原文】
10·19 疾,君視之,東首(1),加朝服,拖紳(2)。
【注釋】
(1)東首:頭朝東。
(2)紳:腰帶。 孔子患病,臥床不起,國君探視,他無法起身穿朝服,顯得對國君失禮,就把朝服蓋在身上,手裏還拿著腰帶。
【白話】
孔子病了,君主來探視,他便頭朝東躺著,身上蓋上朝服,拖著腰帶。
【英譯】
Confucius was ill. The lord went to see him. Lying in bed, he had his head eastward with official garment covering his body and waistband in his hand.
【原文】
10·20 君命召,不俟駕行矣。
【白話】
君主召見,孔子不等車備好就先步行走去了。
【英譯】
Whenever called in by the lord, Confucius would usually go by foot without waiting to prepare carriage and horse ready.
【原文】
10·21 入太廟,每事問(1)。
【白話】
孔子進入太廟,每件事都問。
【英譯】
Entering the temple which was built for offering sacrifice to the lord’s ancestors, Confucius asked about everything.
【原文】
10·22 朋友死,無所歸,曰:“於我殯(1)。”
【注釋】
(1)殯:停放靈柩和埋葬都可以叫殯,這裏是泛指喪葬事務。
【白話】
朋友死了,沒有人辦喪事,孔子說:“喪事由我來辦吧。”
【英譯】
A friend died but no one made arrangements for funeral affairs. Confucius said: “Let me do it.”
【原文】
10·23 朋友之饋,雖車馬,非祭肉,不拜(1)。
【注釋】
(1) 拜:拜領,即接受。
【白話】
朋友饋贈物品,如果不是祭肉,即便是車馬,也不接受。
【英譯】
As for gifts given by friends, Confucius refused anything other than sacrifice meat. If no sacrifice meat, he accepted nothing even if there were horses or carts.
【原文】
10·24 寢不屍,居不客。
【白話】
睡覺不像挺屍那樣僵直,居家不像客人那樣拘謹。
【原文】
When sleeping, Confucius wasn’t as stiff and rigid as a corpse. While staying at home, he wasn’t as overcautious as a visitor.
【原文】
10·25 見齊衰(1)者,雖狎(2),必變。見冕者與瞽者(3),雖褻(4),必以貌。凶服(5)者式(6)之。式負版者(7)。有盛饌(8),必變色而作(9)。迅雷風烈必變。
【注釋】
(1)齊衰:讀“資崔”,喪服。
(2)狎:讀“霞”,親近。
(3)瞽者:盲人,有時指樂師。
(4)褻:讀“謝”,熟悉。
(5)凶服:喪服。
(6)式:音義皆同“軾”,古代車前的橫木。這裏作動詞用。遇見地位高的人或其他可敬重可同情的人,車把式要略微向前傾身,伏在橫木上,以示尊敬或者同情。這是當時的禮節。
(7)負版者:背著木簡的人。版,木簡,就是木板,當時無紙,用木版書寫,因此“版”就相當於今天的書。
(8)饌:讀“賺”,飲食。盛饌,盛大的宴席。
(9)作:站起來。
【白話】
見穿喪服的人,即使再親密,也一定要變得嚴肅起來;見穿官服的和盲人,即使再熟悉,也一定要有禮貌;坐車遇到送殯的,一定傾身以示同情,見背著版圖的也一樣;在盛大宴席上,要變得恭敬並起立致謝;遇到響雷大風,一定變得敬畏起來。
【英譯】
When seeing people in mourning apparel, Confucius definitely changed his usual look into a severe one even if they were near and dear to him. When seeing officials or blind musicians, he definitely showed respects even if they were well acquainted with each other. While seating in a cart and seeing people attending a funeral, he definitely bent his body to show sympathy. Seeing people carrying inscribed wooden slips, he did the same. Attending a grand banquet, he definitely changed his usual countenance into a thankful look and stood up to show gratitude. When bad weather came about with sound thunders and strong wind, he definitely showed a respectful and awesome expression to the heaven.
【原文】
10·26 升車,必正立,執綏(1)。車中,不內顧(2),不疾言(3),不親指(4)。
【注釋】
(1)綏:上車時扶手用的索帶。
(2)內顧:回頭看。
(3)疾言:大聲說話。
(4)不親指:不用自己的手指劃。
【白話】
上車時要先直立站好,然後拉著扶手帶上車。在車裏,不東張西望,不高聲說話,不用手指畫腳。
【英譯】
When boarding a cart, Confucius definitely stood straight first and then grasped the supporting belt to help him climb up. In the cart, he neither peeped here and there nor spoke aloud and gesticulated wildly.
【原文】
10·27 色斯舉矣(1),翔而後集(2)。曰:“山梁雌雉(3),時哉時哉!(4)”子路共(5)之,三戛(6)而作(7)。。
【注釋】
(1)色斯舉矣:色,臉色。舉,鳥飛起來。
(2)翔而後集:飛翔一陣,然後落到樹上。鳥群停在樹上叫“集”。
(3)山梁雌雉:聚集在山梁上的母野雞。
(4)時哉時哉:得其時呀!得其時呀!這是說野雞時運好,能自由飛翔,自由落下。
(5)共:同“拱”。
(6)戛:鳥的長叫聲。
(7) 作:飛。
【白話】
孔子郊遊,看見野雞飛翔一陣後聚集在樹上,孔子神情一變,說:“山脊上的野雞啊,時運好啊!時運好!”子路向它們拱拱手,野雞長叫幾聲飛走了。
【英譯】
Seeing some pheasants flying and then gathering in a tree during an outing, Confucius suddenly changed his expression and said: “These she-pheasants on the hill. How lucky they are! How lucky they are!” Ztu Lu bowed to the birds cupping one hand in the other before his chest. And the birds gave out several cries and flew away.
先進篇第十一
【原文】
11·1 子曰:“先進(1)於禮樂,野人(2)也;後進(3)於禮樂,君子(4)也。如用之,則吾從先進。”
【注釋】
(1)先進:指先學習禮樂而後再做官的人。
(2)野人:樸素粗魯的人或指鄉野平民。
(3)後進:先做官後學習禮樂的人。
(4)君子:這裏指貴族。
【白話】
孔子說:“先學禮樂後做官,是平民;先做官後學禮樂,是貴族。如果聘用人才,我就用平民。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Anyone who learnt etiquette and music first and then looked for official posts was a common people. Anyone who looked for official posts first and then learnt etiquette and music was an aristocrat. If I had to make an appointment, I’d like to choose a common people.”
【原文】
11·2 子曰:“從我於陳、蔡(1)者,皆不及門(2)也。”
【注釋】
(1)陳、蔡:均為國名。
(2)不及門:門,這裏指受教的場所。不及門,不在身邊受教。
【白話】
孔子說:“跟隨我去陳蔡兩國的人,現在都不在我身邊了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “People who once followed me to the countries Chen and Cai were no longer right before my eyes.”
【原文】
11·3 德行(1):顏淵、閔子騫、冉伯牛、仲弓。言語(2):宰我、子貢。政事(3):冉有、季路。文學(4):子遊、子夏。
【注釋】
(1)德行:能實行孝悌、忠恕等道德。
(2)言語:善於辭令,能辦理外交。
(3)政事:能從事政治事務。
(4)文學:通曉詩書禮樂等古代文獻。
【白話】
德高望重的有:顏淵、閔子騫、冉伯牛、仲弓。善於辭令的有:宰我、子貢。擅長政事的有:冉有、季路。通曉文獻知識的有:子遊、子夏。
【英譯】
The ones who were of high character and great prestige included Yan Yuan, Min Ztujian, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong. People who were endowed with eloquence included Zai Wo and Ztu Gong. Persons were good at politics included Ztu You and Ztu Xia.
【原文】
11·4 子曰:“回也非助我者也,於吾言無所不說。”
【白話】
孔子說:“顏回並不是對我有幫助的人,但他對我說的話卻沒有不心悅誠服的。”
【英譯】
Yan Hui wasn’t a person who was helpful to me, yet never under any circumstances was he failed to feel a heartfelt admiration for my words.”
【原文】
11·5 子曰:“孝哉閔子騫!人不間(1)於其父母昆(2)弟之言。”
【注釋】
(1)間:批評挑剔。
(2)昆:哥哥。
【白話】
孔子說:“閔子騫真孝順呀!人們聽到他父母兄弟對他的誇獎都很讚成。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “What a dutiful person Min Ztuqian is! People heard his parents and brothers praised him and quite agree with them.”
【原文】
11·6 南容三複白圭(1),孔子以其兄之子妻(2)之。
【注釋】
(1)白圭:圭,讀“歸”,白玉。指詩經中有關說話謹慎的詩句。
(2)妻:動詞,讀“氣”,嫁給的意思。
【白話】
南容反複誦讀讚美白圭的詩句,孔子就把自己的侄女嫁給了他。
【英譯】
Nan Rong often recited the poem on white jade and Confucius married his niece to him.
【原文】
11·7 季康子問:“弟子孰為好學?”孔子對曰:“有顏回者好學,不幸短命死矣,今也則亡。”
【白話】
季康子問孔子:“你的學生中誰好學?”孔子回答說:“有個叫顏回的很好學,不幸短命死了。現在可沒有他那樣的人了。”
【英譯】
Ji Kangztu asked Confucius: “Among your students who loves to study?” Confucius replied: “Yan Hui. But unfortunately he died young. There’s no more such sort of people.”
【原文】
11·8 顏淵死,顏路(1)請子之車以為之槨(2)。子曰:“才不才,亦各言其子也。鯉(3)也死,有棺而無槨。吾不徒行以為之槨。以吾從大夫之後(4),不可徒行也。”
【注釋】
(1)顏路:顏淵的父親,也是孔子的學生。
(2)槨:讀“果”,古人用雙層棺材,內為棺,外為槨。
(3)鯉:孔子的兒子,字伯魯,死時50歲,當時孔子70歲。
(4)從大夫之後:跟隨在大夫們後麵,指當過大夫。孔子在魯國曾任司寇,是大夫一級的官員。
【白話】
顏淵死後,顏路請孔子賣車給顏淵做槨。孔子說:“有才無才,都是兒子。我兒子孔鯉死時,有棺而無槨。我不賣車為他做槨,因為我做過大夫,不可以步行。”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan died. His father Yan Lu asked Confucius to sell out his cart to make his son an outer coffin. Confucius said: “No matter capable or not, they are all sons to their fathers. When my son Kong Li died, I didn’t sell out my cart to make him an outer coffin because I was once a higher official “Daifu”. It won’t do for a Daifu to go on foot.”
【原文】
11·9 顏淵死,子曰:“噫!天喪予!天喪予!”
【白話】
顏淵死了,孔子說:“唉!老天爺真要我的命呀!老天爺真要我的命呀!”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan died. Confucius said: “That’s really killing me! That’s really killing me!”
【原文】
11·10 顏淵死,子哭之慟(1)。從者曰:“子慟矣。”曰:“有慟乎?非夫(2)人之為慟而誰為?”
【注釋】
(1)慟:讀“痛”,極度悲傷,痛哭。
(2)夫:讀“扶”,代詞,他。此處指顏淵。
【白話】
顏淵死了,孔子大哭一場。孔子的隨從說:“您悲痛過度了!”孔子說:“是悲痛過度了嗎?我不為這個人悲傷過度,還為誰呢?”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan died. Confucius cried. His followers said: “You’re over-sad!” Confucius said: “Am I over-sad? If I’m not over-sad for him, then for whom?”
【原文】
11·11 顏淵死,門人欲厚葬(1)之,子曰:“不可。”門人厚葬之。子曰:“回也視予猶父也,予不得視猶子也(2)。非我也,夫(3)二三子也。”
【注釋】
(1)厚葬:隆重地安葬。
(2)予不得視猶子也:我不能把他當親生兒子一樣看待。
(3)夫:語助詞。
【譯文】
顏淵死了,孔子的學生們想要隆重地安葬他。孔子說:“不能這樣做。”學生們仍然隆重地安葬了他。孔子說:“顏回把我當父親一樣看待,我卻不能把他當兒子一樣看待。這不是我的本意,是那些學生們幹的呀。”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan died. Confucius’ students were going to entomb him grandly. Confucius said: “This won’t do.” These students held a stately funeral for Yan Yuan. Confucius said: “Yan Hui treated me as his father, but I couldn’t treat him as my son. It’s not my original idea. All these things were done by my students.”
【原文】
11·12 季路問事鬼神。子曰:“未能事人,焉能事鬼?”曰:“敢問死。”曰:“未知生,焉知死?”
【白話】
季路問怎樣侍奉鬼神。孔子說:“沒能把人侍奉好,怎麽能去侍奉鬼呢?”季路說:“請問死是怎麽回事?”孔子回答說:“活著的道理都不知道,怎麽能知道死呢?”
【英譯】
Ji Lu asked Confucius how to attend ghosts and spirits. Confucius said: “You haven’t even well attended people, then how can you well attend ghosts and spirits?” Ji Lu said: “What’s death about?” Confucius replied: “You even don’t know anything about life, how can you know anything about death?”
【原文】
11·13 閔子侍側,訚訚(1)如也;子路,行行(2)如也;冉有、子貢,侃侃(3)如也。子樂。“若由也,不得其死然。”
【注釋】
(1)訚訚:讀“言”,和顏悅色。
(2)行行:讀“杭”第四聲,剛強的樣子。
(3)侃侃:理直氣壯。
【白話】
閔子騫侍立在孔子身旁,一派和顏悅色的樣子;子路是一派剛強的樣子;冉有、子貢是溫和快樂的樣子。孔子高興了。但孔子又說:“像仲由這樣,隻怕不得好死吧!”
【英譯】
Min Tzuqian stood by Confucius in attendance, kindly and pleasantly. Ztu Lu showed a firm and unyielding look. Ran You and Tzu Gong looked kind and gentle. Confucius was quite happy. Yet Confucius said: “People like Zhong You cannot die a worthy death, I’m afraid.”
【原文】
11·14 魯人(1)為長府(2)。閔子騫曰:“仍舊貫(3),如之何?何必改作?”子曰:“夫人(4)不言,言必有中。”
【注釋】
(1)魯人:這裏指魯國的當權者。
(2)為長府:為,改建。藏財貨、兵器等的倉庫叫“府”,長府是魯國的國庫名。
(3)仍舊貫:貫:事,例。沿襲老樣子。
(4)夫人:夫, 度“扶”,這個人。
【白話】
魯國國君翻修長府的國庫。閔子騫道:“就保持老樣子,怎麽樣?何必改建呢?”孔子說:“這個人平日不大開口,一開口就說到要害上。”
【英譯】
The lord of the country Lu was going to rebuild national treasury. Min Tzuqian said: “Keep it unchanged. How about it? What’s the need to rebuild it?” Confucius said: “This guy seldom says a word. Yet so long as he opens his mouth, he’ll hit home.”
【原文】
11·15 子曰:“由之瑟(1)奚為於丘之門(2)?”門人不敬子路。子曰:“由也升堂矣,未入於室(3)也。”
【注釋】
(1)瑟:讀“色”,一種古樂器,與古琴相似。
(2)奚為於丘之門:奚,為什麽。為,彈。丘,孔丘,孔子自指。
(3)升堂入室:堂是正廳,室是內室,用以形容學習程度,前者淺,後者深。
【白話】
孔子說:“仲由彈瑟,為什麽在我這裏彈呢?”孔子的學生們因此都不尊敬子路。孔子便說:“子路的瑟彈得很不錯了,隻是還不精通而已。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Why is Zhong You playing Se (a zither – like musical instrument) at my doorway?” Confucius’ student therefore didn’t show respect to Ztu Lu. Confucius said: “Ztu Lu plays quite well, only that he hasn’t been proficient in it.”
【原文】
11·16 子貢問:“師與商(1)也孰賢?”子曰:“師也過,商也不及。”曰:“然則師愈(2)與?”子曰:“過猶不及。”
【注釋】
(1)師與商:師,顓孫師,即子張。商,卜商,即子夏。
(2)愈:勝過,強些。
【白話】
子貢問孔子:“子張和子夏誰更好一些?”孔子說:“子張過分,子夏不足。”子貢說:“那麽是子張好一些嗎?”孔子說:“過分和不足是一樣的。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked Confucius: “Who is better? Ztu Zhang or Ztu Xia?” Confucius said: “Ztu Zhang often overdoes. But Ztu Xia often under-does.” Ztu said: “Ztu Zhang is better, then?” Confucius said: “Too much is as bad as too little.”
【原文】
11·17 季氏富於周公,而求也為之聚斂(1)而附益(2)之。子曰:“非吾徒也。小子鳴鼓而攻之可也。”
【注釋】
(1)聚斂:積聚收斂,指搜刮。
(2)益:增加。
【白話】
季氏比周公還富有,而冉求卻還幫他搜刮,以增加他的錢財。孔子說:“他不是我的學生了,你們可以擊鼓去攻擊他!”
【英譯】
Ji Shi richer than the lord of Zhou Dynasty, but Ran Qiu still helped him collect money so as to make him much richer than ever before. Confucius said: “Ji Shi is no longer my student. You students can beat drum to attack him.”
【原文】
11·18 柴(1)也愚(2),參也魯(3),師(4)也辟(5),由也喭(6)。
【注釋】
(1)柴:高柴,字子羔,孔子學生,比孔子小30歲,公元前521年出生。
(2)愚:耿直。
(3)魯:遲鈍。
(4)師: 顓孫師,即子張。
(5)辟:讀“必”,偏,偏激。
(6)喭:讀“豔”,魯莽。
【譯文】
高柴耿直,曾參遲鈍,顓孫師偏激,仲由魯莽。
【英譯】
Gao Chai was straifhtforward. Zeng Can was dull. Zhuansun Shi was over-radical. Zhong You was rash.
【原文】
11·19 子曰:“回也其庶(1)乎,屢空(2)。賜不受命,而貨殖(3)焉,億(4)則屢中。”
【注釋】
(1)庶:庶幾,接近。
(2)空:貧困,匱乏。
(3)貨殖:做買賣。
(4)億:同“臆”,臆斷,猜測,估計。
【白話】
孔子說:“顏回的情況近乎完善,可是他經常貧困。端本賜不聽天由命,去做買賣,猜測行情,往往猜中。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Yan Hui is nearly perfect, but he is often poor. Duanmu Ci refuses to leave thing to chance and went to business. He often estimates market situation by guess but he wins.”
【原文】
11·20 子張問善人(1)之道,子曰:“不踐跡(2),亦不入於室(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)善人:指本質善良但沒有經過學習的人。
(2)踐跡:跡,腳印。踐,踩,踩著前人的腳印走。
(3)入於室:比喻學問和修養達到了精深地步。
【白話】
子張問做善人的方法。孔子說:“如果不沿著前人的腳印走,其學問就不會到家。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked the way to perfect himself. Confucius said: “If you don’t march ahead along others’ tracts, then you cannot have a good comprehension of knowledge.”
【原文】
11·21 子曰:“論篤是與(1),君子者乎?色(2)莊者乎?”
【注釋】
(1)論篤是與:論,言論。篤,誠懇。與,讚許。對說話篤實誠懇的人表示讚許。
(2)色:偽裝。
【白話】
孔子說:“聽到人議論篤實誠懇就表示讚許,但還應看他是真君子呢?還是偽裝莊重的人呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When someone compliments others on their honesty, we should agree with him. But we should also ask whether he compliments real gentlemen or hypocrites”
【原文】
11·22 子路問:“聞斯行諸(1)?”子曰:“有父兄在,如之何其聞斯行之?”冉有問:“聞斯行諸?”子曰:“聞斯行之。”公西華曰:“由也問聞斯行諸,子曰,‘有父兄在’;求也問聞斯行諸,子曰,‘聞斯行之’。赤也惑,敢問。”子曰:“求也退,故進之;由也兼人(2),故退之。”
【注釋】
(1)諸:“之乎”二字的合音。
(2)兼人:好勇過人。
【譯文】
子路問:“聽到就做嗎?”孔子說:“有父兄健在,怎麽能聽到就做?”冉有問:“聽到就做嗎?”孔子說:“聽到就做。”公西華說:“仲由問‘聽到就做嗎’,您說‘有父兄健在’;冉求也問‘聽到就做嗎’,您卻說‘聽到就做’。我很疑惑,請問這是為什麽?”孔子說:“冉求總是退縮,所以要鼓勵他;仲由膽大,所以要約束他。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked: “Go into action on hearing?” Confucius said: “How can you go into action when your father and brother are still living and in good health?” Ran You asked: “Go into action on hearing?” Confucius said: “Go into action on hearing.” Gongxi Hua said: “Zhong You asked: ‘Go into action on hearing?’ You said: ‘How can you go into action when your father and brother are still living and in good health?’ Ran Qiu also asked: ‘Go into action on hearing?’ But you said: ‘Go into action on hearing.’ This makes me feel perplexed. Would you please give me an explanation?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu always shrinks back so I have to encourage him. But Zhong You is quite bold, so I have to restrain him.”
【原文】
11·23 子畏於匡,顏淵後。子曰:“吾以女為死矣。”曰:“子在,回何敢死?”
【白話】
孔子在匡地受到當地人圍困,顏淵最後才逃出來。孔子說:“我以為你已經死了呢。”顏淵說:“夫子還活著,我怎麽敢死呢?”
【英譯】
After being pinned down in Kuang district for a long time, Yan Yuan escaped at last. Confucius said: “I thought you must have died.” Yan Yuan said: “How can I die while you are still living and in good health?”
【原文】
11·24 季子然(1)問:“仲由、冉求可謂大臣與?”子曰:“吾以子為異之問,曾(2)由與求之間。所謂大臣者,以道事君,不可則止。今由與求也,可謂具臣(3)矣。”曰:“然則從之(4)者與?”子曰:“弑父與君,亦不從也。”
【注釋】
(1)季子然:魯國季氏的同族人。
(2)曾:乃。
(3)具臣:普通的臣子。
(4)之:代指季氏。當時冉求和子路都是季氏的家臣。
【白話】
季子然問:“仲由和冉求能算大臣嗎?”孔子說:“我還以為您在問別人,原來您問的是這倆位。所謂大臣,應以仁道輔佐君主,不行也不強求。現在他們二人,可算是充數的臣子。” 季子然說:“那他們是否絕對聽話?”孔子說:“當然殺父弑君的事,他們也不會跟著幹。”
【英譯】
Ji Zturan asked: “Zhong You and Ran Qiu can be considered competent ministers?” Confucius said: “I thought you had asked me about others. So you’re asking me about these two guys. It seems to me that they should be considered two stopgaps.” Ji Zturan said: “Do they obey orders absolutely or not?” Confucius said: “If they are ordered to kill their fathers and the lord, they certainly do not obey.”
【原文】
11·25 子路使子羔為費宰。子曰:“賊(1)夫人之子(2)。”子路曰:“有民人焉,有社稷(3)焉,何必讀書,然後為學?”子曰:“是故惡(4)夫佞者。”
【注釋】
(1)賊:害。
(2)夫人之子:指子羔。孔子認為他沒有經過很好的學習就去從政,這會害了他自己的。
(3)社稷:社,土地神。稷,穀神。這裏“社稷”指祭祀土地神和穀神的地方,即社稷壇。古代國都及各地都設立社稷壇,分別由國君和地方長官主祭,故社稷成為國家政權的象征。
【譯文】
子路讓子羔去作費地的長官。孔子說:“這簡直是害人子弟。”子路說:“那個地方有百姓,有土地,服務百姓和治理土地都是學習,難道一定要讀書才算學習嗎?”孔子說:“這真是在強詞奪理。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked Ztu Gao to be the leader of Fei district. Confucius said: “You’re simple doing harm to him.” Ztu Lu said: “There are people and lands in that place. Serving the people and administrating the state can also be considered studies. How can it be necessary to read books?” Confucius said: “You’re simply using lame arguments.”
【原文】
11·26 子路、曾皙(1)、冉有、公西華侍坐。子曰:“以吾一日長乎爾,毋吾以也(2)。居(3)則曰:‘不吾知也!’如或知爾,則何以哉(4)?”子路率爾(5)而對曰:“千乘之國,攝(6)乎大國之間,加之以師旅,因之以饑饉,由也為之,比及(7)三年,可使有勇,且知方也(8)。”夫子哂(9)之。“求,爾何如?”對曰:“方六七十(10),如(11)五六十,求也為之,比及三年,可使足民。如其禮樂,以俟君子。”“赤,爾何如?”對曰:“非曰能之,願學焉。宗廟之事(12),如會同(13),端章甫(14),願為小相(15)焉。”“點,爾何如?”鼓瑟希(16),鏗爾,舍瑟而作(17),對曰:“異乎三子者之撰。”子曰:“何傷乎?亦各言其誌也。”曰:“莫(18)春者,春服既成,冠者(19)五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂(20),風乎舞雩(21),詠而歸。”夫子喟然歎曰:“吾與點也!”三子者出,曾皙後。曾皙曰:“夫三子者之言何如?”子曰:“亦各言其誌也已矣。”曰:“夫子何哂由也?”曰:“為國以禮。其言不讓,是故哂之。”唯(22)求則非邦也與?”“安見方六七十如五六十而非邦也者?”“唯赤則非邦也與?”“宗廟會同,非諸侯而何?赤也為之小,孰能為之大?”
【注釋】
(1)曾皙:名點,字子皙,曾參的父親,也是孔子的學生。
(2)以吾一日長乎爾,毋以也:雖然我比你們的年齡稍長一些,而不敢說話。
(3)居:平日。
(4)則何以哉:何以,即何以為用。
(5)率爾:輕率、急切。
(6)攝:迫於、夾於。
(7)比及:比,音bì。等到。
(8)方:方向。
(9)哂:音shěn,譏諷地微笑。
(10)方六七十:縱橫各六七十裏。
(11)如:或者。
(12)宗廟之事:指祭祀之事。
(13)會同:諸侯會見。
(14)瑞章甫:端,古代禮服的名稱。章甫,古代禮帽的名稱。
(15)相:讚禮人,司儀。
(16)希:同“稀”,指彈瑟的速度放慢,節奏逐漸稀疏。
(17)作:站起來。
(18)莫:同“暮”。
(19)冠者:成年人。古代子弟到20歲時行冠禮,表示已經成年。
(20)浴乎沂:沂,水名,發源於山東南部,流經江蘇北部入海。在水邊洗頭麵手足。
(21)舞雩:雩,音yú。地名,原是祭天求雨的地方,在今山東曲阜。
(22)唯:語首詞,沒有什麽意義。
【白話】
子路、曾皙、冉有、公西華陪坐,孔子說:“不要顧及我年長,而不敢講真話。你們經常說,沒人理解你們,如果有人理解並重用你們,你們打算咋辦?”
子路急忙說:“較大國家,夾在大國之間,外有強敵入侵,內有饑荒肆虐,我來管理,隻要三年,可使人人有勇氣,個個講道義。”
孔子微笑。“冉求,你怎樣?”
冉求答:“方圓幾十裏的地方,我來治理,隻要三年,可使百姓衣食充足,至於精神文明,要等能人來教化。”
孔子問:“公西赤,你怎樣?”
公西赤答:“我不敢說能幹好,但願意學習。祭祀的事,外交的事,我願穿著禮服,做個助理。
孔子問:“曾點,你怎樣?”
曾皙彈琴正接近尾聲,他鏗地一聲放下琴,站起來說:“我與他們三位不同。”
孔子說:“說說有什麽關係?隻是各談各的誌向而已。”
曾點說:“暮春三月,穿上春天的衣服,約上五六人,帶上六七個童子,在沂水邊沐浴,在高坡上吹風,一路唱著歌而回。”
夫子感歎說:“我欣賞曾點的情趣。”
其他三人走後,曾皙問:“他們三人的話怎樣?”
孔子說:“隻是各談各的誌向而已。”
曾皙說:“您為何笑仲由呢?”
孔子說:“治國要講禮讓,他的話一點也不謙虛,所以笑他。”
曾皙又問:“冉求談的是治國嗎?”
孔子說:“怎麽見得治理方圓幾十裏的地方就不是治國呢?”
曾皙又問:“公西赤談的是治國嗎?”
孔子說:“祭祀和外交,不是國家大事是什麽?如果公西赤隻能當助理,誰能當總理?”
【英譯】
子路、曾皙、冉有、公西華陪坐,孔子說:“不要顧及我年長,而不敢講真話。你們經常說,沒人理解你們,如果有人理解並重用你們,你們打算怎麽辦?”
Accompanied by Ztu Lu, Zeng Zhe and Gongxi Hua, Confucius sat there saying: “Don’t consider my age too much to be out-spoken. You often said that no one could well understand you. If some people can well understand you and entrust you with important work, what are you going to do?”
子路急忙說:“較大國家,夾在大國之間,外有強敵入侵,內有饑荒肆虐,我來管理,隻要三年,可使人人有勇氣,個個講道義。”
Ztu Lu said in a hurry: “If a relatively big country is sandwiched by big countries and suffer from outer invasion and inner famine, I’d like to govern this country. Only within three years, I can make everyone brave and act according to the principles of humanity.”
孔子微笑。“冉求,你怎樣?”
Confucius smiled and asked: “Ran Qiu, how about you?”
冉求答:“方圓幾十裏的地方,我來治理,隻要三年,可使百姓衣食充足,至於精神文明,要等能人來教化。”
Ran Qiu replied: “If there is a place which has a circumference of ten li, I can govern it. Only three years are needed for me to make people well-fed and well-clothed. Yet, as for the problem of spiritual civilization, a capable man is needed to solve it.
孔子問:“公西赤,你怎樣?”
Confucius asked: “Gongxi Chi, how about you?”
公西赤答:“我不敢說能幹好,但願意學習。祭祀的事,外交的事,我願穿著禮服,做個助理。
Gongxi Chi replied: “I don’t dare to say that I can do it well, but I’m willing to learn. As to sacrifice offering and foreign affairs, I’m willing to be an assistant in ceremonial dress.”
孔子問:“曾點,你怎樣?”
Confucius asked: “Zeng Dian, how bout you?”
曾皙彈琴正接近尾聲,他鏗地一聲放下琴,站起來說:“我與他們三位不同。”
Zeng Zhe’s lute playing was coming to an end when he threw his lute onto the ground with a bang and stood up, saying: “I’m different from these three ones.”
孔子說:“說說有什麽關係?隻是各談各的誌向而已。”
Confucius said: “What does it matter to say something? It’s only a problem of expressing their respective ideals.”
曾點說:“暮春三月,穿上春天的衣服,約上五六人,帶上六七個童子,在沂水邊沐浴,在高坡上吹風,一路唱著歌而回。”
Zeng Dian said: “In late March, I’d like to wear spring clothing, invite five or six people, take six or seven kids and have a bath near the bank of Xishui, expose myself to the wind on a high hill, and finally come back home singing all the way.”
夫子感歎說:“我欣賞曾點的情趣。”
The master sighed with feeling and said: “I appreciate Zeng Dian’s delight.”
其他三人走後,曾皙問:“他們三人的話怎樣?”
After these three people left, Zeng Zhe asked: “How about the remarks of these three people?”
孔子說:“隻是各談各的誌向而已。”
Confucius said: “It’s only a problem of expressing their respective ideals.”
曾皙說: “您為何笑仲由呢?”
Zeng Zhe said: “Why are you laughing at Zhong You?”
孔子說:“治國要講禮讓,他的話一點也不謙虛,所以笑他。”
Confucius said: “If you want to govern a country, you should give up something for the sake of courtesy. But he didn’t say anything modest, so I laughed at him.”
曾皙又問:“冉求談的是治國嗎?”
Zeng Zhe asked again: “Did Ran Qiu say anything about governing a country?”
孔子說:“怎麽見得治理方圓幾十裏的地方就不是治國呢?”
Confucius said: “How can you know governing a place in a circumferece of several decades of li is not governing a country?”
曾皙又問:“公西赤談的是治國嗎?”
Zeng Zhe asked again: “What Gongxi Chi said is something about administering a country?”
孔子說:“祭祀和外交,不是國家大事是什麽?如果公西赤隻能當助理,誰能當大相?”
Confucius said: “If sacrifice offering and foreign affairs are not big national issues, then what are they? If Gongxi Chi is fit for an assistant only, then who is fit for a high official?”
顏淵篇第十二
【原文】
12·1 顏淵問仁。子曰:“克己複禮(1)為仁。一日克己複禮,天下歸仁焉(2)。為仁由己,而由人乎哉?”顏淵曰:“請問其目(3)。”子曰:“非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。”顏淵曰:“回雖不敏,請事(4)斯語矣。”
【注釋】
(1)克己複禮:克製自己,使言行符合禮的要求。
(2)歸仁:歸,歸順。仁,即仁道。
(3)目:具體條目。
(4)事:從事。
【白話】
顏淵詢問仁的問題。孔子說:“克製自己,行動以禮為準繩就是仁。一旦這樣做,社會就能納入仁的軌道。實行仁完全在於自己,哪裏在於別人?”顏淵說:“請問實行仁的具體做法是什麽。”孔子說:“不合禮法的事不要看,不要聽,不要說,不要做。”顏淵說:“我雖愚笨,也一定要照您的話去做。”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “Set strict demands on ourselves so as to make our action conform to standards of proprieties. This is humanity. So long as we do this way, our society will be put on tract of humanity. It completely depends on oneself to make his action conform to standards of humanity. How can it be that it depends on others?” Yan Yuan said: “Would you please tell me the concrete way to do it?” Confucius said: “As to things going against humanity, you just don’t look at, don’t listen to, don’t speak, and don’t do.” Yan Yuan said: “I’m very simple, yet I’m willing to do everything according to your remarks.”
【原文】
12·2 仲弓問仁。子曰:“出門如見大賓,使民如承大祭(1);己所不欲,勿施於人;在邦無怨,在家無怨(2)。”仲弓曰:“雍雖不敏,請事(3)斯語矣。”
【注釋】
(1)出門句:出門辦事和役使百姓,都要像迎接貴賓和進行大祭時那樣恭敬嚴肅。
(2)在邦句:邦,諸侯國家。家,卿大夫的封地。
(3)事:從事,照著做。
【白話】
仲弓詢問仁的問題。孔子說:“出門辦事如同去見貴賓,使喚百姓如同舉行盛大祭典。自己不願意要的,不要強加於別人;同事中不結怨,親屬中和睦相處。”仲弓說:“我雖不才,也要照您的話去做。”
【英譯】
Zhong Gong asked what sort of action can be considered humanity. Confucius said: “Go out to manage business respectfully and seriously as meeting with distinguished guests. Order people about as if hold grand sacrificial rites. Do not do to others what you would not have them to do to you. Do not breed enmity with colleagues; live in harmony at home.” Zhong Gong said: “I’m quite simple, but I’m willing to act according to your remarks.”
【原文】
12·3 司馬牛(1)問仁。子曰:“仁者,其言也訒(2)。”曰:“其言也訒,斯(3)謂之仁已乎?”子曰:“為之難,言之得無訒乎?”
【注釋】
(1)司馬牛:姓司馬名耕,字子牛,孔子的學生。
(2)訒:讀“認”,有口難言。此處指出言謹慎。
(3)斯:就。
【白話】
司馬牛詢問仁的問題。孔子說:“仁人說話十分謹慎。”司馬牛說:“說話謹慎,這就叫做仁了嗎?”孔子說:“做起來很難,說的時候能不謹慎嗎?”
【英譯】
Sima Niu asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Noble-minded people speak cautiously.” Sima Niu said: “Speaking cautiously is humanity?” Confucius said: “Doing something is very difficult. In view of this, how can it be advisable for us not to speak cautiously?”
【原文】
12·4 司馬牛問君子。子曰:“君子不憂不懼。”曰:“不憂不懼,斯謂之君子已乎?”子曰:“內省不疚,夫何憂何懼?”
【白話】
司馬牛詢問有關君子的問題。孔子說:“君子不憂愁,不恐懼。”司馬牛說:“不憂愁,不恐懼,這樣就可以叫做君子了嗎?”孔子說:“自己問心無愧,那還有什麽可憂可懼的呢?”
【英譯】
Sima Niu asked questions about gentlemen. Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither worry about nor fear anything.” Sima Niu said: “Worrying about or fearing nothing can be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “If one has nothing on his conscience, then what in the world can make him worry about and fear anything?”
【原文】
12·5 司馬牛憂曰:“人皆有兄弟,我獨亡。”子夏曰:“商(1)聞之矣:死生有命,富貴在天。君子敬而無失,與人恭而有禮,四海之內,皆兄弟也。君子何患乎無兄弟也?”
【白話】
司馬牛憂傷地說:“別人都有兄弟,唯獨我沒有。”子夏說:“我聽說過:‘死生有命,富貴在天。’君子隻要敬業不出差錯,對人恭敬合乎於禮,天下人就都是自己的兄弟。君子何愁沒有兄弟呢?”
注釋:
(1)商:我。
【英譯】
Sima Niu said sadly: “All others have brothers. Only I have no.” Zi Xia said: “I heard: ‘Life and death depend on fate; riches and honors depend on Heaven.’ So long as a gentleman works selflessly making no mistakes and treats people according to proprieties, he’ll find that all people in the world are his friends. What’s the need for a gentleman to worry about having no friend?”
【原文】
12·6 子張問明(1)。子曰:“浸潤之譖(2),膚受之愬(3),不行焉,可謂明也已矣。浸潤之譖,膚受之愬,不行焉,可謂遠(4)也已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)明 :明智。
(2)譖,譖,讀“怎”第四聲,讒言。
(3)愬:愬,讀“訴”,誣告。
(34遠:明之至,明智的最高境界。
【白話】
子張問怎樣做才算明智。孔子說:“像水暗中浸潤物體那樣的誹謗,像刀狠狠切皮膚那樣的誣陷,在你那裏都行不通,那你就算明智。像水暗中浸潤物體那樣的誹謗,像刀狠狠割皮膚那樣的誣陷,在你那裏都行不通,那你就算有遠見。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked questions about sensibility. Confucius said: “Some slanders are like water soaking into something secretly. Some frames are like knives cutting skin ruthlessly. If these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of sensibility. And if these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of foresight.”
【原文】
12·7 子貢問政。子曰:“足食,足兵,民信之矣。”子貢曰:“必不得已而去,於斯三者何先?”曰:“去兵。”子貢曰:“必不得已而去,於期二者何先?”曰:“去食。自古皆有死,民無信不立。”
【白話】
子貢詢問如何處理政務。孔子說,“要做到糧食充足,軍備充足,百姓信任。”子貢說:“如果不得不去掉一項,那麽在三項中先去掉哪一項呢?”孔子說:“去掉軍備充足。”子貢說:“如果不得不再去掉一項,那麽剩下的兩項中去掉哪一項呢?”孔子說:“去掉糧食充足。自古以來人總是要死人的,如果百姓不信任,國家就不能存在了。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “You should have abundant grain, sufficient troops and people’s trust.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove one of them, which one should be taken off first?” Confucius said: “Take off sufficient troops.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove another one, which one should be taken off?” Confucius said: “Take off abundant grain. There must have people to die ever since ancient times. If you lose people’s trust, the state will be unable to exist.”
【原文】
12·8 棘子成(1)曰:“君子質而已矣,何以文為?”子貢曰:“惜乎夫子之說君子也!駟不及舌(2)。文猶質也,質猶文也,虎豹之鞟(3)猶犬羊之鞟。”
【注釋】
(1)棘子成:衛國大夫。古代大夫都可以被尊稱為夫子,所以子貢這樣稱呼他。
(2)駟不及舌:就是常說的“君子一言,駟馬難追”。指話一說出口,就收不回來了。駟,拉一輛車的四匹馬。此處旨在奉勸對方說話要謹慎,否則產生負麵影響是無法消除的。
(3)鞟:讀“闊”,去掉毛的皮,即革。
【白話】
棘子成說:“君子隻要重視品質就行了,何必重視文化呢?”子貢說:“真可惜呀,夫子您居然這樣談論君子。一言既出,駟馬難追。品質就像文化,文化就像品質,兩者同等重要。去毛的虎豹皮,就如同去毛的犬羊皮一樣。”
【英譯】
Ji Chengztu said: “Gentlemen should lay stress on qualities. What’s the need to attach importance to culture?” Ztu Gong said: “What a pity! As a master, you should talk about gentlemen like this. A word once out of the lips cannot be recovered even by swift horses. Qualities are like culture, and vice versa. Tiger or leopard leather is just like dog or sheep leather.”
【原文】
12·9 哀公問於有若曰:“年饑,用不足,如之何?”有若對曰:“盍徹乎(1)?”曰:“二(2),吾猶不足,如之何其徹也?”對曰:“百姓足,君孰與不足?百姓不足,君孰與足?”
【注釋】
(1)盍徹乎:盍,何不。徹,十一稅,即征收十分之一的稅。西周奴隸主國家的一種田稅製度。舊注曰:“什一而稅謂之徹。”
(2)二:抽取十分之二的稅。
【白話】
魯哀公問有若說:“遭饑荒,國家財政困難,怎麽辦?”有若回答說:“為什麽不實行十一稅?”哀公說:“現在抽十分之二,我還不夠,怎麽能實行十一稅呢?”有若說:“如果百姓富足,您怎麽會不跟著富足呢?如果百姓貧窮,您又怎麽能富足呢?”
【英譯】
Ai Gong, the lord of the country Lu asked You Ruo: “Our country is suffering from financial difficulties due to the famine. How can we do?” You Ruo replied: “Whe don’t you carry out the One Tenth Tax?” Ai Gong said: “Even Two Tenth is not enough, let alone One Tenth.” You Ruo said: “If the ordinary people are rich, how can it be possible that you’re not rich consequently? And if the ordinary people are poor, how can it be possible that you are rich?”
【原文】
12·10 子張問崇德(1)辨惑(2)。子曰:“主忠信,徙義(3),崇德也。愛之欲其生,惡之欲其死,既欲其生,又欲其死,是惑也。‘誠不以富,亦祗以異。’(4)”
【注釋】
(1)崇德:提高道德修養。
(2)惑:迷惑,不分是非。
(3)徙義:徙,遷移。向義靠擾。
(4)誠不以富,亦祗以異:這是《詩經·小雅·我行其野》篇的最後兩句。此詩表現了一個被遺棄的女子對其丈夫喜新厭舊的憤怒情緒。孔子在這裏引此句,令人費解。
【白話】
子張問提高道德水平和明辨是非的問題。孔子說:“以忠信為宗旨,弘揚正義,就可以提高品德。對一個人,愛的時候,就希望他長生不老;恨的時候,就希望他馬上就死。既盼他長生,又盼他快死,這就是不辨是非。正如《詩經》所說:‘即使不是嫌貧愛富,也是喜新厭舊。’”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked how to enhance moral level and distinguish between right and wrong. Confucius said: “Taking honesty as purpose and carrying forward justice can enhance a person’s moral level. When you love a person, you wish he could enjoy longevity. But when you hate him, you wish he could die immediately. Wish a person a long life and meanwhile hope he could die at once. Wish a person a long life and at the same time hope he could die immediately. It is that you can’t distinguish right from wrong. It is just like what《The Book of Songs》said: ‘Even if it is not that you dislike the poor and love the rich, it is at least that you love the new and dislike the old.’”
【原文】
12·11 齊景公(1)問政於孔子。孔子對曰:“君君、臣臣、父父、子子。”公曰:“善哉!信如君不君,臣不臣,父不父,子不子,雖有粟,吾得而食諸?”
【注釋】
(1)齊景公:名杵臼,讀“楚舊”,齊國國君,公元前547年--公元前490年在位。
【白話】
齊景公向孔子請教如何處理政務。孔子說:““君象君、臣象臣、父象父、子象子。”齊景公說:“說得好!如果君不象君、臣不象臣、父不象父、子不象子,即使糧食再多,我能吃到嗎?”
【英譯】
Jing Gong, the lord of the country Qi asked Confucius how to manage government affairs. Confucius said:“A lord should be like a lord. A courtier should be like a courtier. A father should be like a father. A son should be like a son.” Jing Gong said: “Quite right! If a lord is not like a lord, a courtier is not like a courtier, a father is not like a father, and a son is not like a son, can I have something to eat even if the grain is sufficient?”
【原文】
12·12 子曰:“片言(1)可以折獄(2)者,其由也與(3)?”子路無宿諾(4)。
【注釋】
(1)片言:訴訟雙方中一方的言辭,即片麵之辭,古時也叫“單辭”。
(2)折獄:獄,案件。即斷案。
(3)其由也與:大概隻有仲由吧。
(4)宿諾:宿,一夜;也指時間久。宿諾,拖很久而沒有兌現的諾言。
【白話】
孔子說:“隻憑單方供詞就可判案的,大概隻有仲由吧。”子路履行諾言從不過夜。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Decide a case only according to one-side story. Maybe only Zhong You can do it.”
【原文】
12·13 子曰:“聽訟(1),吾猶人也。必也使無訟乎!”
【注釋】
(1)聽訟:訟,讀“宋“,訴訟。審理訴訟案件。
【白話】
孔子說:“審理訴訟案,我和別人一樣。重要的是杜絕訴訟案件的發生!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for trying a case, mine is identical with the way of others. The most important thing is that we should do our best to prevent any lawsuit cases from occurring!”
【原文】
12·14 子張問政。子曰:“居之無倦,行之以忠。”
【白話】
子張問如何理政。孔子說:“勤勉為民,精忠報國。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Assiduously serve the people and loyally repay the country.”
【原文】
12·15子曰:“君子博學於文,約(1)之以禮,亦可以弗畔(2)矣夫(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)約:一種釋為約束;一種釋為簡要。
(2)畔:同“叛”。
(3)矣夫:語氣詞,表示較強烈的感歎。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子廣泛學習,遵紀守法,也就不會誤入歧途!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Song long as keeping extensive study, observing disciplines and abiding by the law, a gentleman can avoid going astray.”
【原文】
12·16 子曰:“君子成人之美,不成人之惡。小人反是。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子成全別人的好事,而不助長別人的醜事。小人則與此相反。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen help others achieve a desired end but do not encourage others to do evil. But vulgarians run counter to it.”
【原文】
12·17 季康子問政於孔子。孔子對曰:“政者正也。子帥以正,孰敢不正?”
【白話】
季康子問孔子如何理政。孔子回答說:“政就是正。您帶頭走正路,誰敢不跟著走?”
【英譯】
Ji Kangztu asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “By saying government affairs, it means that everything must be done correctly. Since you take a lead in taking a right way, who dare not to follow you?”
【原文】
12·18 季康子患(1)盜,問於孔子。孔子對曰:“苟子之不欲,雖賞之不竊。”
【譯文】
季康子苦於盜竊成災,問孔子怎麽辦。孔子回答說:“假如你自己不貪財謀利,即使獎勵偷竊,也沒有人去幹。”
【注釋】
(1)患:憂慮。
【英譯】
Distressed about being infested with robbers and thieves, Jin Kangztu asked Confucius how to deal with it. Confucius said: “If you yourself seek no personal gain, no one is willing to commit theft even if you give awards to him.”
【原文】
12·19 季康子問政於孔子曰:“如殺無道(1),以就有道(2),何如?”孔子對曰:“子為政,焉用殺?子欲善而民善矣。君子之德風,人小之德草,草上之風(3),必偃(4)。”
【注釋】
(1)無道:指無道的人。
(2)有道:指有道的人。
(3)草上之風:指風加之於草,即風吹在草上。
(4)偃:仆,倒。
【白話】
季康子問孔子如何理政,說:“如果殺掉歹徒來成全好人,怎麽樣?”孔子說:“您治理政事,哪用得著殺戮呢?您想行善,百姓也會跟著行善。地位高的人品德好比風,地位低下的人的品德好比草,風吹到草上,草必然會倒。”
【英譯】
Ji Kangztu asked Confucius how to manage government affairs and said: “If I kill evil doers to help good people, how do you think about it?” Confucius said: “How can you manage government affairs by killing? If you want to do good works, people will follow you. A person in high position is just like wind. While a person in low position is just like grass. When wind blows on grass, grass will certainly topple and fall.”
【原文】
12·20 子張問:“士何如斯可謂之達(1)矣?”子曰:“何哉,爾所謂達者?”子張對曰:“在邦必聞(2),在家必聞。”子曰:“是聞也,非達也。夫達也者,質直而好義,察言而觀色,慮以下人(3)。在邦必達,在家必達。夫聞也者,色取仁而行違,居之不疑。在邦必聞,在家必聞。”
【注釋】
(1)達:通達,顯達。
(2)聞:有名望。
(3)下人:下,動詞。對人謙恭有禮。
【白話】
子張問:“怎樣才能顯達呢?”孔子說:“你所說的顯達是什麽意思?”子張說:“國外有名,國內有名。”孔子說:“這是名,不是達。所謂顯達,就是品質正直,崇尚道義,善於察言觀色,甘心處於人下。這樣就會國外顯達,國內也顯達。誠然如此,但表麵仁義而內心相反、以仁義自居而不疑的人,也能騙取國內外的名聲。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked: “How to become illustrious and influential?” Confucius said: “What do you mean by saying illustrious and influential?” Ztu Zhang said: “Well known both at home and abroad.” Confucius said: “This is only the problem of being well known but not the one of being influential. By saying illustrious and influential, we mean the moralities including being honest, just, good at feeling somebody out by examining his words and observing his countenance, and willing to be in low position. Only by doing so, can a person become illustrious and influential both home and abroad. Indeed so, but some other people can also get good reputations home and abroad by cheating who show only superficial humanity but they are entirely different from reality and who consider themselves to be men of integrity without a shadow of doubt.”
【原文】
12·21 樊遲從遊於舞雩(1)之下,曰:“敢問崇德、修慝(2)、辨惑。”子曰:“善哉問!先事後得(3),非崇德與?攻其惡,無攻人之惡,非修慝與?一朝之忿(4),忘其身,以及其親,非惑與?”
【注釋】
(1)舞雩:雩,讀“於”,古代求雨的祭禮。舞雩,指為舉行求雨祭禮搭建的舞台,即祭壇。
(2)修慝:慝,讀“特”,邪惡。修,改正。這裏是指改正邪惡的念頭。
(3)先事後得:先做事,後考慮利祿得失;吃苦在先,享受在後。
(4)忿:氣憤。
【白話】
樊遲陪孔子在祭壇下散步時說:“請問怎樣才能提高品德、改正錯誤、明辨是非?”孔子說:“問得好!吃苦在前,享受在後,不就能提高品德嗎?進行自我批評,不去批評別人,不就能改正錯誤嗎?忍不住一時之氣,忘了自己和親人的安危,這難道不就是糊塗嗎?”
【英譯】
Walking under the sacrificial altar in company with Confucius, Fan Chi said: “How to enhance moral level, correct mistakes and distinguish between truth and falsehood?” Confucius said: “An excellent question! Bear hardship first and then enjoy comforts. It helps a person to enhance moral level, doesn’t it? Do self- criticism but don’t criticize others. It helps a person to correct mistakes, doesn’t it? Some people cannot endure uncomplainingly for a while and forget the dangers he himself and his beloved are faced with. Surely it doesn’t mean that they are not bewildered.”
【原文】
12·22 攀遲問仁。子曰:“愛人。”問知。子曰:“知人。”樊遲未達。子曰:“舉直錯諸枉(1),能使枉者直。”樊遲退,見子夏曰:“鄉(2)也吾見於夫子而問知,子曰‘舉直錯諸枉,能使枉者直’,何謂也?”子夏曰:“富哉言乎!舜有天下,選於眾,舉皋陶(3),不仁者遠(4)矣。湯(5)有天下,選於眾,舉伊尹(6),不仁者遠矣。”
【注釋】
(1)舉直錯諸枉:錯,同“措”,放置。諸,這是“之於”二字的合音。枉,不正直,邪惡。
(2)鄉:音義皆同“向”,過去,如“向來”中的“向”,就有此意。
(3)皋陶:讀“高姚”。舜時地刑法大臣。
(4)遠:動詞,遠離,遠去。
(5)湯:商朝的第一個君主,名履。
(6)伊尹:湯的宰相,曾輔助湯滅夏興商。
【白話】
樊遲問什麽是仁。孔子說:“對人慈愛。”問智,孔子說:“對人了解。”樊遲不理解。孔子說:“以正壓邪,能使邪者正。”樊遲退出來,見到子夏說:“剛才我見到老師,問什麽是智,老師說:‘以正壓邪,能使邪者正’,是什麽意思?”子夏說:“這話很深刻!舜管理天下,從群眾中選拔人才,選了皋陶,邪惡之徒從此銷聲匿跡。湯管理天下,從群眾中選拔人才,選了伊尹,不法之徒從此無影無蹤。”
【英譯】
Pan Chi asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Love people.” Pan Chi asked questions about wisdom. Confucius said: “Understand people.” Pan Chi didn’t understand. Confucius said: “Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.” Came out and saw Ztu Xia, Pan Chi said: “I saw our master and asked him something about wisdom. He said: ‘Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.’ What does it mean?” Ztu Xia said: “Extremely profound! When administering his state, Yao selected persons of talent from among the broad masses. Gao Yao was chosen and evil doers disappeared. When administering his state, Tang selected persons of talent from among the broad masses. Yi Yin was chosen and vulgarians disappeared.”
【原文】
12·23 子貢問友。子曰:“忠告而善道之,不可則止,毋自辱也。”
【白話】
子貢問怎樣對待朋友。孔子說:“誠懇地加以勸告,恰當地加以引導,如果不聽也就罷了,不要自取其辱。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked the way to treat friends. Confucius said: “Honestly advise and probably guide them. If they don’t listen to you, just leave it at that and don’t get self-insulted.”
【原文】
12·24 曾子曰:“君子以文會友,以友輔仁。”
【白話】
曾子說:“君子以學問交朋友,靠朋友幫助來提高自身素質。”
【英譯】
Zeng Ztu said: “Gentlemen make friends with knowledge and better their own qualities with the help of friends.”
子路篇第十三
【原文】
13·1 子路問政。子曰:“先之勞之(1)。”請益(2)。曰:“無倦(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)先之勞之:先,引導,先導,即教化。之,指老百姓。
(2)益:請求增加。
(3)無倦:不厭倦,不鬆懈。
【白話】
子路問怎麽理政。孔子說:“身先士卒,激勵他人勤奮。”子路請多講一點。孔子說:“不要懈怠。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked the way to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Go ahead of your men and encourage others to be diligent. Ztu Lu asked his master to say more. Confucius said: “Don’t be slacking.”
【原文】
13·2 仲弓為季氏宰(1),問政。子曰:“先有司(2),赦小過,舉賢才。”曰:“焉知賢才而舉之?”曰:“舉爾所知。爾所不知,人其舍諸?”
【注釋】
(1)宰:總管。
(2)有司:古代負責具體事務的官吏。
【白話】
仲弓當了季氏的總管,問如何管理政事。孔子說:“使下屬各司其職,寬容小錯,提拔賢才。”仲弓問:“怎知誰是賢才而提拔?”孔子說:“提拔你所知道的,你不知道的,難道別人還會埋沒他?”
【英譯】
As a manager of Ji, Zhong Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Let each subordinate of yours take charge of his own job, bear with miner faults and promote talents.” Zhong Gong asked: “How to know who is a real talent?” Confucius said: “Promote whoever you know. As to the talents you don’t know, surely it doesn’t mean that they will be stifled.”
【原文】
13·3 子路曰:“衛君(1)待子為政,子將奚(2)先?”子曰:“必也正名(3)乎!”子路曰:“有是哉,子之迂(4)也!奚其正?”子曰:“野哉,由也!君子於其所不知,蓋闕(5)如也。名不正則言不順,言不順則事不成,事不成則禮樂(6)不興,禮樂不興則刑罰不中(7),刑罰不中,則民無所措手足。故君子名之必可言也,言之必可行也。君子於其言,無所苟(8)而已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)衛君:衛出公,名輒,衛靈公之孫。其父蒯聵被衛靈公驅逐出國,衛靈公死後,蒯輒繼位。其父蒯聵不服,要回國與兒子爭奪君位,遭到蒯輒拒絕。這裏,孔子對此事提出了自己的看法。
(2)奚:讀“西”,什麽。
(3)正名:正名分。
(4)迂:迂腐。
(5)闕:音義皆同“缺”,此處實為“闕疑”,即存疑,把疑難問題暫時保留。
(6)禮樂:法律。
(7)中:讀“眾”,得當。
(8)苟:苟且,馬馬虎虎。
【白話】
子路對孔子說:“如果衛國君主等著您去協助執行,您將從哪裏著手呢?”孔子說:“一定先糾正名分呀!”子路說:“是嗎?您未免太迂腐了,糾正名分有什麽用?”孔子說:“你太淺薄了!君子對於不懂的事,一般都保留意見。名分不正當,說話就不合理;說話不合理,事情就辦不成。事情辦不成,法律就不能深入人心;法律不能深入人心,刑罰就不會公正;刑罰不公正,百姓就不知如何是好。因此君子做事必須說得通、說話必須行得通。君子說話,絕不能馬虎。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu aske Confucius: “If the lord of the country Wei is waiting for you to help him manage political affairs, what will you set about?” Confucius said: “I’ll make everything fully justified first.” Ztu Lu said: “Is it? I think you’re a bit too pedantic. What’s the use to make things full justified first?” Confucius said: “But your idea is rather superficial. General speaking, as for what they don’t understand, gentlemen usually reserve their views. If you don’t make things fully justified first, what you say will be unreasonable. If so, you’ll accomplish nothing. If so, you’ll be unable to make laws take root in the heart of the people. If so, penalty will be unfair. And if so, the people won’t know what to do. So, whatever they do, gentlemen must make them reasonable. And whatever they say, they make them workable. When speaking, gentlemen mustn’t be careless.”
【原文】
13·4 樊遲請學稼。子曰:“吾不如老農。”請學為圃(1)。曰:“吾不如老圃。”樊遲出。子曰:“小人(2)哉,樊須也!上(3)好禮,則民莫敢不敬,上好義,則民莫敢不服;上好信,則民莫敢不用情(4)。夫如是,則四方之民繈(5)負其子而至矣,焉用稼?”
【注釋】
(1)圃:園地,此處是菜地,引申為種菜。
(2)小人:此處並非指品質惡劣的卑鄙之徒,而是指目光短淺的人。
(3)上:上流,上層人物。即領導人。
(4)用情:情,情實。以真情對待。
(5)繈:讀“搶”,背嬰孩的背帶。
【白話】
樊遲向孔子請教如何種莊稼。孔子說:“我不如老農。”樊遲又請教如何種菜。孔子說:“我不如菜農。”樊遲退出以後,孔子說:“樊遲真是鼠目寸光。領導人隻要遵紀守法,老百姓就不敢不敬畏;領導人隻要重視義,老百姓就不敢不服從;領導人隻要重視信,老百姓就不敢不用真情來對待你。要是做到這樣,四麵八方的百姓就會扶老攜幼來投奔,哪裏用得著自己去做農活呢?“
【英譯】
Fan Chi asked Confucius how to grow crops. Confucius said: “I’m not so good as farmers.” Fan Chi asked how to grown vegetable. Confucius said: “I’m inferior to gardeners.” Fan Chi left and Confucius said: “Fan Chi is really as short-sighted as mice. So long as the leaders observe law and discipline, the people won’t dare not to stand in awe of them. So long as the leaders stand for justice, the people won’t dare not to follow you. So long as the leaders pay much attention to honesty, people won’t dare not to treat you wholeheartedly. If so, the people will come to you from far and near supporting the old and carrying the young. What’s the need for them to till land?”
【原文】
13·5 子曰:“誦詩三百,授之以政,不達(1);使於四方,不能專對(2)。雖多,亦奚以(3)為?”
【注釋】
(1)達:通達。這裏是會運用的意思。
(2)專對:獨立對答。
(3)以:用。
【譯文】
孔子說:“把《詩》三百篇背得很熟,讓他處理政務,卻不會辦;讓他公關,又不能獨立完成任務;即便背得再多,又有什麽用呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If someone is asked to manage government affairs but he cannot do it, if he is asked to deal with social activity but he cannot accomplish the task alone, then what’s the use even if he can skillfully recite the 300 poems of 《The Book of Odes》?”
【原文】
13·6 子曰:“其身正,不令而行;其身不正,雖令不從。”
【白話】
孔子說:“自身正了,即使不發布命令,老百姓也會去幹,自身不正,即使發布命令,老百姓也不會服從。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “So long as the leaders behave well, the people will follow you even if no orders are issued.
Otherwise, the people won’t follow you even if orders are given.”
【原文】
13·7 子曰:“魯衛之政,兄弟也。”
【注釋】
魯國是周公旦的封地,衛國是康叔的封地,周公旦和康叔是兄弟,當時兩國的政治情況有些相似。所以孔子說,魯國的國事和衛國的國事,就像兄弟一樣。
【白話】
孔子說:“魯和衛兩國的政事,就像兄弟之間的政事一樣。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The government affairs between the two states of Lu and Wei are just like that between brothers.”
【原文】
13·8 子謂衛公子荊(1):“善居室(2)。始有,曰:‘苟(3)合(4)矣’。少有,曰:‘苟完矣。’富有,曰:‘苟美矣。’”
【注釋】
(1)衛公子荊:衛國大夫,字南楚,衛獻公的兒子。
(2)善居室:善於居家過日子。
(3)苟:差不多。
(4)合:足夠。
【白話】
孔子談到衛國的公子荊時說:“他善於家庭理財。剛開始有一點,他說:‘差不多也就夠了。’稍為多一點時,他說:‘差不多就算錢多了。’更多一點時,他說:‘差不多算是完美了’。”
【英譯】
Talking about Jing, prince of the country Wei, Confucius said: “He’s good at managing family money matters. When there is a little bit of money at the beginning, he would say: ‘That’s enough.’ When there is a little bit more, he would say: ‘There is more money.’ When there is much money, he would say: ‘It’s nearly perfect.’”
【原文】
13·9 子適衛,冉有仆(1)。子曰:“庶矣哉!”冉有曰:“既庶(2)矣,又何加焉?”曰:“富之。”曰:“既富矣,又何加焉?”曰:“教之。”
【注釋】
(1)仆:駕車。
(2)庶:眾多,這裏指人口眾多。
【白話】
孔子前往衛國,冉有駕車。孔子說:“人真多呀!”冉有說:“人口夠多了,還做什麽?”孔子說:“使他們富起來。”冉有說:“富了還做什麽?”孔子說:“使他們受教育。”
【英譯】
Confucius went to the country Wei. Ran you drove the cart for him. Confucius said: “There are so many people!” Ran You said: “This country has enough people. What else has to be done?” Confucius said: “Make them rich.” Ran You said: “What else has to be done after getting rich?” Confucius said: “Make them educated.”
【原文】
13·10 子曰:“苟有用我者,期月(1)而已可也,三年有成。”
【注釋】
(1)期月:一周年。期,讀“雞”。
【白話】
孔子說:“如果有人啟用我,一年初見成效,三年大見成效。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If someone starts using me, initial success will be won and a marked effect will be won.”
【原文】
13·11 子曰:“善人為邦百年,亦可以勝殘去殺矣。誠哉是言也!”
【白話】
孔子說:“能人治理國家,經過一百年,也就可以戰勝殘暴,免除殺戮了。這話真對呀!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a country is administered by capable men, it’ll spend a hundred years to surmount brutality and avoid killing. What wonderful remarks!”
【原文】
13·12 子曰:“如有王者,必世(1)而後仁。”
【注釋】
(1)世:三十年。
【白話】
孔子說:“即便有王者出現,也一定要三十年才能實現仁政。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Thirty years are needed to realize administration by policy of benevolence even if a king turns up.”
【原文】
13·13 子曰:“苟正其身矣,於從政乎何有?不能正其身,如正人何?”
【白話】
孔子說:“如果端正了自身行為,管理政事還有什麽困難呢?如果不能端正自身行為,怎能使別人端正呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “What sorts of difficulties will crop up if you behave well? How can you ask others to behave well if you cannot set right your behavior?”
【原文】
13·14 冉子退朝。子曰:“何晏也?”對曰:“有政。”子曰:“其事也?如有政,雖不吾以,吾其與聞之。”
【白話】
冉求退朝回來,孔子說:“為什麽回來這麽晚呀?”冉求說:“有政事。”孔子說:“是私事吧?如果是公事,雖然國君不再任用我,那我也會知道的。”
【英譯】
Ran Ztu came back from the court. Confucius said: “Why are you so late?” Ran Qiu said: “We had government affairs to manage.” Confucius said: “I think they must be personal affairs. If they are government affairs, I’ll know even if the lord has no longer assigned me to any posts.”
【原文】
13·15 定公問:“一言而可以興邦,有諸?”孔子對曰:“言不可以若是其幾(1)也。人之言曰:‘為君難,為臣不易。’如知為君之難也,不幾乎一言而興邦乎?”曰:“一言而喪邦,有諸?”孔子對曰:“言不可以若是其幾也。人之言曰:‘予無樂乎為君,唯其言而莫予違也。’如其善而莫之違也,不亦善乎?如不善而莫之違也,不幾乎一言而喪邦乎?”
【注釋】
(1)幾:讀“基”,接近,差不多。下文中的“幾乎”,就是“錦湖”或“差不多”的意思。
【白話】
魯定公問:“一句話可以使國家興旺,有這樣的話嗎?”孔子答:“雖然不可以這樣說,但也有意思差不多的話。有人說:‘做君難,做臣不易。’如果知道做君難了,不就近似一句話可以使國家興旺嗎?”說:“一句話可以使國家滅亡,有這樣的話嗎?”孔子答:“雖然不可以這樣說,但也有意思差不多的話。有的君主說:‘我的樂趣不在於做君主,而在於沒人敢違抗我說的話。’如果他們的話正確,那很好;如果他們的話不對卻沒人敢反抗,這不近似一句話可以亡國嗎?”
【英譯】
Mr. Ding, the lord of the country Lu, asked: “Only one single word can make a country flourishing. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. People say: ‘It’s hard to be a lord and it’s not easy to be a courtier.’ If the lord knows the difficulty to be a lord, isn’t it similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country flourishing?” Mr. Ding said: “Only one single word can make a country destroyed. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. Some lords say: ‘My pleasure doesn’t lie in being a lord but lie in that no one dare disobey my words.’ If their words are correct, it’s not so bad. Yet, if their words are wrong but no one dare resist, isn’t similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country destroyed?”
【原文】
13·16 葉公問政。子曰:“近者悅,遠者來。”
【白話】
葉公問孔子怎樣理政。孔子說:“使近處的人高興,使遠處的人來歸順。”
【英譯】
Mr. Ye asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Make the people nearby happy and make the people far away come and give allegiance to you.”
【原文】
13·17 子夏為莒父(1)宰,問政。子曰:“無欲速,無見小利。欲速則不達,見小利則大事不成。”
【注釋】
(1)莒父:莒,讀“舉”。魯國一城邑,在今山東省莒縣境內。
【白話】
子夏做莒父的總管,問孔子怎樣理政。孔子說:“不要隻求速度,不要貪圖小利。隻求速度,往往達不到目的;貪圖小利,就做不成大事。”
【英譯】
As a manager in Ju Fu, Ztu Xia asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Do not pursue speed only; do not seek small gains. If you pursue speed only, usually you cannot attain your objective. If you seek small gains, then you cannot do great things.”
【原文】
13·18 葉公語孔子曰:“吾黨(1)有直躬者(2),其父攘 (3) 羊,而子證(4)之。”孔子曰:“吾黨之直者異於是:父為子隱,子為父隱,直在其中矣。”
【注釋】
(1)黨:鄉黨,古代以五百戶為一黨。
(2)直躬者:正直的人。
(3)攘:偷。
(4)證:告發。
【白話】
葉公對孔子說:“我老家有個正直的人,他老爹偷人家羊,他就把老爹告發了。”孔子說:“我老家正直的人和你講的不一樣:老爹為兒子隱瞞,兒子也為老爹隱瞞。正直的奧秘就在這裏。”
【英譯】
Mr. Ye said to Confucius: “There is an honest man in my hometown. His father stole a goat and he informed against his father.” Confucius said: “The honest men in my hometown are different to the ones in your hometown. Fathers conceal sons’ mistakes and vice versa. The secrets of honesty are right here.”
【原文】
13·19 樊遲問仁。子曰:“居處恭,執事敬,與人忠。雖之夷狄,不可棄也。”
【譯文】
樊遲問怎樣才是仁。孔子說:“在家規規矩矩,在外辦事認真,待人誠懇。即使到了外國,也不可背棄這些原則。”
【英譯】
Fan Chi asked about humanity. Confucius said: “Behave yourself properly at home and outside do things carefully and treat people honestly. You mustn’t abandon these principles even you go abroad.”
【原文】
13·20 子貢問曰:“何如斯可謂之士矣?”子曰:“行已有恥,使於四方,不辱君命,可謂士矣。”曰:“敢問其次。”曰:“宗族稱孝焉,鄉黨稱弟焉。” 曰“敢問其次。”曰:“言必信,行必果(1),硜硜(4)然小人哉!抑亦可以為次矣。”曰:“今之從政者何如?”子曰:“噫!鬥筲之人(3),何足算也?”
【注釋】
(1)果:果斷、堅決。
(2)硜硜:讀“坑”,象聲詞,敲擊石頭的聲音。這裏引申為像石塊那樣堅硬。
(3)鬥筲之人:筲,讀“燒”,竹器,容一鬥二升。比喻器量狹小的人。
【白話】
子貢問:“怎樣做才能算士呢?”孔子說:“做事時,要有羞恥之心;出國訪問時,不辱使命。可算士了。”子貢問:“請問次一等的呢?”孔子說:“同宗族的人稱讚他孝順父母,同鄉的人稱讚他尊敬師長。”子貢問:“請問再次一等的呢?”孔子說:“說到做到,不問是非地固執己見,當然是小人!但也可以算最次的士了。”子貢問:“現在的官員怎樣?”孔子說:“唉!這些器量狹小的人,哪裏能數得上呢?”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked: “How can I be a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “You should have a sense of shame when you do something. You should accomplish your mission when you go abroad for state visit. By doing this way, you can be a man of integrity.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about a man of second rank?” Confucius said: “Clansmen praise him for his filial devotion to his parents and respect for his teachers.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about the next rank?” Confucius said: “Put words into deeds. Stubbornly hold to one’s own opinion without asking right or wrong. They are naturally narrow-minded vulgarians. If they can be considered men of integrity, naturally they should be the last rank.” Zut Gong asked: “How about today’s officials? Confucius said: “Oh, these narrow-minded persons! How can they be considered men of integrity?”
【原文】
13·21 子曰:“不得中行(1)而與之,必也狂狷(2)乎!狂者進取,狷者有所不為也。”
【注釋】
(1)中行:行為合乎中庸。
(2)狷:讀“娟”,拘謹,有所不為。
【白話】
孔子說:“我找不到尊崇中庸之道的人和他交往,隻能與狂者、狷者相交往了。狂者敢作敢為,狷者對有些事是不肯幹的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I cannot find and associate with persons who worship the doctrine of the mean. Therefore I have to associate with frantic persons and cowards. Frantic person dare to do, but cowards often shrink back. There are something they don’t want to do.”
【原文】
13·22 子曰:“南人有言曰:‘人而無恒,不可以作巫醫(1)。’善夫!‘不恒 其德,或承之羞。’”(2)子曰:“不占(3)而已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)巫醫:以卜筮為人治病的醫生。
(2)不恒其德,或承之羞:語出《易經·恒卦·爻辭》。
(3)占:占卜。
【白話】
孔子說:“南方人有句話:‘人無恒心,巫醫也當不好。’說得好啊!易經上說:‘不能堅守德操,就會蒙受羞辱。’這句話是說,沒恒心的人注定一事無成,即便求助於卜卦也無濟於事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The southerners have a common saying: ‘Without being perseverant, no one can be a witch doctor.’ What a wonderful remark! But there’s a saying in 《Yi Books》: ‘Unable to keep standards of virtue, one will be subjected to humiliation.’ These words tell us that without being perseverant, one is doomed to get nowhere. It’s no use even if he resorts to fortune-telling.”
【原文】
13·23 子曰:“君子和(1)而不同(2),小人同而不和。”
【注釋】
(1)和:不同事物和諧配合。
(2)同:相同事物相加或與人相混同,叫做同。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子和睦相處而不同流合汙,小人同流合汙而不能和睦相處。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen live in harmony with others but don’t wallow in the mire with others. Yet vulgarians do exactly the opposite.”
【原文】
13·24 子貢問曰:“鄉人皆好之,何如?”子曰:“未可也。”“鄉人皆惡之,何如?”子曰:“未可也。不如鄉人之善者好之,其不善者惡之。”
【白話】
子貢問:“一個人如果全鄉人都喜歡,這個人怎麽樣?”孔子說:“這很難說不。”子貢又問孔子說:“一個人如果全鄉人都厭惡,這個人怎麽樣?”孔子說:“這也很難說。最好的人就是全鄉的好人都喜歡,全鄉的壞人都厭惡。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked: “As for a person, if all people in the town love him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say.” Ztu Gong asked: “As far as a person is concerned, if all people in the town detest him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say. I think the best person is a one who is loved by all good people in the town and detested by all bad people in the town.”
【原文】
13·25 子曰:“君子易事(1)而難說(2)也。說之不以道,不說也;及其使人也,器之(3)。小人難事而易說也。說之雖不以道,說也;及其使人也,求備焉。”
【注釋】
(1)易事:易於為人辦事。
(2)難說:難於令人高興。
(3)器之:量才而用。
【白話】
孔子說:“為君子做事容易,但使他高興卻很難。以邪門歪道討好他,他是不高興的;他用人時,總能量材而用。為小人做事難,但使他高興很容易。以邪門歪道討好他,他也高興;他用人時,總是求全責備。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s easy to manage affairs for gentlemen, but it’s hard to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked ways, they cannot be happy. But they employ persons according to their ability. It’s hard to manage affairs for vulgarians, but it’s easy to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked way, they can be happy. But when they employ persons, they demand perfection.”
【原文】
13·26 子曰:“君子泰而不驕,小人驕而不泰。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子坦然而不傲慢,小人傲慢而不坦然。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are calm but not arrogant, yet vulgarians are arrogant but not calm.”
【原文】
13·27 子曰:“剛、毅、木、訥(1)近仁。”
【注釋】
(1) 訥:說話簡潔。
【白話】
孔子說:“剛強、果敢、樸實、寡言,這四種品德接近仁。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Resolution, braveness, honesty and taciturnity. These four fine qualities are near humanity.”
【原文】
13·28 子路問曰:“何如斯可謂之士矣?”子曰:“切切偲偲(1),怡怡(2)如也,可謂士矣。朋友切切偲偲,兄弟怡怡。”
【注釋】
(1)偲偲:讀“四”,誠懇地勉勵督促。
(2)怡怡:讀“伊”,和氣、親切、順從、快樂。
【白話】
子路問:“怎樣才可稱為士?”孔子說:“對人誠懇勉勵,與人和睦相處,就可稱為士。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked: “How to become a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “Honestly encourage others and live in amity with others. This sort of persons can be considered men of integrity.”
【原文】
13·29 子曰:“善人(1)教民七年,亦可以即戎(2)矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“如果是能人,他教練百姓七年,也可以叫他們去從軍了。”
【譯注】
(1) 善人:好人。這裏指善於做某事的人。即“能人”。
(2) 戎:軍事,軍隊。即戎,從軍。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “So long as people are trained by a capable man, it only spends seven years that they can join the army.”
【原文】
13·30 子曰:“以不教民戰,是謂棄之。”
【白話】
孔子說:“如果不訓練百姓作戰,這就意味著拋棄他們。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Not to train people to fight means to abandon them.”
憲問篇第十四
【原文】
14·1 憲(1)問恥。子曰:“邦有道(2),穀(3);邦無道,穀,恥也。”問:“克(4)、伐(5)、怨、欲不行焉,可以為仁矣?”子曰:“可以為難矣,仁則吾不知也。”
【注釋】
(1) 憲:姓原名憲,孔子的學生。
(2) 有道:天下太平。
(3)穀:當時以穀物做官員的俸祿,這裏引申為做官。
(4)克:好勝。
(5)伐:自誇。
【白話】
原憲問孔子什麽是可恥。孔子說:“天下大治時,可以當官;天下大亂時,當官就是恥辱。”問:“好勝、自誇、怨恨、貪婪,這幾種毛病都沒有的人,可以算仁嗎?”孔子說:“這可以算很難得,但是算不算仁我不知道。”
【英譯】
Yuan Xian asked about shame. Confucius said: “When there is a great order across the land, you can be an official. Yet if you still want to be an official when there is a disorder under heaven, you are shameful.” He asked once more: “Loving to excel others, self-praising, resentment, greediness, if a person doesn’t have any of these shortcomings, can it be said that his quality is up to the standards of humanity?” Confucius said: “It’s rare for a person to be up to this standard. But I don’t know whether this can be considered humanity or not.”
【原文】
14·2 子曰:“士而懷居(1),不足以為士矣。”
【注釋】
(1)懷居:懷,留戀。居,家居。指戀家。
【白話】
孔子說:“士如果戀家,就不配做士了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a gentleman is reluctant to leave home, he cannot be a gentleman.”
【原文】
14·3 子曰:“邦有道,危(1)言危行;邦無道,危行言孫(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)危:直,正直。
(2)孫:音義皆同“遜”。
【白話】
孔子說:“處於治世,要正言正行;處於亂世,還要正直,但說話要謙和。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “In case of great order across the land, your action and words should be honest, while in case of disorder under heaven, your action and words should still be honest, yet you should be modest and amiable.”
【原文】
14·4 子曰:“有德者必有言,有言者不必有德。仁者必有勇,勇者不必有仁。”
【白話】
孔子說:“有好品德的人必定有好言論,有好言論的人未必有好品德。有仁愛之心的人必定有勇氣,有勇氣的人未必有仁愛之心。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “A person with fine characters must necessarily have fine words, yet the one with fine words is not necessarily of fine characters. A person with feelings of humanity must be brave, yet a brave person is not necessarily be of feelings of humanity.”
【原文】
14·5 南宮適(1)問於孔子曰:“羿(2)善射,奡蕩(3)舟(4),俱不得其死然。禹稷(5)躬稼而有天下。”夫子不答。南宮適出。子曰:“君子哉若人!尚德哉若人!”
【注釋】
(1)南宮適:適,音義皆同“括”,即南容。
(2)羿:讀“義”,傳說中夏代有窮國的國君,善於射箭,曾奪夏太康的王位,後被其臣寒浞所殺。
(3)奡:讀“傲”,一作“澆”,傳說中寒浞的兒子。後來為夏的後人少康所殺。浞, 讀“卓”,淋。
(4)蕩舟:用手推船。傳說中奡力大,善於水戰。
(5)禹稷:禹,夏朝的開國之君,善於治水,注重發展農業。稷,傳說是周朝的祖先,又為穀神,教民種植莊稼。
【白話】
南宮適問孔子:“羿善於射箭,奡善於水戰,最後都不得好死。禹和稷都親自種植莊稼,卻得到了天下。”孔子沒有回答,南宮適出去後,孔子說:“這個人真是個君子呀!這個人真尊重道德。”
【英譯】
Nangong Shi asked Confucius: “Yi was good at arrow-shooting, and Ao was good at fighting in water. Yet neither of them died a worthy death. Yu and Ji were engaged in farming but they successfully seized state power.” Confucius didn’t reply. After Nangong Shi left, Confucius said: “He is really a gentleman! He worships virtues indeed.”
【原文】
14·6 子曰:“君子而不仁者有矣夫,未有小人而仁者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“隻有不仁德的君子,沒有仁德的小人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There are only gentlemen without feelings of humanity, but no vulgarians with feelings of humanity.”
【原文】
14·7 子曰:“愛之,能勿勞乎?忠焉,能勿誨乎?”
【白話】
孔子說:“愛一個人,你能不為他操勞嗎?忠於一個人,你能不教誨他嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If you love a person, is it possible for you not to work hard for him? If you are honest to a person, is it possible for you not to instruct him?”
【原文】
14·8 子曰:“為命(1),裨諶(2)草創之,世叔(3)討論之,行人(4)子羽(5)修飾之,東裏(6)子產潤色之。”
【注釋】
(1)命:國家政令。
(2)裨諶:讀“必陳”,人名,鄭國大夫。
(3)世叔:子太叔,名遊吉,鄭國大夫。宰相子產死後,繼任。
(4)行人:外交官,掌管朝覲聘問等對外事務。
(5)子羽:鄭國大夫公孫揮的字。
(6)東裏:地名,鄭國大夫子產居住的地方。
【白話】
孔子說:“鄭國發布公文,程序是裨諶起草,世叔提意見,外交官子羽加以修飾,最後由子產做最終的潤色。”
【英譯】
When issuing official documents, the common procedure is like this: Bi Chen made a draft; Shi Shu put forward his proposals; Ztu Yu, official in charge of foreign affairs, proposed amendments and addenda; and Ztu Chan did the final polishing up.
【原文】
14·9 或問子產。子曰:“惠人也。”問子西(1)。曰:“彼哉!彼哉!”問管仲。曰:“人也(2)。奪伯氏(3)駢邑(4)三百,飯疏食,沒齒(5)無怨言。”
【注釋】
(1)子西:這裏的子西指楚國的令尹,名申。
(2)人也:即此人也。
(3)伯氏:齊國的大夫。
(4)駢邑:地名,伯氏的采邑。
(5)沒齒:死。
【白話】
有人問子產是個怎樣的人。孔子說:“他這個人真有德。”問子西怎麽樣,孔子說:“他呀!他呀!”問管仲怎樣,孔子說:“他這個人真有才。他剝奪了伯氏封地,但不居功自傲,而是過了一輩子苦日子,到老死也無怨言。”
【 英譯】
Someone asked about Ztu Chan. Confucius said: “This man is really of integrity.” This man asked about Ztu Xi. Confucius said: “That guy! That guy!” That man asked about Guan Zhong. Confucius said: “He is really of ability. He deprived Bo family of their feoff but he never claimed credit for himself and became conceited. He had long been living a hard life without any complains till the end of his life.”
【原文】
14·10 子曰:“貧而無怨難,富而無驕易。”
【白話】
孔子說:“貧窮而能夠沒有怨恨是很難做到的,富裕而不驕傲是容易做到的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s difficult for a person to be poor but bear no resentment. It’s easy for a person to be rich but not to be arrogant.
【原文】
14·11 子曰:“孟公綽(1)為趙魏老(2)則優(3),不可以為滕薛(4)大夫。”
【注釋】
(1)孟公綽:魯國大夫,屬於孟孫氏家族。
(2)老:這裏指古代大夫的家臣。
(3)優:有餘。
(4)滕薛:滕,諸侯國,在今山東滕縣。薛,諸侯國,在今山東滕縣東南。
【白話】
孔子說:“孟公綽做趙魏兩家的家臣,是才力有餘的,但不能做滕薛兩國的大夫。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s more than enough for Meng Gongchuo to be a manager in the two families of Zhao and Wei, but it’s not advisable for him to be a minister in the two countries of Teng and Xue.”
【原文】
14·12 子路問成人(1)。子曰:“若臧武仲(2)之知,公綽之不欲,卞莊子(3)之勇,冉求之藝,文之以禮樂,亦可以為成人矣。”曰:“今之成人者何必然?見利思義,見危授命,久要(4)不忘平生之言,亦可以為成人矣。”
【注釋】
(1)成人:十全十美的完人。
(2)臧武仲:魯國大夫臧孫紇。
(3)卞莊子:魯國卞邑大夫。
(4)久要:長期貧困。
【白話】
子路問怎樣做才算完人。孔子說:“如果具有臧武仲的智慧,孟公綽的克製,卞莊子的勇敢,冉求的才藝;再加上知禮懂樂的修養,就可以算完人了。”又說:“現在的完人就不必這樣了,見到利益時,考慮道義;見到危險時,奮不顧身;長期貧窮也不忘平日的諾言,也可以算完人了。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked how can be a perfect man. Confucius said: “A person of the wisdom of Zang Wuchong, the restraint of Meng Gongchuo, the courage of Bian Zhuangztu and the skills of Ran Qiu has a good comprehension of proprieties and music he can be considered a perfect man.” Confucius said again: “But the present perfect men don’t need to act this way. So long as they can remember justice when facing benefits, can act regardless of his safety when facing danger, can remember his previous promises when having long been in dire necessity, they can be considered perfect men.”
【原文】
14·13 子問公叔文子(1)於公明賈(2)曰:“信乎,夫子(3)不言,不笑,不取乎?”公明賈對曰:“以(4)告者過也。夫子時然後言,人不厭其言;樂然後笑,人不厭其笑;義然後取,人不厭其取。”子曰:“其然?豈其然乎?”
【注釋】
(1)公叔之子:衛國大夫公孫拔,衛獻公之子。諡號“文”。
(2)公明賈:姓公明字賈。衛國人。
(3)夫子:文中指公叔文子。
(4)以:此處是“這個”的意思。
【白話】
孔子向公明賈問公叔文子的情況:“他不說、不笑、不取,是真的嗎?”公明賈答:“這話過講過火了。他該說時才說,人們才不討厭他的說;快樂時才笑,人們才不討厭他的笑;該取時才取,人們才不討厭他的取。”孔子說:“是這樣嗎?難道真是這樣嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius asked Gongming Gu about Gongshu Wenztu: “He doesn’t speak, doesn’t smile and doesn’t take anything. Really?” Gongming Gu said: “Whoever told you this carried it too far. He speaks only when necessary, smiles only when happy and take something only when he should so that people don’t detest him.” Confucius said: “Is it like this? Is it really like this?”
【原文】
14·14 子曰:“臧武仲以防求為後於魯,雖曰不要君,吾不信也。”
【注釋】
(1) 要:要挾
【白話】
孔子說:“臧武仲想以撤離封地作為交換條件,請求魯君在魯國替臧氏後代確立社會地位,雖然有人認為他不是要挾君主,我不相信。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Zang Wuchong wanted to withdraw from his fief and then took it as a condition for him to ask the lord of the country Lu to establish social position for the future generations of Zang family. Some people didn’t consider his action as putting pressure on the lord of the country Lu. But I don’t believe.”
【原文】
14·15 子曰:“晉文公(1)譎(2)而不正,齊桓公(3)正而不譎。”
【注釋】
(1)晉文公:姓姬名重耳,春秋時期有作為的政治家,著名的霸主之一。公元前636 - 前628年在位。
(2)譎:讀“絕”,欺詐,玩弄手段。
(3)齊桓公:姓薑名小白,春秋時期有作為的政治家,著名的霸主之一。公元前685 - 前643年在位。
【白話】
孔子說:“晉文公詭詐而不正派,齊桓公正派而不詭詐。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Jin Wen Gong was fraudulent but not honest and upright. Qi Huan Gong was honest and upright but not fraudulent.”
【原文】
14·16 子路曰:“桓公殺公子糾(1),召忽(2)死之,管仲不死。”曰:“未仁乎?”子曰:“桓公九合諸侯(3),不以兵車(4),管仲之力也。如其仁(5),如其仁。”
【注釋】
(1)公子糾:齊桓公的哥哥。齊桓公與他爭位,殺掉了他。
(2)召忽:管仲和召忽都是公子糾的家臣。公子糾被殺後,召忽自殺,管仲歸服於齊桓公,並當上了齊國的宰相。
(3)九合諸侯:指齊桓公多次召集諸侯盟會。
(4)不以兵車:即不用武力。
(5)如其仁:這就是他的仁德。
【白話】
子路說:“齊桓公殺公子糾,召忽殉難,但管仲卻不自殺。管仲不能算仁人吧?”孔子說:“桓公多次召集各路諸侯協商解決問題,不用武力,都是管仲在暗中出力呀。這就是他的仁德,這就是他的仁德。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu said: “Huan Gong killed his brother Gongztu Jiu, Zhao Hu died a martyr, but Guan Zhong didn’t commit suicide. Guan Zhong should not be considered a man of humanity, should he?” Confucius said: “Huan Gong called dukes and princes under his regime to handle problems according to the principle of reaching unanimity through consultation instead of arms. It was well done only because Guan Zhong had secretly exerted his efforts. This is the humanity of Guan Zhong. This is the humanity of Guan Zhong.”
【原文】
14·17 子貢曰:“管仲非仁者與?桓公殺公子糾,不能死,又相之。”子曰:“管仲相桓公,霸諸侯,一匡天下,民到於今受其賜。微(1)管仲,吾其被發左衽(2)矣。豈若匹夫匹婦之為諒(3)也,自經(4)於溝瀆(5)而莫之知也。”
【注釋】
(1)微:無,沒有。
(2)被發左衽:被,同“披”。衽,衣襟。“被發左衽”是當時的夷狄之俗。
(3)諒:遵守信用。這裏指小節小信。
(4)自經:上吊自殺。
(5)瀆:小溝渠。
【白話】
子貢問:“管仲不能算仁人吧?桓公殺公子糾,他沒有為公子糾殉死,反而做桓公的宰相。”孔子說:“管仲輔佐桓公,稱霸諸侯,匡正天下,老百姓至今還受到他的恩惠。如果沒有管仲,恐怕我們現在還要受到外來侵擾。因此哪能要求管仲像普通百姓那樣拘泥小節,默默無聞地在小山溝裏自殺呢?”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked: “Guan Zhong should not be considered a man of humanity, should he? Huan Gong killed his own brother Gongztu Jiu. He didn’t sacrifice his life for Gongztu Jiu and worse of all he became Huan Gong’s premier instead.” Confucius said: “Guan Zhong helped Huan Gong unify the whole country by lording it over dukes and princes under his regime. It is only because of this that our people are still enjoying his favor even now. If without Guan Zhong, I’m afraid we are still suffering from foreign invasion.
So, how can we ask Guan Zhong to commit suicide secretly in the wild just like an ordinary people who rigidly adheres to trivial matters only?”
【原文】
14·18 公叔文子之臣大夫僎(1)與文子同升諸公(2)。子聞之,曰:“可以為文矣。”
【注釋】
(1)僎:讀“尋”,人名。公叔文子的家臣。
(2)升諸公:公,公室。這是說僎由家臣升為大夫,與公叔文子同位。
【白話】
公叔文子推薦一個傭人做了大夫,與他平起平坐。孔子說:“公叔文子可以稱為‘文’了。”
【英譯】
Gongshu Wenztu recommended his manager to be a minister who was on an equal footing with him. Heard this, Confucius said: “Gongshu Wenztu can be considered a gentleman.”
【原文】
14·19 子言衛靈公之無道也,康子曰:“夫如是,奚而不喪?”孔子曰:“仲叔圉(1)治賓客,祝鮀治宗廟,王孫賈治軍旅,夫如是,奚其喪?”
【注釋】
(1) 仲叔圉:圉,讀“雨”,即孔文子。他與後麵提到的祝鮀(讀“駝”)、王孫賈都是衛國的大夫。
【白話】
孔子講到衛靈公的無道,季康子說:“既然如此,為什麽他沒有垮台呢?”孔子說:“因為他有仲叔圉接待賓客,祝鮀管理宗廟祭祀,王孫賈統率軍隊,像這樣,怎麽會敗亡呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius talked about Wei Ling Gong’s incompetence. Ji Kangztu said: “Why could he avert collapse now that the case was like this?” Confucius said: “He had Zhongshu Yu in charge of guest-reception, Zhu Tuo in charge of sacrifice affairs and Wangsun Gu in charge of military. In this case, how could he collapse?”
14·20 子曰:“其言之不怍(1),則為之也難。”
【注釋】
(1)怍:讀“做”,慚愧的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“說話大言不慚,兌現諾言就難了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a man boast without shame, it’s hard for him to keep him promise.”
【原文】
14·20 陳成子(1)弑簡公(2)。孔子沐浴而朝,告於哀公曰:“陳恒弑其君,請討之。”公曰:“告夫三子(3)。”孔子曰:“以吾從大夫之後(4),不敢不告也。君曰‘告夫三子’者。”之(5)三子告,不可。孔子曰:“以吾從大夫之後,不敢不告也。”
【注釋】
(1)陳成子:即陳恒,齊國大夫,又叫田成子。他以大鬥借出,小鬥收進的方法受到百姓擁護。公元前481年,他殺死齊簡公,奪取了政權。
(2)簡公:齊簡公,姓薑名壬。公元前484 - 前481年在位。
(3)三子:指季孫、孟孫、叔孫三家。
(4)從大夫之後:孔子曾任過大夫職,但此時已經去官家居,所以說從大夫之後。
(5)之:動詞,往。
【白話】
陳成子殺了齊簡公。孔子沐浴後上朝,向魯哀公報告:“陳恒把他的君主殺了,請討伐他。”哀公說:“向三位大夫報告吧。”孔子說:“因為我做過大夫,不敢不報告。君主卻說出‘你去向三位大夫報告’的話!”孔子隻好向三位大夫報告,他們不同意討伐。孔子說:“因為我做過大夫,不敢不報告。”
【英譯】
Chen Chengztu killed Qi Jian Gong. After bath, Confucius had an audience with the lord of Ju Ai Gong and make a report: “Chen Heng killed his lord. Please send out troops to suppress him.” Ai Gong said: “Make a report to the three ministers.” Confucius said: “I was once a minister so I don’t dare not to make a report to you. But you should say ‘make a report to the three ministers’!” Confucius had to make a report to these three ministers but they didn’t agree to send out troops to suppress Chen Heng. Confucius said: “I was once a minister so I don’t dare not to make a report to you.”
【原文】
14·22 子路問事君。子曰:“勿欺也,而犯之。”
【白話】
子路問怎樣事奉君主。孔子說:“不能欺騙他,但可以犯顏直諫。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked how to serve a lord. Confucius said: “You can’t cheat him but you can advise him outspokenly without worrying that you may angry him.”
【原文】
14·23 子曰:“君子上達,小人下達。”
【注釋】 上達:追求高尚。下達:追求庸俗。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子追求高尚,小人追求庸俗。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek noble things but vulgarians seek vulgar thing.”
【原文】
14·24 子曰:“古之學者為己,今之學者為人。”
【白話】
孔子說:“古人學習是為提高自己,而今人學習是為作秀。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Ancient people study for enhance themselves but present people study for show.”
【原文】
14·25 蘧伯玉(1)使人於孔子,孔子與之坐而問焉。曰:“夫子何為?”對曰:“夫子欲寡其過而未能也。”使者出,子曰:“使乎!使乎!”
【注釋】
(1)蘧伯玉:蘧,讀“渠”。人名,衛國的大夫,名瑗,也孔子到衛國時曾住在他的家裏。
【白話】
蘧伯玉派使者訪問孔子。孔子請使者坐下,然後問:“蘧先生最近在做什麽?”使者回答說:“先生想要減少自己的錯誤,但未能做到。”使者走了以後,孔子說:“好一位使者啊,好一位使者啊!”
【英譯】
Qu Boyu sent an envoy to visit Confucius. Confucius let the envoy sit down and asked: “What has Mr. Que been doing?” The envoy replied: “He wants to reduce his mistakes, but he failed.” The envoy left and Confucius said: “What a nice envoy! What a nice envoy!”
【原文】
14·26 子曰:“不在其位,不謀其政。”曾子曰:“君子思不出其位。”
【白話】
孔子說:“不在那個職位,就不要考慮那個職位上的事情。”曾子說:“君子考慮問題,從來不超出自己的職權範圍。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Without being in the position, just don’t think anything related to the position.” Zeng Ztu said: “Whenever considering something, a gentleman never oversteps his authority.”
【原文】
14·27 子曰:“君子恥其言而過其行。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子認為說到但沒做到是可恥的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen think it shameful to say something but do nothing.”
【原文】
14·28 子曰:“君子道者三,我無能焉:仁者不憂,知者不惑,勇者不懼。”子貢曰:“夫子自道也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子之道有三個方麵,我都未能做到:仁德的人不憂愁,聰明的人不迷惑,勇敢的人不畏懼。”子貢說:“這正是老師的自我表述啊!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen’s doctrines include three points which I have realized: a man of humanity never worries anything; a wise man is never perplexed; a brave man never fears anything.” Ztu Gong said: “This is just a self-explanation of yours.”
【原文】
14·29 子貢方人(1)。子曰:“賜也賢乎哉(2)?夫我則不暇。”
【注釋】
(1)方人:評論、誹謗別人。
(2)賜也賢乎哉:疑問語氣,批評子貢不賢。
【白話】
子貢評論別人的短處。孔子說:“賜啊,你真的就那麽賢良嗎?我可沒有閑工夫去評論別人。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong commented others’ shortcomings. Confucius said: “Ci, are you really nice enough? I have no time to comment others.”
【原文】
14·30 子曰:“不患人之不己知,患其不能也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“不怕別人不了解自己,隻怕自己沒本事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Don’t be afraid that no one understands you. The only thing we should worry about is that you are not capable.”
【原文】
14·31 子曰:“不逆詐(1),不億(2)不信,抑亦先覺者,是賢乎!”
【注釋】
(1)逆:迎。預先猜測。
(2)億:同“臆”,主觀地。例如“臆測”,主觀猜測。 此處“臆”即代“臆測”。
【白話】
孔子說:“對於別人的欺詐和謊言,不是憑事先的懷疑和猜測,而是靠事先的覺察來知道的人,這才是賢人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some people know others’ cheat and lie by detecting but not by suspecting and guessing. The sort of people can be considered worthy persons.
【原文】
14·32 微生畝(1)謂孔子曰:“丘,何為是(2)棲棲(3)者與?無乃為佞乎?”孔子曰:“非敢為佞也,疾固(4)也。”
【注釋】
(1)微生畝:魯國人。
(2)是:如此。
(3)棲棲:讀“西”,忙碌不安。
(4)疾固:疾,恨。固,固執。痛恨社會頑疾。
【白話】
微生畝對孔子說:“孔丘,你為什麽四處奔波、到處遊說呢?你不就是要炫耀自己的口才嗎?”孔子說:“我不想炫耀口才,隻是因為痛恨醜惡的社會現實才不得不如此。”
【英譯】
Wei Shengmu said to Confucius: “Kong Qiu, why are you so busy running about and peddling your ideas? You just want to show off your eloquence, do you?” Confucius said: “I don’t want to show off my eloquence. The reason for me to do this is that I hate the social inveterate illness.”
【原文】
14·33 子曰:“驥(1)不稱其力,稱其德也。”
【注釋】
(1)驥:千裏馬。古代稱善跑的馬為驥。
【白話】
孔子說:“千裏馬,人們稱讚的不是它的氣力,而是它的品德。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for winged-steeds, what people praise is not their strength but their morality.”
【原文】
14·34 或曰:“以德報怨,何如?”子曰:“何以報德?以直報怨,以德報德。”
【注釋】
(1) 或:有人,某人。
【白話】
有人問:“用恩德報答怨恨行嗎?”孔子說:“照你這麽說,可該用什麽來報答恩德呢?依我看,應該用正直來報答怨恨,用恩德來報答恩德。”
【英譯】
Someone asked: “Return good for evil. Is that O.K.?” Confucius said: “If according to your point of view, what we should return for good? I think that we should return honesty for evil, return good for good.”
【原文】
14·35 子曰:“莫我知也夫!”子貢曰:“何為其莫知子也?”子曰:“不怨天,不尤(1)人。下學而上達(2),知我者其天乎!”
【注釋】
(1)尤:責怪、怨恨。
(2)下學上達:下學學人事,也就是學一些普通的知識;上達達天命,也就是懂得了一些高深的道理。
【白話】
孔子說:“沒有人了解我啊!”子貢說:“怎麽能說沒有人了解您呢?”孔子說:“我不埋怨天,也不責備人,我學了一些普通的知識,懂得了一些高深的道理。“
【英譯】
Confucius said: “No one knows me well!” Ztu Gong said: “How can you say no one knows you well?” Confucius said: “I’ve learned some ordinary knowledge and have understood some profound truth.”
【原文】
14·36 公伯寮(1)愬(2)子路於季孫。子服景伯(3)以告,曰:“夫子固有惑誌於公伯寮,吾力猶能肆諸市朝(4)。”子曰:“道之將行也與,命也;道之將廢也與,命也。公伯寮其如命何!”
【注釋】
(1)公伯寮:姓公伯名寮,字子周,孔子的學生,曾任季氏的家臣。
(2)愬:音義皆同“訴”,告發,誹謗。
(3)子服景伯:魯國大夫,姓子服名伯,景是他的諡號。
(4)肆諸市朝:古時處死罪人後陳屍示眾。
【白話】
公伯寮在季孫氏麵前誣蔑子路。子服景伯將此事告訴了孔子,他說:“季孫氏已經被公伯寮的諂言所迷惑,我有能力殺他,並將他陳屍街頭。”孔子說:“道能夠得到推行,是時運決定的;道得不到推行,也是時運決定的。公伯寮能把時運怎樣?”
【英譯】
Gongbo Liao spoke ill of Ztu Lu to Ji Sun. Ztufu Jingbo told this matter to Confucius and said: “Ji Sun has been misled by Gongbo Liao’s slander. I have the ability to kill him and make his body displayed in the street.” Confucius said: “If a just cause can be carried out, it depends on luck; if it cannot be carried out, it also depends on luck. How can Gongbo Liao do anything about luck?”
【原文】
14·37 子曰:“賢者辟(1)世,其次辟地,其次辟色,其次辟言。”子曰:“作者七人(2)矣。”
【注釋】
(1)辟:同“避”,逃避。
(2)七人:即伯夷、叔齊、虞仲、夷逸、朱張、柳下惠、少連。
【白話】
孔子說:“賢人逃避黑暗的社會,其次逃避動蕩的地域,再次逃避鄙視的目光,最次逃避惡毒的讒言。”孔子又說:“這樣做的已經有七個人了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “People of integrity escape from four aspects including dark society, turbulent area, despising eyes, and vicious slanders.” Confucius said again: “There have already been seven people who can do this.”
【原文】
14·38 子路宿於石門(1)。晨門(2)曰:“奚自?”子路曰:“自孔氏。”曰:“是知其不可而為之者與?”
【注釋】
(1)石門:地名。魯國都城的外門。
(2)晨門:早上看守城門的人。
【白話】
子路夜裏住在石門,看門人問:“你從哪裏來?”子路說:“從孔子那裏來。”看門人說:“是那個明知做不到還偏偏要去做的人嗎?”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu stayed overnight at Stone Door. The door-man asked: “Where are you from?” Ztu Lu said: “From Confucius.” The door-man said: “Is that the man who clearly knows he cannot do but just do it?”
【原文】
14·39 子擊磬(1)於衛,有荷蕢(2)而過孔氏之門者,曰:“有心哉,擊磬乎!”既而曰:“鄙哉!硜硜(3)乎!莫己知也,斯己而已矣。深則厲(4),淺則揭(5)。”子曰:“果哉!末(6)之難(7)矣。”
【注釋】
(1)磬:讀“慶”,一種打擊樂器的名稱。
(2)荷蕢:荷,肩扛。蕢,讀“愧”,草筐,肩背著草筐。
(3)硜硜:讀“坑坑”,擊磬的聲音。
(4)深則厲:穿著衣服涉水過河。
(5)淺則揭:提起衣襟涉水過河。“深則厲,淺出揭”是《詩經·衛風·匏有苦葉》的詩句。
(6)末:無。
(7)難:責問。
【白話】
孔子在衛國敲磬,有個背筐的人從門前走過說:“這個擊磬的人有心計啊!”一會兒又說:“硜硜的聲音不是太庸俗了嗎?沒人理解沒關係,獨善其身就是了。好比過河,水深就索性穿著衣服遊過去,水淺就撩起衣服趟過去。”孔子說:“說得真幹脆,沒有什麽可以責怪他了。”
【英譯】
Staying in the country Wei, Confucius once struck chime stone. A man with a basket on his back passed his door and said: “The chime stone striker really sets his mind on it!” But after a while he said: “This sound is really vulgar, isn’t it? It doesn’t matter that no one can understand you. So long as you can maintain personal integrity during chaotic times, it’s all right. This is just like crossing a river. If the water is deep, you just wade across it with your clothing on. And if shallow, you just wade across it with your hand holding up the hem of your jacket.” Confucius said: “What he said is really straightforward. I cannot blame him for anything.”
【原文】
14·40 子張曰:“書雲:‘高宗(1)諒陰(2),三年不言。’何謂也?”子曰:“何必高宗?古之人皆然。君薨(3),百官總己以聽於塚宰(4)三年。”
【注釋】
(1)高宗:商王武宗。
(2)諒陰:古時天子守喪之稱。
(3)薨:讀“轟”,古時國君之死。
(4)塚宰:官名,相當於後世的宰相。
【白話】
子張說:“《尚書》上說,‘高宗守喪,三年不談政事。’這是什麽意思?”孔子說:“不僅是高宗,古人都是這樣。國君死了,百官三年內都聽從宰相安排,各司其職。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang said: “《The Book Shang Shu》said: ‘In Shang Dynasty, the lord Gao Zong did nothing about government affairs for three years during funeral period.’ What does it mean?” Confucius said: “No only Gao Zong, but all ancient people faithfully adhered to this principle. If a lord died, all officials obeyed orders by the premier and stayed at their respective posts.”
【原文】
14·41 子曰:“上好禮,則民易使也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“領導者尊崇道德規範,群眾就容易指揮。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If leaders worship moral standards, the masses are easy to lead.”
【原文】
14·42 子路問君子。子曰:“修己以敬。”曰:“如斯而已乎?”曰:“修己以安人(1)。”曰:“如斯而已乎?”曰:“修己以安百姓(2)。修己以安百姓,堯舜其猶病諸?”
【注釋】
(1)安人:人安樂。
(2)安百姓:使老百姓安樂。
【白話】
子路問什麽叫君子。孔子說:“提升自己的道德修養水平,隨時隨地保持恭謹的態度。”子路說:“這樣就夠了嗎?”孔子說:“提升自己的道德修養水平,使他人安樂。”子路說:“這樣就夠了嗎?”孔子說:“提升自己的道德修養水平,使百姓安居樂業。提升自己的道德修養水平,使百姓安居樂業,堯舜不都難於做嗎?”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked about gentlemen. Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and keep a respectful and attentive attitude at any time and anywhere.” Ztu Lu said: “Is this enough?” Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and make others to live easily and comfortably.” Ztu Lu asked: “Is this enough?” Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and make the masses to live and work in peace. Raise your own moral level and make the masses live and work in peace. It’s too difficult even for Yao and Shun to come up to this standard, isn’t it?”
【原文】
14·43 原壤(1)夷俟(2)。子曰:“幼而不孫弟(3),長而無述焉,老而不死,是為賊。”以杖叩其脛。
【注釋】
(1)原壤:魯國人,孔子的舊友。他母親死了,他還大聲歌唱,孔子認為這是大逆不道。
(2)夷俟:夷,雙腿分開而坐。俟,讀“四”,等待。
(3)孫弟:同遜悌,即謙遜,重情義。
【白話】
原壤叉開雙腿坐著等待孔子。孔子罵他說:“小時候你不講禮貌,長大了一事無成,老了又總不死,真是害人精。”說著,用手杖敲他的小腿。
【英譯】
With his legs stretching casually, Yuan Rang was waiting for Confucius. Confucius scolded him: “When you were young, you showed no civility to anyone. When you became a grown man, you had nothing accomplished. When you are old now, you don’t die. What a pest you are!”
【原文】
14·44 闕黨(1)童子將命(2)。或問之曰:“益者與?”子曰:“吾其居於位(3)也,見其與先生並行也。非求益者也,欲速成者也。”
【注釋】
(1)闕黨:即闕裏,孔子家住的地方。
(2)將命:在賓主之間傳言。
(3)居於位:童子與長者同坐。
【白話】
闕裏的一個童子,來向孔子傳話。有人問孔子:“這是個求上進的孩子嗎?”孔子說:“我見他與長輩同坐同行。他不是個要求上進的人,而是個急於求成的人。”
【英譯】
A boy in Que Li came to sent words to Confucius. Someone asked Confucius: “Is this a boy who seeks to make progress?” Confucius said: “I saw him sitting and walking together with elders. He is not a boy who seeks to make progress, but a one who is impatient for success.”
衛靈公篇第十五
【原文】
15·1 衛靈公問陳(1)於孔子。孔子對曰:“俎豆(2)之事,則嚐聞之矣;軍旅之事,未之學也。”明日遂行。
【注釋】
(1)陳:音義皆同“陣”,軍隊作戰布列的陣勢。
(2)俎豆:俎,讀“舉”,古代盛食物的器皿,也被用作祭祀禮器。
【白話】
衛靈公向孔子問軍隊列陣法。孔子回答說:“祭祀禮儀方麵的事情,我還聽說過;用兵打仗的事,從來沒有學過。”第二天,孔子便離開了衛國。
【英譯】
Ling Gong, the lord of the country Wei, asked Confucius about battle array. Confucius replied: “As for sacrificial rites, I’ve heard something but I’ve never learned anything about troops commanding and battle fighting.” Confucius left the country Wei the next day.
【原文】
15·2 在陳絕糧,從者病,莫能興。子路慍(1)見曰:“君子亦有窮乎?”子曰:“君子固窮(2),小人窮斯濫矣。”
【注釋】
(1)慍:讀“運”,怒,怨恨。
(2)固窮:固守窮困,安貧守困。
【白話】
孔子在陳國斷糧時,跟隨的學生都餓得走不動路。子路埋怨地說:“難道君子也有窮困潦倒的時候嗎?”孔子說:“君子雖窮,但人窮誌不窮;小人一旦窮了,就自暴自棄。”
【英譯】
When Confucius and his students had run out of food in the country Chen, his students were too hungry to walk. Ztu Lu complained: “Could it be said that gentlemen also have days when they are poverty-stricken and frustrated?” Confucius said: “Sometimes gentlemen may be very poor but they can hold to their high aspirations in spite of poverty. Yet once vulgarians become poor, they will abandon themselves to despair.”
【原文】
15·3 子曰:“賜也!女以予為多學而識之者與?”對曰:“然,非與?”曰:“非也。予一以貫之。”
【注釋】
(1) 賜:即子貢。
(2) 女:音義皆同“汝”,你。
【白話】
孔子說:“子貢啊,你以為我是學得多才記得住的嗎?” 子貢答道:“對,難道不是嗎?”孔子說:“不對。那是因為我把學到的東西貫徹始終。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Ztu Gong, do you think that I can remember what I’ve learnt just because I’ve studied more?” Ztu Gong replied: “Yes I do. But could it be said that it isn’t like this?” Confucius said: “No. It is because that so long as I’ve learnt something I would put it into practice from beginning to end.”
【原文】
15·4 子曰:“由!知德者鮮矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“由啊!懂得德的人太少了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You, there are too little people who can well comprehend virtue.”
【原文】
15·5 子曰:“無為而治(1)者,其舜也與?夫(2)何為哉?恭己正南麵而已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)無為而治:國家的統治者不必有所作為便可以治理國家了。
(2)夫:代詞,他。
【白話】
孔子說:“能夠無所作為而治理天下的人,大概隻有舜吧?他做了些什麽呢?隻是莊嚴端正地坐在朝廷的王位上罷了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Probably it’s only the lord Shun who can well govern his country by doing nothing, isn’t it? What did he do? The only thing he did was to sit solemnly and uprightly in his throne.”
【原文】
15·6 子張問行(1)。子曰“言忠信,行篤敬,雖蠻貊(2)之邦,行矣。言不忠信,行不篤敬,雖州裏(3),行乎哉?立則見其參(4)於前也,在輿則見其倚於衡(5)也,夫然後行。”子張書諸紳(6)。
【注釋】
(1)行:通達。
(2)蠻貊:古人對少數民族的貶稱,南為蠻,北為貊。“貊”讀“墨”。 這裏可以理解為偏遠地區。
(3)州裏:五家為鄰,五鄰為裏。五黨為州,二千五百家。州裏指近處。此處可理解為家鄉。
(4)參:列,顯現。
(5)衡:車轅前麵的橫木。
(6)紳:貴族係在腰間的大帶。
【白話】
子張就正確的行為問題求教於孔子。孔子說:“說話要忠信,行為要誠實,即使到了偏遠地區,也能萬事亨通;否則,即使在家鄉,能順利嗎?站立的時候,忠信誠實這幾個字好象就顯現在眼前;坐車的時候,這幾個字好象就刻在車轅上。這樣你到哪都會暢通無阻。”子張於是就將這些話寫在腰帶上。
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about proper behavior. Confucius said: “What is said must be done and what is done must be honest. So long as you follow this principle, all business of yours will be fine even if you go to remote areas. Or nothing of yours will be going smoothly even in your hometown, won’t it? When you stand, the word ‘honesty’ seems to clearly appear in front of you; while you sit in a cart, this word seems to be carved on the shaft. If so, all your business will be doing well.” Hearing this, Ztu Zhang put these words on his waist belt.
【原文】
15·7 子曰:“直哉史魚(1)!邦有道,如矢(2);邦無道,如矢。君子哉蘧伯玉!邦有道,則仕;邦無道,則可卷(3)而懷之。”
【注釋】
(1)史魚:衛國大夫,名?,字子魚,他多次向衛靈公推薦蘧伯玉。
(2)如矢:矢,箭,形容其直。
(3)卷:同“捲”。
【白話】
孔子說:“史魚真是正直啊!國家政治清明時,他象箭一樣直,國家政治黑暗時,也象箭一樣直。蘧伯玉真是個君子!國家政治清明時,他就出來做官,國家政治黑暗時,他就藏而不露地隱居起來。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “How honesty Shi Yu was! When a healthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was upright as an arrow and when an unhealthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was also upright as an arrow. What a gentleman Ju Boyubo was! When a healthy political trend prevailed in his country he came out to be an official but when an unhealthy political trend prevailed in his country he secluded him from society.”
【原文】
15·8 子曰:“可與言而不與之言,失人;不可與言而與言,失言。知者不失人,亦不失言。”
【白話】
孔子說:“可以同他談的話,卻不同他談,這就是失掉了朋友;不可以同他談的話,卻同他談,這就是說錯了話。有智慧的人既不失去朋友,又不說錯話。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If you can speak to a person but you don’t do it then you will lose a friend; yet if you cannot speak to a person but you do it, then you will make a mistake. As for a man of wisdom, he neither loses friends nor makes mistakes.”
【原文】
15·9 子曰:“誌士仁人,無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁。”
【白話】
孔子說:“誌士仁人,沒有貪生怕死而損害仁的,隻有犧牲自己的性命來追求仁的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There is no person of integrity who clings to life and fears death so that to harm humanity. There are only persons of integrity who are willing to die for a just cause.”
【原文】
15·10 子貢問為仁。子曰:“工欲善其事,必先利其器。居是邦也,事其大夫之賢者,友其士之仁者。”
【白話】
子貢問怎樣實行仁德。孔子說:“工人想把活兒做好,必須先把工具磨快。住在這個國家,就要追隨大夫中的賢者,結交士人中的仁者。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked about humanity. Confucius said: “If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first. Living in this country, you must follow the persons of integrity among scholar-bureaucrats and associate with the persons of humanity among intellectuals.”
【原文】
15·11 顏淵問為邦。子曰:“行夏之時(1),乘殷之輅(2),服周之冕(3),樂則韶舞(4)。放(5)鄭聲(6),遠(7)侫人。鄭聲淫,侫人殆(8)。”
【注釋】
(1)夏之時:夏代的曆法,便於農業生產。
(2)殷之輅:輅,讀“路”,天子所乘的車。殷代的車是木製成,比較樸實。
(3)周之冕:周代的帽子。
(4)韶舞:是舜時的舞樂,孔子認為是盡善盡美的。
(5)放:禁絕、排斥、拋棄。
(6)鄭聲:鄭國的樂曲,孔子認為是淫聲。
(7)遠:遠離。
(8)殆:危險。
【白話】
顏淵問怎樣治理國家。孔子說:“用夏代的曆法,乘殷代的車子,戴周代的禮帽,奏《韶》樂,禁絕鄭國的樂曲,疏遠能言善辯的人,鄭國樂曲是靡靡之音,侫人太危險。”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan asked how to govern a country. Confucius said: “Use Xia Dynasty’s calendar, take Yin Dynasty’s carts, wear Zhou Dynasty’ hats, play Shao music, forbid music of the country Zhen, to be estranged from persons with glib tongues. The music of the country Zhen is decadent and vulgarians are too dangerous.”
【原文】
15·12 子曰:“人無遠慮,必有近憂。”
【白話】
孔子說:“人沒有長遠的考慮,一定會有眼前的憂患。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “One has no foresight will have to face imminent dangers.”
【原文】
15·13 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未見好德如好色者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“這個社會完了! 我沒見過喜歡美德如同喜歡美色的人。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “This society is finished! I’ve never seen a man who loves morality as much as he loves sex.”
【原文】
15·14 子曰:“臧文仲其竊位(1)者與!知柳下惠(2)之賢而不與立也。”
【注釋】
(1)竊位:身居官位而不稱職。
(2)柳下惠:春秋中期魯國大夫,姓展名獲,又名禽,他受封的地名是柳下,惠是他的私諡,所以,人稱其為柳下惠。
【白話】
孔子說:“臧文仲是一個竊居官位的人吧!他明知道柳下惠是個賢人,卻不舉薦他一起做官。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong was a person who unjustly occupied a high position, isn’t he? He knew well that Liu Xiahui was a person of integrity but he refused to recommend him as a higher official.”
【原文】
15·15 子曰:“躬自厚而薄責於人,則遠怨矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“責己從嚴,責人從寬,就可避免別人的怨恨了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “So long as you are strict with yourself and lenient to others you can stay far away from resentment.”
【原文】
15·16 子曰:“不曰‘如之何(1),如之何’者,吾末(2)如之何也已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)如之何:怎麽辦。
(2)末:沒有辦法。
【白話】
孔子說:“有事從來不說‘怎麽辦,怎麽辦’的人,我對他也不知怎麽辦。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some people always say ‘What can I do? What can I do?’ when they have something to do. To these people, I also don’t know ‘What can I do’.”
【原文】
15·17 子曰:“群居終日,言不及義,好行小慧,難矣哉!”
【白話】
孔子說:“整天聚在一塊,張開嘴也不知在說什麽,專好賣弄小聰明,調教這種人可真難啊。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some people like to gather, but their words fail to convey their idea and worse of all, they like to show off their cleverness. It’s rather difficult to discipline them.”
【原文】
15·18 子曰:“君子義以為質,禮以行之,孫以出之,信以成之。君子哉!”
【白話】
孔子說:“崇尚道義、遵紀守法、說話謙遜、做事守信。達到這樣的標準就是君子了!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Uphold justice, observe discipline and abide by the law, speak modestly, be trustworthy in word and resolute in deed. Anyone up to this standard is a gentleman!”
【原文】
15·19 子曰:“君子病無能焉,不病人之不己知也。”
【注釋】
(1) 病:,擔心,怕。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子隻怕自己沒有才能,不怕別人不知道自己。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “A gentleman is only afraid he isn’t capable but don’t be afraid no one well knows him.”
【原文】
15·20 子曰:“君子疾沒世(1)而名不稱焉。”
【注釋】
(1)沒世:死亡之後。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子擔心死亡以後他的名字不為人們所稱讚。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are afraid that their names will not be praised after their death.”
【原文】
15·21 子曰:“君子求諸己,小人求諸人。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子求之於自己,小人求之於別人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen ask for help from their own, while vulgarians from others.”
【原文】
15·22 子曰:“君子矜(1)而不爭,群而不黨。”
【注釋】
(1)矜:讀“進”,莊重的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子舉止莊重,與世無爭;團結他人,卻不結黨營私。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen bear themselves dignifiedly and get into no dispute with others; they unite with others but don’t form cliques to pursue selfish interests.”
【原文】
15·23 子曰:“君子不以言舉人,不以人廢言。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子不會因為某人的花言巧語而舉薦他,也不會因為某人品德不好而不采納他的正確意見。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither recommend anyone because of his sweet words nor refuse anyone’s reasonable suggestions because of his bad character.”
【原文】
15·24 子貢問曰:“有一言而可以終身行之者乎?”子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施於人。”
【白話】
子貢問:“有沒有一個字可以終身奉行的呢?”孔子回答說:“那就是恕吧!自己不想要的,不要強加給別人。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked: “Is there any one single word which we can follow the whole life?” Confucius said: “That’s the word ‘forgive’! Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you.”
【原文】
15·25 子曰:“吾之於人也,誰毀誰譽?如有所譽者,其有所試矣。斯民也,三代之所以直道而行也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我對於別人,詆毀過誰?讚譽過誰?如有讚譽過的,必然經過我的考驗。夏商周三代人都這樣做,所以辦事光明正大。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for others, is there anyone I once defamed? Is there anyone I once praised? If there is anyone I once praised, he must be the one I once put to my test. All people in the three dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou behaved like this so they could be fair and square in handling affairs.”
【原文】
15·26 子曰:“吾猶及史之闕文(1)也,有馬者借人乘之,今亡矣夫。”
【注釋】
(1)闕文:闕,讀“缺”,基本的意思是“缺少”。史官記史遇到疑難不決的問題便缺而不記,叫闕文。
【白話】
孔子說:“我還能夠看到史書裏有存疑不記的地方,有馬的人借給別人用,這種情況,現如今早已不存在啦。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I can still find historic books lack something because of outstanding questions. Some people have horses but they’re willing to lend them to others. This sort of case doesn’t exist any longer.”
【原文】
15·27 子曰:“巧言亂德。小不忍則亂大謀。”
【白話】
孔子說:“花言巧語能敗壞道德,小事不忍,就會耽誤大事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Honeyed words can make people demoralized. If a person cannot restrain himself when handling small things, he will spoil great things.”
【原文】
15·28 子曰:“眾惡之,必察焉;眾好之,必察焉。”
【白話】
孔子說:“眾人都厭惡的,我必須考察一下;眾人都喜歡的,我也必須考察一下。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I must investigate whatever people like and I must investigate whatever people dislike too.”
【原文】
15·29 子曰:“人能弘道,非道弘人。”
【白話】
孔子說:“是人能使道發揚光大,不是道使人增加才幹。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It is human that carry forward and further develop Dao but it is not Dao that enhances people’s ability.”
【原文】
15·30 子曰:“過而不改,是謂過矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“有錯不改,這才真叫錯呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person has made mistakes but he refuses to correct them, this is really a mistake.”
【原文】
15·31 子曰:“吾嚐終日不食,終夜不寢,以思,無益,不如學也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我曾經整天不吃飯,整夜不睡覺,思來想去,也沒有用,還不如加緊學習呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I once ate nothing all day long and didn’t sleep through the night constantly thinking over and over again. Since it was useless I’d better make the best use of my time to study.”
【原文】
15·32 子曰:“君子謀道不謀食。耕也,餒(1)在其中矣;學也,祿(2)在其中矣。君子憂道不憂貧。”
【注釋】
(1)餒:讀“內”的第三聲,饑餓。
(2)祿:做官的俸祿。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子隻謀求治國之道,不謀求糊口之法。耕田,有時也難免要餓肚子;而學習,則可以使一個人得到高官厚祿。君子隻擔心學不好道,不擔心貧窮。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek only strategy to govern a country but not way to eke out a living. Sometimes even farming cannot avoid hunger. But study can help a person win exalted position and handsome pay. Therefore gentlemen worry only about being unable to well master strategy of country-governing but not poverty.”
【原文】
15·33 子曰:“知及之(1),仁不能守之;雖得之,必失之;知及之,仁能守之,不莊以涖(2)之,則民不敬。知及之,仁能守之,莊以涖之,動之不以禮,未善也。”
【注釋】
(1)知及之:知,同“智”。之,指下文的“民”,即百姓。
(2)涖:讀“力”,臨,到的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“憑借聰明才智足以贏得百姓,但僅憑仁德卻不能留住百姓,即使得到,也一定會喪失。但即便憑借聰明才智足以贏得百姓,憑借仁德可以留住他們,如不用嚴肅態度來治理他們,也還是不會得到百姓的敬重;聰明才智足以贏得百姓,仁德可以留住百姓,能用嚴肅態度來治理百姓,但動員百姓時不照禮的要求,那也是依然是美中不足。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You can win people by wisdom, but you cannot keep them only by humanity. Or else you will lose them though you have won them. Yet, if you cannot administer them seriously you still cannot win people’s respect even you can win people by wisdom and keep them by humanity. If you cannot mobilize them according to proprieties it cannot be thought perfect even you can win people by wisdom, keep them by humanity and administer them seriously.”
【原文】
15·34 子曰:“君子不可小知(1)而可大受(2)也,小人不可大受而可小知也。”
【注釋】
(1)小知:知,不是“知道”,是“做事”,“小知”就是做小事。
(2)大受:受,承受,受命,指責任,使命。“大受”就是承擔大任,肩負重責。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子不能讓他們做小事,但可讓他們承擔重大使命。小人不可讓他們承擔重大使命,但可以讓他們做小事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen cannot be appointed to minor assignments but can be commissioned major tasks; and vulgarians cannot be designated to major tasks but can be appointed to trifles.
【原文】
15·35 子曰:“民之於仁也,甚於水火。水火,吾見蹈而死者矣,未見蹈仁而死者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“百姓需要仁,比需要水火更迫切。我見過人跳進水火中死的,卻沒有見過有誰因為表現出仁而死的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “People need humanity more eagerly than need water and fire. I’ve seen people died after falling into water or fire but haven’t seen anybody who died because of showing humanity.”
【原文】
15·36 子曰:“當仁,不讓於師。”
【白話】
孔子說:“在仁德的問題上,就是老師,也不同他謙讓。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for the problem of humanity, we shouldn’t modestly yield precedence even to a teacher.”
【原文】
15·37 子曰:“君子貞(1)而不諒(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)貞:大信。
(2)諒:小信。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子在大事上要講信用,但小事上則可不必如此。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen must keep their promises about big things but unnecessary about trifles.”
【原文】
15·38 子曰:“事君,敬其事而後其食(1)。”
【注釋】
(1)食:食祿,俸祿。
【白話】
孔子說:“事奉君主,要先把事情做好,然後再考慮報酬。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When serving the lord, you must do a good job first and then consider reward.”
【原文】
15·39 子曰:“有教無類。”
【白話】
孔子說:“教育麵前人人平等。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Everyone is equal in education.”
【原文】
15·40 子曰:“道不同,不相為謀。”
【白話】
孔子說:“主張不同,無話可說。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Have nothing to say to anyone who doesn’t share your opinions.”
【原文】
15·41 子曰:“辭達而已矣。”
【譯文】
孔子說:“隻要能把話說明白就行了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “So long as you can make yourself clear, that’s O.K.”
【原文】
15·42 師冕(1)見,及階,子曰:“階也。”及席,子曰:“席也。”皆坐,子告之曰:“某在斯,某在斯。”師冕出,子張問曰:“與師言之道與?”子曰:“然,固相(2)師之道也。”
【注釋】
(1)師冕:師,樂師。冕,樂師名叫冕。
(2)相:幫助。
【白話】
樂師冕來見孔子,走到台階前,孔子說:“這兒是台階。”走到坐席前,孔子說:“這是坐席。”等大家都坐下來,孔子告訴他:“某某在這裏,某某在這裏。”師冕走了以後,子張就問孔子:“這就是與樂師談話的道嗎?”孔子說:“這就是幫助樂師的道。”
【英譯】
Musician Mian came to see Confucius. Stepping up to front of steps, Confucius said: “This is a step.” Coming to front of a mat seat, Confucius said: “This is a mat” After sitting down, Confucius said: “Mr. so and so sits here. Mr. so and so sits there.” After the musician left, Ztu Zhang asked Confucius: “This is the way you speak to musicians?” Confucius said: “This is the way to help musicians.”
季氏篇第十六
【原文】
16·1 季氏將伐顓臾(1)。冉有、季路見於孔子曰:“季氏將有事(2)於顓臾。”孔子曰:“求!無乃爾是過與?夫顓臾,昔者先王以為東蒙主(3),且在城邦之中矣,是社稷之臣也。何以伐為?”冉有曰:“夫子欲之,吾二臣者皆不欲也。”孔子曰:“求!周任(4)有言曰:‘陳力就列(5),不能者止。’危而不持,顛而不扶,則將焉用彼相(6)矣?且爾言過矣,虎兕(7)出於柙(8),龜玉毀於櫝(9)中,是誰之過與?”冉有曰:“今夫顓臾,固而近於費(10)。今不取,後世必為子孫憂。”孔子曰:“求!君子疾夫舍曰欲之而必為之辭。丘也聞有國有家者,不患寡而患不均,不患貧而患不安(11)。蓋均無貧,和無寡,安無傾。夫如是,故遠人不服,則修文德以來之。既來之,則安之。今由與求也,相夫子,遠人不服而不能來也,邦分崩離析而不能守也;而謀動幹戈於邦內。吾恐季孫之憂,不在顓臾,而在蕭牆(12)之內也。”
【注釋】
(1)顓臾:讀“專魚”,魯國的附屬國,在今山東省費縣西。
(2)有事:有軍事行動。
(3)東蒙主:東蒙,蒙山。主,主持祭祀的人。 東蒙山祭祀的主持人。
(4)周任:人名,周代史官。
(5)陳力就列:陳力,發揮能力。根據才能擔任職務。
(6)相:盲人的攙扶者,這裏指輔助而言。
(7)兕:讀“四”,母犀牛。
(8)柙:讀“匣”,用以關押野獸的木籠。
(9)櫝:讀“毒”,匣子。
(10)費:季氏的采邑。
(11)貧、寡:可能有錯誤,應為寡、貧。
(12)蕭牆:影壁牆。指宮廷之內。
【白話】
季氏要攻打顓臾,冉有、季路去見孔子說:“季氏快要攻打顓臾了。”孔子說:“冉求,這不是你的錯嗎?顓臾曾做過先王的東蒙主,而且就在魯國境內。是魯國的一部分,為何要打它?”冉有說:“季氏要打的,我二人都不想打。”孔子說:“冉求,有句老話說:‘在其位就要盡其責,不然就辭職’,危險時不支持,跌倒時不攙扶,要你這個助手何用?而且,你還說錯了,虎兕跑出籠子,龜玉毀在盒中,是誰的錯?”冉有說:“現在顓臾城牆堅固,又離費城很近,現在不奪過來,將來會成為子孫的後患。”孔子說:“冉求,君子痛恨那種不說自己‘想要’,卻要找理由辯解的人。我聽說有國有家的人,不怕錢少而怕不平均,不怕貧窮而怕不安定。因為,平均了就沒有貧窮,大家和睦就感覺不到人少,安定了就沒有危險。這樣,如果遠方的人不服,就用仁政招徠他們;來了之後,就要安撫他們。現在你二人輔助季氏,遠人不服卻不能招徠他們,國家分崩離析卻不能保全,反而想著在國內使用武力,我隻怕季孫的危險不在顓臾,而在自己的內部。”
【英譯】
Ji Shi was going to attack Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Ji Lu came to Confucius and said: “Ji Shi was going to make an assault on Zhuan Yu.” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu, is this your fault? Zhuan Yu was once the sponsor to offer sacrifices to Mount Dongmeng and it is located within the country Lu. Since it is a part of Lu, what’s the reason for him to attack it?” Ran You said: “It is Ji Shi that wants to attack Zhuan Yu but we two don’t agree with him.” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu, As an old saying goes: ‘Since you occupy a position, you should take the relative responsibilities. Or else, you should resign.’ When persons are in danger, you don’t show any support; when persons fall down, you don’t lend them a helping hand, then what’s the use to have assistants like you? Worse of all, what you said is wrong. If a she-rhinoceros runs out of a cage and a turtle-jade is destroyed within a box, then whose fault is it?” Ran You said: “Now Zhuan Yu enjoys strong city walls and is located very near to Fei City . If we don’t attack it now I’m afraid that endless troubles will be left over to our future generations.” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu, gentlemen hate people who don’t say they want to do something but try their best to justify their conduct instead. I heard that people who have their own countries and families are not afraid of lacking money but afraid of unequal, not afraid of poverty but afraid of unrest. The reason is that so long as there is equality there will not be poverty. If people live in amity with others they won’t feel the sparseness of population and if they live in peace they won’t meet with any dangers. Then you can solicit people from far away with humanity who refuses to give in. And you can pacify them after their arrival. As two assistants to Ji Shi now, yet you cannot solicit people from far away who refuse to give in. When your country is on the verge of collapse, you can do nothing to save it but instead you should want to resort to force. I’m afraid that the danger of Ji lies just in yourself but not in Zhuan Yu.”
【原文】
16·2 孔子曰:“天下有道,則禮樂征伐自天子出;天下無道,則禮樂征伐自諸侯出。自諸侯出,蓋十世希不失矣;自大夫出,五世希不失矣;陪臣執國命,三世希不失矣。天下有道,則政不在大夫。天下有道,則庶人不議。”
【白話】
孔子說:孔子說:“天下太平時,實權一定都在中央。天下混亂時,實權一定都在地方。實權在省級,天下太平的局麵最多能操持十代,再往後,很少有不亡國;實權在地級,天下太平的局麵最多操持五代,再往後,很少有不亡國的;縣級官員為所欲為,天下太平的局麵最多能保持三代,再往後,很少有不亡國的。天下太平,則實權不在地方;天下太平,則百姓不會抱怨社會。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When there is a great order across the land, the real power lies surely in central authority; when there is a great disorder under heaven, the real power lies certainly in local authorities. When real power lies in authorities of provincial level, the great order across the land can be kept ten generations at most. If the real power lies in authorities of provincial level more than ten generations, nearly no countries can avoid being destroyed. If the real power lies in authorities of prefecture level, the great order across the land can be kept five generations at most. If the real power lies in authorities of prefecture lvel more than five generations, nearly no countries can avoid being destroyed. If the real power lies in authorities of county level, the great order can be kept three generations at most. If the real power lies in authorities of county level more than three generations, nearly no counties can avoid being destroyed. If there is a great order across the land, the real power certainly does not lie in local authorities. And if there is a great order under heaven, people do not complain their society at all. ”
【原文】
16·3 孔子曰:“祿之去公室五世(1)矣,政逮(2)於大夫四世(3)矣,故夫三桓(4)之子孫微矣。”
【注釋】
(1)五世:指魯國宣公、成公、襄公、昭公、定公五世。
(2)逮:及。
(3)四世:指季孫氏文子、武子、平子、桓子四世。
(4)三桓:魯國伸孫、叔孫、季孫都出於魯桓公,所以叫三桓。
【白話】
孔子說:“魯國失去大權旁落已經有五代了,實權落在大夫之手已經四代了,所以三桓的子孫也衰微了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The central authority of the country Lu has lost its real power five generations. And the real power has fallen into the provincial authority four generations. Therefore the posterity of the three Heng’s families has fallen into decay.
【原文】
16·4 孔子曰:“益者三友,損者三友。友直,友諒(1),友多聞,益矣。友便辟(2),友善柔(3),友便侫(4),損矣。”
【注釋】
(1)諒:誠信。
(2)便辟:慣於走邪道。
(3)善柔:善於和顏悅色騙人。
(4)便侫:慣於花言巧語。
【白話】
孔子說:“有益的朋友有三種,有害的朋友有三種。與正直的人交朋友、與誠實的人交朋友、與見多識廣的人交朋友,有益處;與走邪門歪道的人交朋友、與讒媚奉迎的人交朋友、與花言巧語的人交朋友,有害處。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There are three categories of good friends and three categories of bad ones, too. It’s good for you to make friends with straightforward people, honest people and experienced and learned people. It’s harmful to make friends with people who take crooked ways, who fawn on others and who are smooth-tongued.”
16·5 孔子曰:“益者三樂,損者三樂。樂節禮樂(1),樂道人之善,樂多賢友,益矣。樂驕樂(2),樂佚(3)遊,樂晏樂(4),損矣。”
【注釋】
(1)節禮樂:孔子主張用禮樂來節製人。
(2)驕樂:驕縱不知節製的樂。
(3)佚:同“逸”。
(4)晏樂:沉溺於宴飲取樂。
【白話】
孔子說:“有益的喜好有三種,有害的喜好有三種。喜好以禮樂調節自己,喜好稱道別人的好處,喜好多結交賢德之友,這是有益的。喜好驕奢淫逸,喜歡遊手好閑,喜歡大吃大喝,這是有害的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There are three sorts of helpful likings, and there are also three sorts of harmful likings. Liking to adjust oneself with proprieties and music, liking to praise others’ strong points, liking to make many friends with persons of integrity, they are helpful; liking to wallow in luxury and pleasure, liking to live in idleness, liking to be spendthrift in feasting are harmful.”
【原文】
16·6 孔子曰:“侍於君子有三愆(1):言未及之而言謂之躁,言及之而不言謂之隱,未見顏色而言謂之瞽(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)愆:讀“千”,過失。
(2)瞽:讀“鼓”,盲人。
【白話】
孔子說:“奉陪君子有三種過失:不該說的時候就說,這叫急躁;該說的時候不說,這叫隱瞞;不看君子臉色而貿然說話;這叫瞎子。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When you keep a gentleman company, there are three faults you should pay attention to: speak when you shouldn’t, this is called ‘being impatient’; do not speak when you should do, this is called “concealing’; speak without adapting yourself to the look in his eyes, this is called ‘being blind’.”
【原文】
16·7 孔子曰:“君子有三戒:少之時,血氣未定,戒之在色;及其壯也,血氣方剛,戒之在鬥;及其老也,血氣既衰,戒之在得。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子有三種壞習氣要戒除:年輕時,血氣未足,要戒色欲;年壯時,血氣正旺,要戒爭鬥;年老時,血氣已衰,要戒貪婪。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There are three bad habits for gentlemen to give up: when young, they are short of sap, so they must give up being addicted to sex; when grown up, they are full of sap, so they must give up fighting; when old, they are feeble in sap, so they must give up greed.”
【原文】
16·8 孔子曰:“君子有三畏:畏天命,畏大人,畏聖人之言。小人不知天命而不畏也,狎大人,侮聖人之言。”
【白話】孔子說:“君子有三件事要敬畏:敬畏大自然、敬畏大人物、敬畏聖人言論。小人不懂自然規律因而也就不敬畏大自然,不尊重大人物,不拿聖人言論當回事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There are three things which gentlemen should highly esteem, namely, Mother Nature, VIP and words of sages. Vulgarians don’t understand law of nature and therefore they don’t highly esteem Mother Nature and VIP and don’t treat words of sages seriously either.”
【原文】
16·9 孔子曰:“生而知之者,上也;學而知之者,次也;困而學之,又其次也;困而不學,民斯為下矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“天生就知道的,是一等人;學習才知道的,是二等人;遇到困難才去學習的,是三等人;遇到困難也不學習的,就是下等人了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “A man who is born with knowledge is grade A; a man knows something through study is grade B; a man who starts to study after meeting with difficulties is grade C; a man who refuses to study even after meeting with difficulties is grade D.”
【原文】
16·10 孔子曰:“君子有九思:視思明,聽思聰,色思溫,貌思恭,言思忠,事思敬,疑思問,忿思難,見得思義。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子有九件事要仔細考慮:看,要考慮是否看清;聽,要考慮是否聽清;檢查自己神情,要考慮是否溫和;察看自己容貌,要考慮是否端莊;說話,要考慮是否誠懇;辦事,要考慮是否敬業;懷疑,要考慮是否應該求教;憤怒,要考慮是否有後患;獲利,要思考是否正當。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen have nine things to consider about carefully: when looking, they should consider whether the see clearly; when listening, they should consider whether they hear clearly; when examining self-expression, they should consider whether it is mild and refined; when scrutinizing self-appearance, they should consider whether it is decorous; when speaking, they should consider whether they are honesty; when managing business, they should consider whether they are diligent; when doubting, they should consider whether they should seek advice; when being angry, they should consider whether there is any future trouble; when making profits, they should consider whether it is reasonable.”
【原文】
16·11 子曰:“見善如不及,見不善如探湯。吾見其人矣,吾聞其語矣。隱居以求其誌,行義以達其道。吾聞其語矣,未見其人也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“看到別人行善, 就覺得不如人家,看到別人作惡,就像把手伸到開水中趕快避開。我見到過這樣的人,也聽到過這樣的話。以隱居避世保持自己的誌向,以主持正義實現自己的理想。我聽到過這種話,卻沒有見到過這樣的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When seeing others doing good works, a man would feel that he is not so good as the good-work doers; when seeing others doing evil, a man would avoid them immediately as if he puts his hand into boiled water and draw out at once. I have seen this kind of people and also heard of this sort of words. A man keeps his ideals by living a secluded life and realizes his dreams by upholding justice. I have heard of this sort of words but have not seen this kind of people.”
【原文】
16·12 齊景公有馬千駟,死之日,民無德而稱焉。伯夷叔齊餓死於首陽之下,民到於今稱之。其斯之謂與?
【白話】
齊景公有馬四千匹,可死的那天,百姓卻覺得他沒有什麽德行值得稱頌。伯夷、叔齊餓死在首陽山下,但百姓至今還在稱頌他們。人們津津樂道的不就是這件事嗎?
【英譯】
Qi Jing Gong had 4,000 horses but people did not think he had any virtue worthy praising on the very day when he died. Bo Yi and Shu Qi died of hunger in Mt. Shouyang but they have long been being praised even up to now. What people like to talk about is probably this story, isn’t it?”
【原文】
16·13 陳亢(1)問於伯魚(2)曰:“子亦有異聞(3)乎?”對曰:“未也。嚐獨立,鯉趨而過庭。曰:‘學詩乎?’對曰:‘未也’。‘不學詩,無以言。’鯉退而學詩。他日又獨立,鯉趨而過庭。曰:‘學禮乎?’對曰:‘未也’。‘不學禮,無以立。’鯉退而學禮。聞斯二者。”陳亢退而喜曰:“問一得三。聞詩,聞禮,又聞君子之遠(4)其子也。”
【注釋】
(1) 陳亢:亢,讀“剛”,即陳子禽。
(2) 伯魚:孔子的兒子,即孔鯉(前532年-前481年),字伯魚,因其誕時魯昭公賜孔子一尾鯉魚而得名。孔鯉先孔子而亡。
(3) 異聞:這裏指不同於對其他學生所講的內容。
(4) 遠:讀“院”,疏遠。不親近,不偏愛。
【白話】
陳亢問伯魚:“你從先生那裏聽到過什麽特殊的教誨嗎?”伯魚回答說:“沒有呀。有一次他獨自站在堂上,我快步從庭裏走過,他說:‘學《詩》了嗎?’我回答說:‘沒有。’他說:‘不學詩,就不懂得如何說話。’我回去就學《詩》。又有一天,他又獨自站在堂上,我快步從庭裏走過,他說:‘學禮了嗎?’我回答說:‘沒有。’他說:‘不學禮就不懂得如何立身。’我回去就學禮。我就聽到過他這兩次教誨。”陳亢回去高興地說:“我提一個問題,得到三方麵的收獲,既聽到了《詩》的作用,又聽到了禮的功能,還聽到了君子不偏愛自己兒子的美德。”
【英譯】
Chen Gang asked Boyu: “Have you heard any special instructions from our master?” Boyu replied: “No. One day, he was standing alone in the hall and I pass quickly. He said to me: ‘Have you studied 《The Book of Odes》?’ I replied: ‘No.’ He said: ‘If you don’t study 《The Book of Odes》, you won’t know how to speak.’ After turning back, I began to study《The Book of Odes》. Another day, he was standing alone in the hall and I pass quickly. He said to me: ‘Have you studied proprieties?’ I replied: ‘No.’ He said: ‘If you don’t study proprieties, you won’t know how to find a foothold in society.’ After turning back, I began to study proprieties. Only twice have I ever heard his instructions.” Back of home, Chen Gang was very happy and said: “I only asked one question but I learned three things: firstly, I heard of the function of 《The Book of Odes》; secondly, I heard of the function of proprieties; thirdly, I heard of a gentleman’s virtue about having no preference for his own son.”
【原文】
16·14 邦君之妻,君稱之曰夫人,夫人自稱曰小童;邦人稱之曰君夫人,稱諸異邦曰寡小君;異邦人稱之亦曰君夫人。
【白話】
國君的妻子,國君稱她為夫人,夫人自稱為小童;國人稱她為君夫人,在外國人麵前則成她為寡小君;外國人也稱她為君夫人。
【英譯】
As for the wife of a lord, the lord calls her madam, but the wife calls herself little kid; people call her the wife of the lord and before foreigners call her the little wife of the lord; and the foreigners call her the wife of the lord.
陽貨篇第十七
【原文】
17·1 陽貨(1)欲見孔子,孔子不見,歸孔子豚(2)。孔子時其亡(3)也,而往拜之,遇諸塗(4)。謂孔子曰:“來!予與爾言。”曰:“懷其寶而迷其邦(5),可謂仁乎?”曰:“不可。”“好從事而亟(6)失時,可謂知乎?”曰:“不可。”“日月逝矣,歲不我與(7)。”孔子曰:“諾,吾將仕矣。”
【注釋】
(1)陽貨:又叫陽虎,季氏的家臣。
(2)歸孔子豚:歸,讀“愧”,同“饋”,贈送。豚,讀“屯”,小豬。
(3)亡:外出。
(4)塗:塗,同“途”,道路。
(5)迷:迷亂。
(6)亟:屢次。
(7)與:在一起,此處是等待的意思。
【白話】
陽貨想見孔子,孔子不見,他就給孔子送了一隻烤乳豬,目的在於迫使孔子去他家致謝。孔子乘他不在家時去拜謝,可不料卻在半路上遇見了。陽貨對孔子說 :“來,我有話要跟你說。”孔子走過去,陽貨說:“有本領卻藏起來而聽任國家大亂,這能叫仁嗎?”孔子說:“不能。”陽貨說:“總想幹大事而又屢次錯過機會,這能叫明智嗎?”孔子說:“不能。”陽貨說:“時間一天天過去了,年歲是不等人的。”孔子說:“好吧,那我就去做官吧。”
【英譯】
Yang Huo wanted to visit Confucius but Confucius refused. He gave Confucius a roasted sucking pig aiming to force Confucius to visit him expressing thanks. Confucius deliberately went to visit him when Yang Huo was out but unexpectedly he met with him on the way. Yang Huo said to Confucius: “Come on! I have something to talk with you.” Confucius stepped up and Yang Huo said: “You’re a man of ability but you live a secluded life and let the country suffer from a great disorder. Can it be called humanity?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said continuously: “You always want to do big things but you have missed chances again and again. Can it be called wisdom?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said: “Time passed day by day. Age doesn’t wait for anyone.” Confucius said: “All right. I’ll be out and seek a post then.”
【原文】
17·2 子曰:“性相近也,習相遠也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“人的本性相近,但習慣卻會相差很遠。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “All people’s nature is nearly the same, but their habits can be quite different.”
【原文】
17·3 子曰:“唯上知與下愚不移。”
【白話】
孔子說:“隻有上等的智者與下等的愚者是無法改變的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It is the wise men of upper class and the stupid men of grass-root class that cannot be changed.”
【原文】
17·4 子之武城(1),聞弦歌(2)之聲。夫子莞爾而笑,曰:“割雞焉用牛刀?”子遊對曰:“昔者偃也聞諸夫子曰:‘君子學道則愛人,小人學道則易使也。’”子曰:“二三子!偃之言是也。前言戲之耳。”
【注釋】
(1)武城:魯國小城,當時子遊為武城宰。
(2)弦歌:弦,指琴瑟。以琴瑟伴奏歌唱。
【白話】
孔子到武城,聽見彈琴唱歌的聲音。孔子微笑著說:“殺雞何必用宰牛的刀呢?”子遊回答說:“以前我聽先生說過,‘君子學習了禮樂就能愛人,小人學習了禮樂就容易受指使。’”孔子說:“同學們,言偃的話是對的。我剛才說的話,隻是開個玩笑而已。”
【英譯】
Confucius came to Wu Cheng City and heard the sound interspersed with singing and accompanied with plucked instruments. Smiling, Confucius said: “What’s the necessity to kill a chicken with a butcher’ knife for ox-killing?” Ztu You replied: “Before I once heard you say: ‘After learning proprieties and music, gentlemen will love people; after learning proprieties and music, vulgarians will be easily incited.’” Confucius said: “My dear student, what Yan Yan said is correct. And what I said just now is only for fun.”
【原文】
17·5 公山弗擾(1)以(2)費畔(3),召,子欲往。子路不悅,曰:“末之也已(4),何必公山氏之之也(5)。”子曰:“夫召我者,而豈徒(6)哉?如有用我者,吾其為東周乎(7)?”
【注釋】
(1)公山弗擾:人名,又稱公山不狃,字子洩,季氏的家臣。
(2) 以:占據,以某地為據點。
(3)畔:同“叛”。
(4)末之也已:之,前往,此處是前往的地點。已,止,罷了,算了。
(5)之之也:第一個“之”字是助詞,第二個“之”字是動詞,前往。
(6)徒:徒然,白白地,平白無故。
(7)吾其為東周乎:為東周,建造東方的周朝。
【白話】
公山弗擾以費邑為據點叛亂,招納孔子,孔子想去。子路不高興地說:“沒地方去也就罷了,何必非要到公山弗擾那裏去呢?”孔子說:“他來召我,難道沒有原因嗎?如果有人用我,我就不能在東方重建周朝嗎?”
【英譯】
Taking Fei County as a stronghold, Gongshan Furao rose in rebellion and invited Confucius. Confucius wanted to go. Ztu Lu said unhappily: “If there is nowhere for you to go, let it go at that. What’s the need to accept the invitation of Gongshan Furao?” Confucius said: “Could it be said that there is no reason for him to invite me? If someone wants to use me, surely it doesn’t mean that I cannot rebuild a new Zhou Dynasty in the east.”
【原文】
17·6 子張問仁於孔子。孔子曰:“能行五者於天下為仁矣。” 問:“請問之。”曰:“恭、寬、信、敏、惠。恭則不侮,寬則得眾,信則人任焉,敏則有功,惠則足以使人。”
【白話】
子張問孔子什麽叫仁。孔子說:“能夠處處做到五點就是達到仁了。”子張說:“請問哪五種。”孔子說:“莊重、寬厚、誠實、勤敏、慈惠。莊重能免遭侮辱,寬厚能得民心,誠信能受重用,勤敏能獲成功,慈惠能善用人。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “If you can do five things then you can be considered man of humanity.” Ztu Zhang said: “What are they?” Confucius said: “Seriousness, generosity, honesty, diligence and kindness. Seriousness can help you avoid being insulted; generosity can help you win supports of the people; honesty can help you win important positions; diligence can help you to be crowned with success; kindness can help you properly use persons of talent.”
【原文】
17·7 佛肸(1)召,子欲往。子路曰:昔者由也聞諸夫子曰:‘親於其身為不善者,君子不入也。’佛肸以中牟(2)畔,子之往也,如之何?”子曰:“然,有是言也。不曰堅乎,磨而不磷(3);不曰白乎,涅(4)而不緇(5)。吾豈匏瓜(6)也哉?焉能係(7)而不食?”
【注釋】
(1)佛肸:讀“必西”,晉國大夫範氏家臣,中牟城地方官。
(2)中牟:地名,在晉國,約在今河北邢台與邯鄲之間。
(3)磷:損傷。
(4)涅:一種礦物質,可用作顏料染衣服。
(5)緇:讀“資”,黑色。
(6)匏瓜:匏讀“袍”, 葫蘆中的一種,比一般葫蘆大,味苦不能吃,可做瓢。
(7)係:讀“記”,拴。
【白話】
佛肸召孔子去,孔子打算前往。子路說:“從前我聽先生說過:‘親手做壞事的人那裏,君子是不去的。’現在佛肸據中牟反叛,你卻要去,這如何解釋呢?”孔子說:“是的,我有過這樣的話。不是說硬東西磨不壞嗎?不是說白東西染不黑嗎?難道我就是個苦葫蘆嗎?怎麽能隻掛不能吃呢?”
【英譯】
Bixi invited Confucius and he wanted to go. But Ztu Lu said: “I heard you said before: ‘Gentlemen don’t go to persons who do bad things personally.’ Now Bixi takes Zhong Mou as a stronghold and has risen in rebellion. But you want to go there. How can you explain it?” Confucius said: “Yes, I once said this. But do you know that hard thing cannot be worn out by rubbing and white thing cannot be blackened with dyestuff? Could it be said I’m a bitter gourd which can just be hung there but cannot be eaten?”
【原文】
17·8 子曰:“由也,女(1)聞六言六蔽矣乎?”對曰:“未也。”“居(2),吾語女。好仁不好學,其蔽也愚(3);好知不好學,其蔽也蕩(4);好信不好學,其蔽也賊(5);好直不好學,其蔽也絞(6);好勇不好學,其蔽也亂;好剛不好學,其蔽也狂。”
【注釋】
(1)女:音義皆同“汝”,你。
(2)居:坐。
(3)愚:受人愚弄。
(4)蕩:放蕩。
(5)賊:危害,耽誤,誤人子弟。
(6)絞:說話尖刻。
【白話】
孔子說:“仲由啊,你聽說過六種品德六種弊病嗎?”仲由說:“沒有。”孔子說:“坐下,我對你說。好仁不好學,弊病是愚蠢;好智不好學,弊病是放蕩;好信不好學,弊病是誤人;好直不好學,弊病是刻薄;好勇不好學,弊病是作亂;好剛不好學,弊病是狂妄。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Zhong You, have you ever heard of six virtues and six defects?” Zhong You said: “No.” Confucius said: “Sit down. Let me tell you. Lay stress on humanity but not on study, its defect is stupidity; lay stress on wisdom but not on study, its defect is loose; lay stress on honesty but not on study, its defect is misleading people; lay stress on straightforwardness but not on study, its defect is causticity; lay stress on braveness but not on study, its defect is to rise in revolt; lay stress on firmness and unyieldingness but not on study, its defect is franticness.”
【原文】
17·9 子曰:“小子何莫學夫詩。詩,可以興(1),可以觀(2),可以群(3),可以怨(4)。邇(5)之事父,遠之事君;多識於鳥獸草木之名。”
【注釋】
(1)興:激發興致。
(2)觀:達觀,即心胸豁達,遇事想得開。
(3)群:合群。
(4)怨:招怨。
(5)邇:讀“耳”,近。
【白話】
孔子說:“學生們為什麽不學習《詩》呢?學《詩》可以激發情致,可以心胸達觀,可以與人合群,可以抒發怨怒。近可孝敬父母,遠可事奉君主;還可以多知道一些鳥獸草木的名字。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “My students, why don’t you study 《The Book of Odes》?Through the study of 《The Book of Odes》, you can arouse delights of life, you can be broad-minded, you can get on well with others, you can express resentment. Near, you can well show filial devotion to your parents and far you can well serve the lord. Moreover, you can also learn some names of birds, animals, plants and trees.”
【原文】
17·10 子謂伯魚曰:“女為《周南》、《召南》(1)矣乎?人而不為《周南》、《召南》,其猶正牆麵而立(2)也與?”
【注釋】
(1)《周南》、《召南》:《詩經·國風》中的第一、二兩部分篇名。周南和召南都是地名。這是當地的民歌。
(2)正牆麵而立:麵向牆壁站立著。
【白話】
孔子對伯魚說:“你學習《周南》、《召南》了嗎?一個人如果不學習《周南》、《召南》,那不就像麵對牆壁而站著嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius said to Bo Yu: “Have you learned 《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》? If a man doesn’t learn《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》, isn’t it like to sand facing a wall?”
【原文】
17·11 子曰:“禮雲禮雲,玉帛雲乎哉?樂雲樂雲,鍾鼓雲乎哉?”
【白話】
孔子說:“禮呀禮呀,說的是玉帛嗎?樂呀樂呀,說的是鍾鼓嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gifts and gifts, do they mean jade and silk? Music and music, does it mean bell and drum?”
【原文】
17·12 子曰:“色厲而內荏(1),譬諸小人,其猶穿窬(2)之盜也與?”
【注釋】
(1)色厲內荏:厲,威嚴,荏,讀“忍”,虛弱。外表嚴厲而內心虛弱。
(2)窬:讀“魚”,洞。
【白話】
孔子說:“外表嚴厲而內心虛弱,用這句話比喻小人,就像是挖牆洞的盜賊吧?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “A fierce look covers a coward heart. If we use this sentence to draw an analogy to vulgarians, aren’t they like thieves who commit theft by boring holes in the wall?”
【原文】
17·13 子曰:“鄉願,德之賊也。”
【注釋】
(1) 鄉願:老好人。
【白話】
孔子說:“老好人,就是破壞道德的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Men of no principle are demoralized persons.”
【原文】
17·14 子曰:“道聽而塗說,德之棄也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“路上聽到就到處傳播,這與道德背道而馳。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Hearsay runs counter to morality.”
【原文】
17·15 子曰:“鄙夫可與事君也與哉?其未得之也,患得之。既得之,患失之。苟患失之,無所不至矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“可以和小人一起共同事奉君主嗎?這種人在沒當官時,總怕當不上。當上了,又怕丟官。如果他們總怕丟烏紗帽,那就什麽事都幹得出來了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Can we work together with vulgarians at serving the lord? When they’ve got no official posts, they are always afraid of being unable to get. But when they’ve got one, they are afraid of losing it. If what they always worry about is just losing office posts, then there is nothing they cannot do.”
【原文】
17·16 子曰:“古者民有三疾,今也或是之亡也。古之狂(1)也肆(2),今之狂也蕩(3);古之矜也廉(4),今之矜也忿戾(5);古之愚也直,今之愚也詐而已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)狂:狂妄自大。
(2)肆:放肆。
(3)蕩:放蕩。
(4)廉:說一不二。
(5)戾:蠻橫無理。
【白話】
孔子說:“古人有三種毛病,而今人這三種毛病恐怕已變本加厲了。古代狂妄的人者不過是自高自大,而現在狂妄的人卻是放蕩無羈;古代驕傲的人不過是說一不二,現在驕傲的人卻是蠻橫凶殘;古代愚笨的人不過是直來直去,現在的愚笨的人卻是狡猾奸詐。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The ancient people had three weak points but what the present people do is probably to make them intensified. What the ancient frantic persons did was only to show self-importance, but what the present frantic persons do is to lead a loose life; what the ancient arrogant persons did was only never to go back on their words, but what the present arrogant persons do is to be arbitrary and cruel; what the ancient stupid persons did was only to be straightforward, but what the present stupid persons do is to be sly and fraudulent.”
【原文】
17·17 子曰:“巧言令色(1),鮮(2)仁矣。”
【注釋】
(1)巧言令色:朱熹注曰:“好其言,善其色,致飾於外,務以說人。”巧和令都是美好的意思。但此處應釋為裝出和顏悅色的樣子。
(2)鮮:讀“顯”,少的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“花言巧語,裝出和顏悅色的樣子,這種人的仁心就很少了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Talking plausibly with feign amiable looks, people of this sort are scarcely benevolent.”
【原文】
17·18 子曰:“惡紫之奪朱也,惡鄭聲之亂雅樂也,惡利口之覆邦家者。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我厭惡用紫色代替紅色,厭惡用鄭聲擾亂雅樂,厭惡用妖言顛覆國家的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I hate people who replace red with purple, disturb refined music with popular music and subvert a government with fallacies.”
【原文】
17·19 子曰:“予欲無言。”子貢曰:“子如不言,則小子何述焉?”子曰:“天何言哉?四時行焉,百物生焉,天何言哉?”
【白話】
孔子說:“我想不再說話了。”子貢說:“你如果不說話,那我們這些學生還有什麽可說呢?”孔子說:“天何嚐說話呢?天雖然沒說話,可四季照常運行,百物照樣生長。天說過什麽話呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I don’t want to say anymore.” Ztu Gong said: “If you don’t want to say anymore, then what can we students say?” Confucius said: “Has Heaven ever said anything? No. Yet even Heaven has said nothing, the four seasons move regularly and everything in the world grows as usual. Has Heaven said anything?”
【原文】
17·20 孺悲(1)欲見孔子,孔子辭以疾。將命者出戶,取瑟而歌,使之聞之。
【注釋】
(1)孺悲:魯國人,魯哀公曾派他向孔子學禮。
【白話】
孺悲想見孔子,孔子以有病為由推辭不見。傳話的人剛出門,孔子就取出瑟邊彈邊唱,故意讓孺悲聽到。
【英譯】
Ru Bei wanted to see Confucius but Confucius declined to see him on the pretext of illness. Yet as soon as the man who sent words walked out, taking out a Se ( a music instrument), Confucius sang as he played it. On purpose, he wanted to let Ru Bei hear it.”
【原文】
17·21 宰我問:“三年之喪,期已久矣。君子三年不為禮,禮必壞;三年不為樂,樂必崩。舊穀既沒,新穀既升,鑽燧改火(1),期(2)可已矣。”子曰:“食夫稻(3),衣夫錦,於女安乎?”曰:“安。”“女安則為之。夫君子之居喪,食旨(4)不甘,聞樂不樂,居處不安,故不為也。今女安,則為之!”宰我出,子曰:“予之不仁也!子生三年,然後免於父母之懷,夫三年之喪,天下之通喪也。予也有三年之愛於其父母乎?”
【注釋】
(1)鑽燧改火:古人鑽木取火,四季所用木頭不同,每年輪一遍,叫改火。
(2)期:讀“雞”,一年。
(3)食夫稻:古代北方少種稻米,故大米很珍貴。這裏是說吃好的。
(4)旨:甜美,指吃好的食物。
【譯文】
宰我問:“三年服喪期,太長了。君子三年不講究禮儀,禮儀必然敗壞;三年不演奏音樂,音樂必然會荒廢。舊穀吃完,新穀登場,鑽木取火也該改一改,因此喪期有一年就可以了。”孔子說:“才一年你就吃開了大米飯,穿起了錦緞衣,你心安理得嗎?”宰我說:“我心安理得。”孔子說:“你心安理得,那你就那樣去做吧!君子守喪,吃美味不覺得香甜,聽音樂不覺得快樂,住在家裏不覺得舒服,所以不那樣做。如今你既覺得心安理得,那你就那樣去做吧!”宰我出去後,孔子說:“宰予真是不仁啊!小孩生下來,到三歲時才能離開父母的懷抱。服喪三年,這是天下通行的喪禮。宰子也從父母那裏得到過三年的愛嗎?”
【英譯】
Zai Wo said: “The three-year-funeral-period is too long. If gentlemen do not study proprieties three years, proprieties will be ruined; if gentlemen do not play music three years, music will be neglected. Old grain is run out, new one will come out. And the method of making fire by drilling wood should be changed. Therefore, one year is enough for a funeral-period.” Confucius said: “Only one year passed, you do begin eating rice and wearing silk. Do you feel quite at ease?” Zai Wo said: “Yes, I do.” Confucius said: “Since you feel quite at ease, you can do that way. During funeral period, gentlemen do not feel tasty when eating delicious food, do not feel happily when listening music, do not feel comfortable when living at home. So gentlemen do not do like that. Since you feel quite at ease, then you can do that way.” After Zai Wo left, Confucius said: “Zai Wo is really lack of humanity! After being born, a little baby does not leave his mother’s embrace until he is three years old. Keeping a three-year-funeral-period is the usual funeral propriety. Could it be said that Zai Wo have got no three-year-love at all from his parents?”
【原文】
17·22 子路曰:“飽食終日,無所用心,難矣哉!不有博奕者乎?為之,猶賢乎已。”
【白話】
孔子說:“一天到晚除了吃飽飯,別的什麽心思也不走,實在太難了!不是還有下棋的遊戲嗎?幹這個,也比閑著強。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s really too difficult to loaf through the day well-fed and taking nothing seriously! There is a chess game, isn’t there? Playing chess is much better than living in idleness.”
【原文】
17·23 子路曰:“君子尚勇乎?”子曰:“君子義以為上。君子有勇而無義為亂,小人有勇而無義為盜。”
【白話】
子路說:“君子崇尚勇敢嗎?”孔子說:“君子把道義看作至高無上的品德,君子勇敢但不講道義就會作亂,小人勇敢但不講道義就會行竊。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked: “Do gentlemen uphold braveness?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen consider justice as the best morality. If a gentleman is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will make troubles. If a vulagarin is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will commit theft.”
【原文】
17·24 子貢曰:“君子亦有惡(1)乎?”子曰:“有惡。惡稱人之惡者,惡居下流(2)而訕(3)上者,惡勇而無禮者,惡果敢而窒(4)者。”曰:“賜也亦有惡乎?”“惡徼(5)以為知(6)者,惡不孫(7)以為勇者,惡訐(8)以為直者。”
【注釋】
(1)惡:讀“物”,厭惡。
(2)下流:下等的,在下的。
(3)訕:讀“善”,誹謗。
(4)窒:阻塞,不通事理,頑固不化。
(5)徼:讀“腳”,竊取,抄襲。
(6)知:同“智”。
(7)孫:同“遜”。
(8)訐:讀“傑”,攻擊、揭發別人,多因個人恩怨而為。
【白話】
子貢說:“君子也有厭惡的人嗎?”孔子說:“有。厭惡張揚別人短處的人,厭惡身居下位而誹謗位居高位者的人,厭惡勇敢而不講禮節的人,厭惡固執而不通情達理的人。”孔子又說:“賜,你也有厭惡的人嗎?”子貢說:“厭惡剽竊他人卻說自己聰明的人,厭惡把不謙虛當做勇敢的人,厭惡把揭別人短處當作直率的人。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked: “Do gentlemen detest anyone?” Confucius said: “Yes, of course. They detest persons who publicize others’ weak points, detest persons who are in lower positions but defame persons in higher positions, detest persons who are brave but don’t pay attention to proprieties, detest persons who are stubborn but don’t make any exceptions.” Confucius said: “Ci, do you detest anyone?” Ztu Gong said: “Yes. I detest persons who plagiarize others’ works but praise themselves, detest persons who consider un-modesty as braveness, detest persons who take disclosing others’ faults as straightforwardness.”
【原文】
17·25 子曰:“唯女子與小人為難養也,近之則不孫,遠之則怨。”
【白話】
孔子說:“隻有女子和小人是最難對付的,親近他們,他們就會無禮,疏遠他們,他們就會報怨。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Women and vulgarians are the only ones who are difficult to be dealt. If you are on intimate terms with them, they will neglect proprieties. But if you keep them at a distance, they will complain.”
【原文】
17·26 子曰:“年四十而見(1)惡焉,其終也已。”
【注釋】
(1)見:被。類似的例子如:見笑,被笑話。“見笑”一詞十分常用。但一定注意用法。大概經常是發表意見之後的謙虛語,意思請求對方不要笑話,因此常會說出“請勿見笑”的句子。其實並不恰當,因為照這樣的說法說通俗一點就是“請別被笑”,顯然欠妥。所以還不如就說“請別笑話”。但如果說“唯恐見笑”就可以,因為說通俗一點就是“恐怕被他人笑話”。
【白話】
孔子說:“到四十歲還被人所厭惡,他這輩子也就算完了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person is still detested by others at the age of forty, then his whole life is over.”
陽貨篇第十七
【原文】
17·1 陽貨(1)欲見孔子,孔子不見,歸孔子豚(2)。孔子時其亡(3)也,而往拜之,遇諸塗(4)。謂孔子曰:“來!予與爾言。”曰:“懷其寶而迷其邦(5),可謂仁乎?”曰:“不可。”“好從事而亟(6)失時,可謂知乎?”曰:“不可。”“日月逝矣,歲不我與(7)。”孔子曰:“諾,吾將仕矣。”
【注釋】
(1)陽貨:又叫陽虎,季氏的家臣。
(2)歸孔子豚:歸,讀“愧”,同“饋”,贈送。豚,讀“屯”,小豬。
(3)亡:外出。
(4)塗:塗,同“途”,道路。
(5)迷:迷亂。
(6)亟:屢次。
(7)與:在一起,此處是等待的意思。
【白話】
陽貨想見孔子,孔子不見,他就給孔子送了一隻烤乳豬,目的在於迫使孔子去他家致謝。孔子乘他不在家時去拜謝,可不料卻在半路上遇見了。陽貨對孔子說 :“來,我有話要跟你說。”孔子走過去,陽貨說:“有本領卻藏起來而聽任國家大亂,這能叫仁嗎?”孔子說:“不能。”陽貨說:“總想幹大事而又屢次錯過機會,這能叫明智嗎?”孔子說:“不能。”陽貨說:“時間一天天過去了,年歲是不等人的。”孔子說:“好吧,那我就去做官吧。”
【英譯】
Yang Huo wanted to visit Confucius but Confucius refused. He gave Confucius a roasted sucking pig aiming to force Confucius to visit him expressing thanks. Confucius deliberately went to visit him when Yang Huo was out but unexpectedly he met with him on the way. Yang Huo said to Confucius: “Come on! I have something to talk with you.” Confucius stepped up and Yang Huo said: “You’re a man of ability but you live a secluded life and let the coutry suffer from a great disorder. Can it be called humanity?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said continuously: “You always want to do big things but you have missed chances again and again. Can it be called wisdom?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said: “Time passed day by day. Age doesn’t wait for anyone.” Confucius said: “All right. I’ll be out and seek a post then.”
【原文】
17·2 子曰:“性相近也,習相遠也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“人的本性相近,但習慣卻會相差很遠。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “All people’s nature is nearly the same, but their habits can be quite differenct.”
【原文】
17·3 子曰:“唯上知與下愚不移。”
【白話】
孔子說:“隻有上等的智者與下等的愚者是無法改變的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It is the wise men of upper class and the stupid men of grass-root class that cannot be changed.”
【原文】
17·4 子之武城(1),聞弦歌(2)之聲。夫子莞爾而笑,曰:“割雞焉用牛刀?”子遊對曰:“昔者偃也聞諸夫子曰:‘君子學道則愛人,小人學道則易使也。’”子曰:“二三子!偃之言是也。前言戲之耳。”
【注釋】
(1)武城:魯國小城,當時子遊為武城宰。
(2)弦歌:弦,指琴瑟。以琴瑟伴奏歌唱。
【白話】
孔子到武城,聽見彈琴唱歌的聲音。孔子微笑著說:“殺雞何必用宰牛的刀呢?”子遊回答說:“以前我聽先生說過,‘君子學習了禮樂就能愛人,小人學習了禮樂就容易受指使。’”孔子說:“同學們,言偃的話是對的。我剛才說的話,隻是開個玩笑而已。”
【英譯】
Confucius came to Wu Cheng City and heard the sound interspersed with singning and accompanied with plucked instruments. Smiling, Confucius said: “ What’s the necessacity to kill a chicken with a butcher’ knife for ox-killing?” Ztu You replied: “Before I once heard you say: ‘After learning propieties and music, gentlemen will love people; after learning propieties and music, vulgarians will be easily incited.’” Confucius said: “My dear student, what Yan Yan said is correct. And what I said just now is only for fun.”
【原文】
17·5 公山弗擾(1)以(2)費畔(3),召,子欲往。子路不悅,曰:“末之也已(4),何必公山氏之之也(5)。”子曰:“夫召我者,而豈徒(6)哉?如有用我者,吾其為東周乎(7)?”
【注釋】
(1)公山弗擾:人名,又稱公山不狃,字子洩,季氏的家臣。
(2) 以:占據,以某地為據點。
(3)畔:同“叛”。
(4)末之也已:之,前往,此處是前往的地點。已,止,罷了,算了。
(5)之之也:第一個“之”字是助詞,第二個“之”字是動詞,前往。
(6)徒:徒然,白白地,平白無故。
(7)吾其為東周乎:為東周,建造東方的周朝。
【白話】
公山弗擾以費邑為據點叛亂,招納孔子,孔子想去。子路不高興地說:“沒地方去也就罷了,何必非要到公山弗擾那裏去呢?”孔子說:“他來召我,難道沒有原因嗎?如果有人用我,我就不能在東方重建周朝嗎?”
【英譯】
Taking Fei County as a stronghold, Gongshan Furao rose in rebellion and invited Confucius. Confucius wanted to go. Ztu Lu said unhappily: “If there is nowhere for you to go, let it go at that. What’s the need to accept the invitation of Gongshan Furao?” Confucius said: “Could it be said that there is no reason for him to invite me? If someone wants to use me, surely it doesn’t mean that I cannot rebuild a new Zhou Dynasty in the east.”
【原文】
17·6 子張問仁於孔子。孔子曰:“能行五者於天下為仁矣。” 問:“請問之。”曰:“恭、寬、信、敏、惠。恭則不侮,寬則得眾,信則人任焉,敏則有功,惠則足以使人。”
【白話】
子張問孔子什麽叫仁。孔子說:“能夠處處做到五點就是達到仁了。”子張說:“請問哪五種。”孔子說:“莊重、寬厚、誠實、勤敏、慈惠。莊重能免遭侮辱,寬厚能得民心,誠信能受重用,勤敏能獲成功,慈惠能善用人。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “If you can do five things then you can be considered man of humanity.” Ztu Zhang said: “What are they?” Confucius said: “Seriousness, generosity, honesty, diligence and kindness. Seriousness can help you avoid being insulted; generosity can help you win supports of the people; honesty can help you win important positions; diligence can help you to be crowned with success; kindness can help you properly use persons of talent.”
【原文】
17·7 佛肸(1)召,子欲往。子路曰:昔者由也聞諸夫子曰:‘親於其身為不善者,君子不入也。’佛肸以中牟(2)畔,子之往也,如之何?”子曰:“然,有是言也。不曰堅乎,磨而不磷(3);不曰白乎,涅(4)而不緇(5)。吾豈匏瓜(6)也哉?焉能係(7)而不食?”
【注釋】
(1)佛肸:讀“必西”,晉國大夫範氏家臣,中牟城地方官。
(2)中牟:地名,在晉國,約在今河北邢台與邯鄲之間。
(3)磷:損傷。
(4)涅:一種礦物質,可用作顏料染衣服。
(5)緇:讀“資”,黑色。
(6)匏瓜:匏讀“袍”, 葫蘆中的一種,比一般葫蘆大,味苦不能吃,可做瓢。
(7)係:讀“記”,拴。
【白話】
佛肸召孔子去,孔子打算前往。子路說:“從前我聽先生說過:‘親手做壞事的人那裏,君子是不去的。’現在佛肸據中牟反叛,你卻要去,這如何解釋呢?”孔子說:“是的,我有過這樣的話。不是說硬東西磨不壞嗎?不是說白東西染不黑嗎?難道我就是個苦葫蘆嗎?怎麽能隻掛不能吃呢?”
【英譯】
Bixi invited Confucius and he wanted to go. But Ztu Lu said: “I heard you said before: ‘Gentlemen don’t go to persons who do bad things personally.’ Now Bixi takes Zhong Mou as a stronghold and has risen in rebellion. But you want to go there. How can you explain it?” Confucius said: “Yes, I once said this. But do you know that hard thing cannot be worn out by rubbing and white thing cannot be blackened with dyestuff? Could it be said I’m a bitter gourd which can just be hung there but cannot be eaten?”
【原文】
17·8 子曰:“由也,女(1)聞六言六蔽矣乎?”對曰:“未也。”“居(2),吾語女。好仁不好學,其蔽也愚(3);好知不好學,其蔽也蕩(4);好信不好學,其蔽也賊(5);好直不好學,其蔽也絞(6);好勇不好學,其蔽也亂;好剛不好學,其蔽也狂。”
【注釋】
(1) 女:音義皆同“汝”,你。
(2)居:坐。
(3)愚:受人愚弄。
(4)蕩:放蕩。
(5)賊:危害,耽誤,誤人子弟。
(6)絞:說話尖刻。
【白話】
孔子說:“仲由啊,你聽說過六種品德六種弊病嗎?”仲由說:“沒有。”孔子說:“坐下,我對你說。好仁不好學,弊病是愚蠢;好智不好學,弊病是放蕩;好信不好學,弊病是誤人;好直不好學,弊病是刻薄;好勇不好學,弊病是作亂;好剛不好學,弊病是狂妄。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Zhong You, have you ever heard of six virtues and six defects?” Zhong You said: “No.” Confucius said: “Sit down. Let me tell you. Lay stress on humanity but not on study, its defect is stupidity; lay stress on wisdom but not on study, its defect is loose; lay stress on honesty but not on study, its defect is misleading people; lay stress on straightforwardness but not on study, its defect is causticity; lay stress on braveness but not on study, its defect is to rise in revolt; lay stress on firmness and unyieldingness but not on study, its defect is franticness.”
【原文】
17·9 子曰:“小子何莫學夫詩。詩,可以興(1),可以觀(2),可以群(3),可以怨(4)。邇(5)之事父,遠之事君;多識於鳥獸草木之名。”
【注釋】
(1)興:激發興致。
(2)觀:達觀,即心胸豁達,遇事想得開。
(3)群:合群。
(4)怨:招怨。
(5)邇:讀“耳”,近。
【白話】
孔子說:“學生們為什麽不學習《詩》呢?學《詩》可以激發情致,可以心胸達觀,可以與人合群,可以抒發怨怒。近可孝敬父母,遠可事奉君主;還可以多知道一些鳥獸草木的名字。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “My students, why don’t you study 《The Book of Odes》?Through the study of 《The Book of Odes》, you can arouse delights of life, you can be broad-minded, you can get on well with others, you can express resentment. Near, you can well show filial devotion to your parents and far you can well serve the lord. Moreover, you can also learn some names of birds, animals, plants and trees.”
【原文】
17·10 子謂伯魚曰:“女為《周南》、《召南》(1)矣乎?人而不為《周南》、《召南》,其猶正牆麵而立(2)也與?”
【注釋】
(1)《周南》、《召南》:《詩經·國風》中的第一、二兩部分篇名。周南和召南都是地名。這是當地的民歌。
(2)正牆麵而立:麵向牆壁站立著。
【白話】
孔子對伯魚說:“你學習《周南》、《召南》了嗎?一個人如果不學習《周南》、《召南》,那不就像麵對牆壁而站著嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius said to Bo Yu: “Have you learned 《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》? If a man doesn’t learn《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》, isn’t it like to sand facing a wall?”
【原文】
17·11 子曰:“禮雲禮雲,玉帛雲乎哉?樂雲樂雲,鍾鼓雲乎哉?”
【白話】
孔子說:“禮呀禮呀,說的是玉帛嗎?樂呀樂呀,說的是鍾鼓嗎?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gifts and gifts, do they mean jade and silk? Music and music, does it mean bell and drum?”
【原文】
17·12 子曰:“色厲而內荏(1),譬諸小人,其猶穿窬(2)之盜也與?”
【注釋】
(1)色厲內荏:厲,威嚴,荏,讀“忍”,虛弱。外表嚴厲而內心虛弱。
(2)窬:讀“魚”,洞。
【白話】
孔子說:“外表嚴厲而內心虛弱,用這句話比喻小人,就像是挖牆洞的盜賊吧?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “A fierce look covers a coward heart. If we use this sentence to draw an analogy to vulgarians, aren’t they like thieves who commit theft by boring holes in the wall?”
【原文】
17·13 子曰:“鄉願,德之賊也。”
【注釋】
(1) 鄉願:老好人。
【白話】
孔子說:“老好人,就是破壞道德的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Men of no principle are demoralized persons.”
【原文】
17·14 子曰:“道聽而塗說,德之棄也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“路上聽到就到處傳播,這與道德背道而馳。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Hearsay runs counter to morality.”
【原文】
17·15 子曰:“鄙夫可與事君也與哉?其未得之也,患得之。既得之,患失之。苟患失之,無所不至矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“可以和小人一起共同事奉君主嗎?這種人在沒當官時,總怕當不上。當上了,又怕丟官。如果他們總怕丟烏紗帽,那就什麽事都幹得出來了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Can we work together with vulgarians at serving the lord? When they’ve got no official posts, they are always afraid of being unable to get. But when they’ve got one, they are afraid of losing it. If what they always worry about is just losing office posts, then there is nothing they cannot do.”
【原文】
17·16 子曰:“古者民有三疾,今也或是之亡也。古之狂(1)也肆(2),今之狂也蕩(3);古之矜也廉(4),今之矜也忿戾(5);古之愚也直,今之愚也詐而已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)狂:狂妄自大。
(2)肆:放肆。
(3)蕩:放蕩。
(4)廉:說一不二。
(5)戾:蠻橫無理。
【白話】
孔子說:“古人有三種毛病,而今人這三種毛病恐怕已變本加厲了。古代狂妄的人者不過是自高自大,而現在狂妄的人卻是放蕩無羈;古代驕傲的人不過是說一不二,現在驕傲的人卻是蠻橫凶殘;古代愚笨的人不過是直來直去,現在的愚笨的人卻是狡猾奸詐。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The ancient people had three weakpoints but what the present people do is probably to make them intensified. What the ancient frantic persons did was only to show self-importantance, but what the present frantic persons do is to lead a loose life; what the ancient arrogant persons did was only never to go back on their words, but what the present arrogant persons do is to be arbitrary and cruel; what the ancient stupid persons did was only to be straightforward, but what the present stupid persons do is to be sly and fraudulent.”
【原文】
17•17 子曰:“巧言令色(1),鮮(2)仁矣。”
【注釋】
(1)巧言令色:朱熹注曰:“好其言,善其色,致飾於外,務以說人。”巧和令都是美好的意思。但此處應釋為裝出和顏悅色的樣子。
(2)鮮:讀“顯”,少的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“花言巧語,裝出和顏悅色的樣子,這種人的仁心就很少了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Talking plausibly with feign amialble looks, people of this sort are scarely benevolent.”
【原文】
17·18 子曰:“惡紫之奪朱也,惡鄭聲之亂雅樂也,惡利口之覆邦家者。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我厭惡用紫色代替紅色,厭惡用鄭聲擾亂雅樂,厭惡用妖言顛覆國家的人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I hate people who replace red with purple, disturb refined music with popular music and subvert a government with fallacies.”
【原文】
17·19 子曰:“予欲無言。”子貢曰:“子如不言,則小子何述焉?”子曰:“天何言哉?四時行焉,百物生焉,天何言哉?”
【白話】
孔子說:“我想不再說話了。”子貢說:“你如果不說話,那我們這些學生還有什麽可說呢?”孔子說:“天何嚐說話呢?天雖然沒說話,可四季照常運行,百物照樣生長。天說過什麽話呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I don’t want to say anymore.” Ztu Gong said: “If you don’t want to say anymore, then what can we students say?” Confucius said: “Has Heaven ever said anything? No. Yet even Heaven has said nothing, the four seasons move regularly and everything in the world grows as uasual. Has Heaven said anything?”
【原文】
17·20 孺悲(1)欲見孔子,孔子辭以疾。將命者出戶,取瑟而歌,使之聞之。
【注釋】
(1)孺悲:魯國人,魯哀公曾派他向孔子學禮。
【白話】
孺悲想見孔子,孔子以有病為由推辭不見。傳話的人剛出門,孔子就取出瑟邊彈邊唱,故意讓孺悲聽到。
【英譯】
Ru Bei wanted to see Confucius but Confucius delined to see him on the pretext of illness. Yet as soon as the man who sent words walked out, taking out a Se ( a music instrument), Confucius sang as he played it. On purpose, he wanted to let Ru Bei hear it.”
【原文】
17·21 宰我問:“三年之喪,期已久矣。君子三年不為禮,禮必壞;三年不為樂,樂必崩。舊穀既沒,新穀既升,鑽燧改火(1),期(2)可已矣。”子曰:“食夫稻(3),衣夫錦,於女安乎?”曰:“安。”“女安則為之。夫君子之居喪,食旨(4)不甘,聞樂不樂,居處不安,故不為也。今女安,則為之!”宰我出,子曰:“予之不仁也!子生三年,然後免於父母之懷,夫三年之喪,天下之通喪也。予也有三年之愛於其父母乎?”
【注釋】
(1)鑽燧改火:古人鑽木取火,四季所用木頭不同,每年輪一遍,叫改火。
(2)期:讀“雞”,一年。
(3)食夫稻:古代北方少種稻米,故大米很珍貴。這裏是說吃好的。
(4)旨:甜美,指吃好的食物。
【譯文】
宰我問:“三年服喪期,太長了。君子三年不講究禮儀,禮儀必然敗壞;三年不演奏音樂,音樂必然會荒廢。舊穀吃完,新穀登場,鑽木取火也該改一改,因此喪期有一年就可以了。”孔子說:“才一年你就吃開了大米飯,穿起了錦緞衣,你心安理得嗎?”宰我說:“我心安理得。”孔子說:“你心安理得,那你就那樣去做吧!君子守喪,吃美味不覺得香甜,聽音樂不覺得快樂,住在家裏不覺得舒服,所以不那樣做。如今你既覺得心安理得,那你就那樣去做吧!”宰我出去後,孔子說:“宰予真是不仁啊!小孩生下來,到三歲時才能離開父母的懷抱。服喪三年,這是天下通行的喪禮。宰子也從父母那裏得到過三年的愛嗎?”
【英譯】
Zai Wo said: “The three-year-funeral-period is too long. If gentlemen do not study proprieties three years, proprieties will be ruined; if gentlemen do not play music three years, music will be neglected. Old grain is run out, new one will come out. And the method of making fire by drilling wood should be changed. Therefore, one year is enough for a funeral-period.” Confucius said: “Only one year passed, you do begin eating rice and wearing silk. Do you feel quite at ease?”Zai Wo said: “Yes, I do.” Confucius said: “Since you feel quite at ease, you can do that way. During funeral period, gentlemen do not feel tasty when eating delicious food, do not feel happly when listening music, do not feel comfortable when living at home. So gentlemen do not do like that. Since you feel quite at ease, then you can do that way.” After Zai Wo left, Confucius said: “Zai Wo is really lack of humanity! After being born, a little baby does not leave his mother’s embrance until he is three years old. Keeping a three-year-funeral-period is the usual funeral propriety. Could it be said that Zai Wo have got no three-year-love at all from his parents?”
【原文】
17·22 子路曰:“飽食終日,無所用心,難矣哉!不有博奕者乎?為之,猶賢乎已。”
【白話】
孔子說:“一天到晚除了吃飽飯,別的什麽心思也不走,實在太難了!不是還有下棋的遊戲嗎?幹這個,也比閑著強。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It’s really too difficult to loaf through the day well-fed and taking nothing seriously! There is a chess game, isn’t there? Playing chess is much better than living in idleness.”
【原文】
17·23 子路曰:“君子尚勇乎?”子曰:“君子義以為上。君子有勇而無義為亂,小人有勇而無義為盜。”
【白話】
子路說:“君子崇尚勇敢嗎?”孔子說:“君子把道義看作至高無上的品德,君子勇敢但不講道義就會作亂,小人勇敢但不講道義就會行竊。”
【英譯】
Ztu Lu asked: “Do gentlmen uphold braveness?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen consider justice as the best morality. If a gentleman is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will make troubles. If a vulagarin is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will commit theft.”
【原文】
17·24 子貢曰:“君子亦有惡(1)乎?”子曰:“有惡。惡稱人之惡者,惡居下流(2)而訕(3)上者,惡勇而無禮者,惡果敢而窒(4)者。”曰:“賜也亦有惡乎?”“惡徼(5)以為知(6)者,惡不孫(7)以為勇者,惡訐(8)以為直者。”
【注釋】
(1)惡:讀“物”,厭惡。
(2)下流:下等的,在下的。
(3)訕:讀“善”,誹謗。
(4)窒:阻塞,不通事理,頑固不化。
(5)徼:讀“腳”,竊取,抄襲。
(6)知:同“智”。
(7)孫:同“遜”。
(8)訐:讀“傑”,攻擊、揭發別人,多因個人恩怨而為。
【白話】
子貢說:“君子也有厭惡的人嗎?”孔子說:“有。厭惡張揚別人短處的人,厭惡身居下位而誹謗位居高位者的人,厭惡勇敢而不講禮節的人,厭惡固執而不通情達理的人。”孔子又說:“賜,你也有厭惡的人嗎?”子貢說:“厭惡剽竊他人卻說自己聰明的人,厭惡把不謙虛當做勇敢的人,厭惡把揭別人短處當作直率的人。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked: “Do gentlemen detest anyone?” Confucius said: “Yes, of course. They detest persons who publicize others’ weak points, detest persons who are in lower positions but defame persons in higher posions, detest persons who are brave but don’t pay attention to proprieties, detest persons who are stubbon but don’t make any exceptions.” Confucius said: “Ci, do you detest anyone?” Ztu Gong said: “Yes. I detest persons who plagiarize others’ works but praise themselves, detest persons who consider un-modesty as braveness, detest persons who take disclosing others’ faults as straightforwardness.”
【原文】
17·25 子曰:“唯女子與小人為難養也,近之則不孫,遠之則怨。”
【白話】
孔子說:“隻有女子和小人是最難對付的,親近他們,他們就會無禮,疏遠他們,他們就會報怨。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Women and vulgarians are the only ones who are difficult to be dealt. If you are on intimate terms with them, they will neglect proprieties. But if you keep them at a distance, they will complain.”
【原文】
17·26 子曰:“年四十而見(1)惡焉,其終也已。”
【注釋】
(1)見:被。類似的例子如:見笑,被笑話。“見笑”一詞十分常用。但一定注意用法。大概經常是發表意見之後的謙虛語,意思請求對方不要笑話,因此常會說出“請勿見笑”的句子。其實並不恰當,因為照這樣的說法說通俗一點就是“請別被笑”,顯然欠妥。所以還不如就說“請別笑話”。但如果說“唯恐見笑”就可以,因為說通俗一點就是“恐怕被他人笑話”。
【白話】
孔子說:“到四十歲還被人所厭惡,他這輩子也就算完了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person is still detested by others at the age of forty, then his whole life is over.”
微子篇第十八
【原文】
18·1 微子(1)去之,箕子(2)為之奴,比幹(3)諫而死。孔子曰:“殷有三仁焉。”
【注釋】
(1)微子:殷紂王的同母兄長,見紂王無道,勸他不聽,遂離開紂王。
(2)箕子:箕,讀“基”。殷紂王的叔父。他去勸紂王,紂王不聽,便披發裝瘋,被降為奴隸。
(3)比幹:殷紂王的叔父,屢次強諫,激怒紂王而被處以挖心的酷刑。
【白話】
微子離開紂王,箕子被降為奴隸,比幹因苦諫被殺。孔子說:“他們殷朝的三位仁人啊!”
【英譯】
Because of the same crime of admonition, Wei Ztu left the lord Zhou, Ji Ztu was degraded to a slave and Bi Gan was killed. Confucius said: “There are three persons of humanity in Yin Dynasty.”
【原文】
18·2 柳下惠為士師(1),三黜(2)。人曰:“子未可以去乎?”曰:“直道而事人,焉往而不三黜?枉道而事人,何必去父母之邦?”
【注釋】
(1)士師:典獄官,掌管刑獄。
(2)黜:罷免不用。
【白話】
柳下惠當司法官,三次被罷免。有人說:“你不可以離開魯國嗎?”柳下惠說:“按正道事奉君主,到哪裏還不是要被多次罷官?如果不按正道事奉君主,為什麽一定要離開自己的國家呢?”
【英譯】
As a judicial offer, Liu Xiahui was dismissed from his post three times. Someone asked him: “Can’t you leave the country Lu?” Liu Xiahui said: “If I serve the lord open and above-board, how can I find a good place for me to avoid being dismissed frequently? If I serve the lord by foul means, what’s the need for me to leave my motherland?”
【原文】
18·3 齊景公待孔子曰:“若季氏,則吾不能;以季、孟之間待之。”曰:“吾老矣,不能用也。”孔子行。
【白話】
齊景公講到如何對待孔子時說:“像魯君對待季氏那樣,我做不到,我給他的待遇隻能介乎季孟二氏之間。”又說:“我老了,不中用了。”孔子得知後便離開了齊國。
【英譯】
Qi Jinggong said something about the way to treat Confucius: “I cannot treat him as the lord of the country Lu treated Ji. I can only treat him in a way between the ones I used to treat Ji and Meng.” He then added: “I’m too old to be useful.” Learning this, Confucius left the country Qi.
【原文】
18·4 齊人歸(1)女樂(3),季桓子(3)受之,三日不朝。孔子行。
【注釋】
(1)歸:同饋,贈送。
(2) 女樂:歌女。
(3)季桓子:魯國宰相季孫斯。
【白話】
齊國人向魯國贈送歌女給,季桓子不僅接受,而且三天不上朝。得知此事,孔子離開了。
【英譯】
Someone from the country Qi presented some dancing girls to the country Lu. Ji Hengztu not only accepted them but also refused to have an audience with the sovereign ruler. Learning this, Confucius left.
【原文】
18·5 楚狂接輿(1)歌而過孔子曰:“鳳兮鳳兮!何德之衰?往者不可諫,來者猶可追。已而已而!今之從政者殆而!”孔子下,欲與之言。趨而辟之,不得與之言。
【注釋】
(1)楚狂接輿:接輿,春秋時代楚國著名的隱士。姓陸,名通,字接輿。平時“躬耕以食”,因對當時社會不滿,剪去頭發,佯狂不仕,所以也被人們稱為稱楚狂接輿。
【白話】
楚國狂人接輿唱著歌從孔子的車旁走過,他唱道:“鳳啊,鳳啊,你怎麽這麽倒黴呢?過去的不可挽回,未來的還來得及改正。算了,算了。如今的當政者太危險啦!”孔子下車,想同他談談,他卻趕快避開,孔子沒能和他談成。
【英譯】
Passing by Confucius, Jie Yu, the madman of the country Chu was singing: “ Phoenix , phoenix! Why are you running into bad luck like this? Whatever passed away, you cannot retrieve it. But whatever comes later, you have the time to change it. Let it go, let it go. The present rulers are too dangerous!” Getting off his wagon, Confucius wanted to speak with him. But the mad man shunned him so that Confucius failed to talk with him.
【原文】
18·6 長沮、桀溺(1)耦而耕(2)。孔子過之,使子路問津(3)焉。長沮曰:“夫執輿(4)者為誰?”子路曰:“為孔丘。”曰:“是魯孔丘與?”曰:“是也。”曰:“是知津矣。”問於桀溺。桀溺曰:“子為誰?”曰:“為仲由。”曰:“是孔丘之徒與?”對曰:“然。”曰:“滔滔者天下皆是也,而誰以易之(5)?且而與其從辟(6)人之士也,豈若從辟世之士哉?”耰(7)而不輟。子路行以告。夫子憮然(8)曰:“鳥獸不可與同群,吾非斯人之徒與而誰與?天下有道,丘不與易也。”
【注釋】
(1)長沮、桀溺:兩位隱士,真實姓名和身世不詳。
(2)耦而耕:兩個人合力耕作。 耦,讀“偶”,這個字的本身就是兩人並耕。
(3)問津:津,渡口。尋問渡口。本文泛指問路。現在已引申為探問情況,但多用於否定式,如無人問津、乏人問津、不敢問津等。
(4)執輿:駕車。輿,讀“與”,車。
(5)之:與。
(6)辟:同“避”。
(7)耰:讀“有”,用土覆蓋種子。
(8)憮然:悵然,失意。
【白話】
長沮、桀溺一起耕田,孔子路過,讓子路詢問路。長沮說:“你在為誰駕車?”子路說:“為孔丘。”長沮問:“是魯國孔丘嗎?”子路說:“是。”長沮說:“他天生就應該知道路在哪裏。”子路又去問桀溺。桀溺說:“你是誰?”子路說:“我是仲由。” 桀溺說:“是魯國孔丘的學生嗎?”子路說:“是。”桀溺說:“壞人壞事象洪水一樣泛濫,誰和你們去改變?你與其跟隨避人的人,哪如跟隨我們這些避世的人呢?”他邊說邊不停地播種。子路回來告訴孔子,孔子失望地說:“人不能和鳥獸相處,我不同人打交道而同誰打交道?如果天下太平,我就用不著改革了。”
【英譯】
Chang Zu and Jie Ni worked together in the fields. Passing by, Confucius let Ztu Lu ask the way. Chang Ju said: “For whom do you drive the cart?” Ztu Lu said: “For Confucius.” Chang Ju asked: “Is he the one of the country Lu?” Ztu Lu said: “Yes.” Ztu Ju said: “Then he should know innately where his way is.” Then Ztu Lu asked Jie Ni. Jie Ni asked: “Who are you?” Ztu Lu said: “I’m Zhong You.” Jie Ni said: “Are you a student of the Kong Qiu of the country Lu?” Ztu Lu said: “Yes.” Evil doers and evil deeds are spreading unchecked like overflowing food. Who are willing to work with you to reverse the tide? Isn’t it better for you to follow us who retire from the world than follow the ones who shun persons?” He talked and sowed at once without stopping. Ztu Lu came back and told Confucius what they said. Confucius said disappointedly: “Human being cannot get long with birds and animals. If I don’t get long with human being, whom I should get long with? If there is a great order across the land, what’s the need for me to carry out reforms?”
【原文】
18·7 子路從而後,遇丈人,以杖荷蓧(1)。子路問曰:“子見夫子乎?”丈人曰:“四體不勤,五穀不分(2),孰為夫子?”植其杖而芸。子路拱而立。止子路宿,殺雞為黍(3)而食(4)之。見其二子焉。明日,子路行以告。子曰:“隱者也。”使子路反見之。至,則行矣。子路曰:“不仕無義。長幼之節,不可廢也;君臣之義,如之何其廢之?欲潔其身,而亂大倫。君子之仕也,行其義也。道之不行,已知之矣。”
【注釋】
(1)蓧:讀“掉”,古代竹製除草農具。
(2)四體不勤,不,是語氣詞。四肢呀正勤快地幹活。
(3)五穀不分:分,糞。 為五穀施肥忙著呢。
(3)黍:讀“屬”,黏米。
(4)食:讀“四”,使動詞,拿東西給人吃。
【白話】
子路跟隨孔子出行,落在後麵,遇到一位老人,用拐杖挑著農具。子路問:“您見到我的老師嗎?”老人說:“我忙得手腳閑不住,正播種五穀撒糞,那顧得上誰是你的老師?”說完,就拄著拐杖忙田裏的活計。子路拱手站在一邊。老人很感動就留子路過夜,殺雞煮飯給他吃,又讓兩個兒子跟他見麵。第二天,子路告辭,趕上孔子一行,把情況向孔子說了。孔子說:“一定是隱士呀。”他讓子路返回去再見老人,到了他家,他已出門了。子路說:“不做官是不對的。長幼之間的禮節,當然不可廢除;可君臣之間的大義,又怎能拋棄呢?想潔身自好,卻違背君臣之間的大節。君子做官,隻是履行義務,至於天下太平的追求,早就知道不行。”
【譯文】
Following Confucius on a tour, Ztu Lu lagged behind. He met an old man who was carrying a grass-cutting tool with his walking stick. Ztu Lu asked: “Have you ever met with my teacher?” The old man said: “I’m tied up with work, sowing grain and spreading manure. There is no time for me to know who is your teacher.” After saying that, the old man was still working in the fields. Ztu Lu was standing beside, cupping one hand in the other before his chest as an obeisance. Deeply touched, the old man invited Ztu Lu to stay overnight and entain him with chicken and let him meet his two sons. Next day, Ztu Lu said goodbye to the host and left. When catching up with Confucius, Ztu Lu told him the whole story. Confucius said: “He must be a hermit.” He let Ztu Lu go back to meet the old man again. But he was out. Ztu Lu said to his teacher: “It’s wrong not to seek official posts. The proprieties relating relationship between elder and young couldn’t be abolished. But it could not be said that the custom relating relationship between a lord and his subjects should be abandoned. It’s no good to preserve one’s purity but at the same time violate proprieties between lord and subject. The aim of a gentleman to seek official posts is only to carry out his duty. As for pursuing a great order across the land, I know it’ll get us nowhere.”
【原文】
18·8 逸民(1):伯夷、叔齊、虞仲(2)、夷逸、朱張、柳下惠、少連。子曰:“不降其誌,不辱其身,伯夷、叔齊與?”謂柳下惠、少連,“降誌辱身矣,言中倫,行中慮,其斯而已矣。”謂虞仲、夷逸,“隱居放(3)言,身中清,廢中權。”“我則異於是,無可無不可。”
【注釋】
(1)逸民:同“佚”,散失、遺棄。逸民,隱士。
(2)虞仲、夷逸、朱張、少連:身世無考,當屬沒落貴族。
(3)放:豪放,隨便。
【白話】
隱士:伯夷、叔齊、虞仲、夷逸、朱張、柳下惠、少連。孔子說:“不自降理想,不自辱身份,伯夷、叔齊就是這樣吧?”說柳下惠、少連是“降低誌向、屈辱身份,但說話合乎倫理、行動合乎理智,他們隻做到這些。”說虞仲、夷逸“隱居起來,言論自由,潔身自好,辭官引退,這都合乎情理。”最後說:“我同他們不一樣,我是怎麽都行。”
【英譯】
Hernits: Bo Yi, Shu Qi, Yu Zhong, Yi Yi, Zhu Zhang, Liu Xiahui and Shao Lian. Confucius said: “Do not self-lower ideal, do not self-humiliate status. Bo Qi and Shu Qi are among this kind of people, aren’t they?” As for Liu Xiahui and Shao Lian, Confucius said: “They lowered their ideals and humiliated their status, but they spoke according to moral principles and acted according to their senses. This is what they could only do.” As for Yu Zhong and Yi Yi, he said: “They secluded themselves from society, enjoyed freedom of speech, preserved their purity and resigned their official posts. What they did was all reasonable.” He said at last: “I’m quite different from them. I don’t care one way or another”
【原文】
18·9 大師摯(1)適齊,亞飯(2)幹適楚,三飯繚適蔡,四飯缺適秦,鼓方叔(3)入於河,播鞀(4)武入於漢,少師(5)陽、擊磬襄(6)入於海。
【注釋】
(1)大師摯:大同“太”。太師是魯國樂官之長,摯是人名。
(2)亞飯、三飯、四飯:都是樂官名。大師為樂官之長,也就是樂師第一把手,亞飯、三飯、四飯不妨依次稱之為二樂師,三樂師,四樂師。幹、繚、缺是人名。
(3)鼓方叔:擊鼓的樂師名方叔。
(4)鞀:讀“桃”,小鼓。
(5)少師:樂官名,副樂師。
(6)擊磬襄:擊磬的樂師,名襄。
【白話】
大樂師摯去了齊國,二樂師幹去了楚國,三樂師繚去了蔡國,四樂師缺去了秦國,擊鼓師方叔去了黃河附近,搖鼓師武去了漢水附近,副樂師陽、擊磬師襄去了海邊。
【英譯】
Zhi, musician No.1 went to the country Qi; Gan, musician No.2 went to Chu; Liao, musician No.3 went to Cai; Que, musician No.4 went to Qin; Fang Shu, drum-beater went to Huanghe Rive area; Wu, drum-shaker went to Hanshui River area; Yang, assistant musician and Xiang, chime-beater went to sea shore.
【原文】
18·10 周公謂魯公(1)曰:“君子不施(2)其親,不使大臣怨乎不以(3)。故舊無大故,則不棄也。無求備於一人。”
【注釋】
(1)魯公:指周公的兒子伯禽,封於魯。
(2)施:同“弛”,怠慢、疏遠。
(3)以:用。
【白話】
周公對魯公說:“君子不疏遠親屬,不使大臣因未受啟用而抱怨。舊友老臣沒有大的過失,就不要拋棄,不要對人求全責備。”
【英譯】
The lord of the country Zhou said to the lord of the country Lu: “Gentlemen do not keep their relatives at a distance and do not let their objects complain because of being unemployed. As for old friends and objects, do not desert them so long as they don’t make serious mistakes. Just do not demand perfection.”
【原文】
18·11 周有八士(1):伯達、伯適、伯突、仲忽、叔夜、叔夏、季隨、季騧(2)。
【注釋】
(1)八士:已不可考。
(2)騧:人名,讀“瓜”。
【白話】
周代有八個士:伯達、伯適、伯突、仲忽、叔夜、叔夏、季隨、季騧。
【英譯】
There were eight gentlemen in Zhou Dynasty, namely Bo Da, Bo Shi, Bo Tu Zhong Hu, Shu Ye, Shu Xia, Ji Sui and Ji Gua.
子張篇第十九
【原文】
19·1 子張曰:“士(1)見危致命,見得思義,祭思敬,喪思哀,其可已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)士:有誌之士。籠統地理解為“君子”即可。
【白話】
子張說:“有誌者應該見到危險時,奮不顧身;見到利益時,考慮道義;祭祀虔誠,居喪悲哀。這樣就可以了。”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang said: “A gentleman should be regardless of his own safety in face of peril, should think of moral principle in face of benefit, should be pious when holding a memorial ceremony, and should be sorrowful when going into mourning. That’s enough for a gentleman.”
【原文】
19·2 子張曰:“執德不弘,信道不篤,焉能為有?焉能為亡?”
【白話】
子張說:“子張說:“遵守道德不堅定,信仰道義不真誠,這樣的人有他該怎麽樣?沒他又該怎麽樣?”
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang said: “Some people neither observe standards of morality firmly nor believe in justice sincerely. What’s the difference between having them and not having them?”
【原文】
19·3 子夏之門人問交於子張。子張曰:“子夏雲何?”對曰:“子夏曰:‘可者與之,其不可者拒之。’”子張曰:“異乎吾所聞:君子尊賢而容眾,嘉善而矜不能。我之大賢與,於人何所不容?我之不賢與,人將拒我,如之何其拒人也?”
【白話】
子夏的學生向子張請教給如何交朋友。子張說:“子夏是怎麽說的?”答道:“子夏說:‘可交的就交,不可交的就拒絕。’”子張說:“這和我聽到的可不一樣:君子既尊重賢人,又能容納普通民眾;能器重能人,又能同情笨人。我如果是好人,那我還有誰不能容納呢?我如果不是好人,別人就會拒絕我,這怎麽能談得上由我去拒絕別人呢 ?”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia’s student asked Ztu Zhang how to make friends with others. Ztu Zhang asked: “What did Ztu Xia say?” The student replied: “Ztu Zhang said: ‘Make friends with anyone who can be friends and refuse anyone who can be friends.’” Ztu Zhang said: “This is quite different with what I heard: gentlemen not only respect worthy people but also tolerate common people; not only highly regard people of large caliber but also sympathize people of small caliber. If I’m a good man, there is no one I cannot tolerate. Otherwise, others will refuse me. And if so, how could it be said that I refuse others?”
【原文】
19·4 子夏曰;“雖小道(1),必有可觀者焉,致遠恐泥(2),是以君子不為也。”
【注釋】
(1)小道:微不足道,或指常言所說“雕蟲小技”,具體指各種農工商醫卜之類的技能。
(2)泥:阻滯,不通,妨礙。
【白話】
子夏說:“雖然都是微不足道的技藝,也一定有可稱道之處,但用它去實現遠 大目標就不行了。”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “These are only insignificant skills, but they must have something commendable; nevertheless, you cannot use them to realize your high ideals.”
【原文】
19·5 子夏曰:“日知其所亡,月無忘其所能,可謂好學也已矣。”
【白話】
子夏說:“每天學到一些不懂的東西,學到之後堅持一個月不忘,這就可以叫做好學了。”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “Each day you learn something you don’t understand and keep them not to be forgotten for a month. And this can be regarded being eager to learn.”
【原文】
19·6 子夏曰;“博學而篤誌(1),切問(2)而近思,仁在其中矣。”
【注釋】
(1)篤誌:強記。
(2)切問:問與切身有關的問題。
【白話】
子夏說:“博學強記,就與切身有關的問題提出質疑,並且加以思考,仁就在其中了。”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “Have wide learning and a strong memory, raise and ponder questions about something closely related to your own conditions. I think humanity just exists in this learning process.”
【原文】
19·7 子夏曰:“百工居肆(1)以成其事,君子學以致其道。”
【注釋】
(1)百工居肆:百工,各行各業的工匠。肆,作坊。
【白話】
子夏說:“各行各業的工匠住在作坊裏做各自的事,而君子則是通過學習來實現自己的理想。”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “Craftsmen live in workshops and do their own things, while gentlemen realize their high ideals through learning.”
【原文】
19·8 子夏說:“小人之過也必文(1)。”
【白話】
子夏說:“小人犯了過錯一定要掩飾。”
【注釋】
(1)文:掩飾。
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “Vulgarians must gloss over their mistakes whenever they make.”
【原文】
19·9 子夏曰:“君子有三變:望之儼然,即之也溫,聽其言也厲。”
【白話】
子夏說:“君子有三變:遠看他很嚴肅,接近他很溫柔,聽他說很嚴厲。”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “A gentleman have three changeable characters: when you look at him from afar, he appears severe; when you get close to him, you’ll know that he is gentle-natured; when you listen to him, you’ll hear that he speaks sternly.”
【原文】
19·10 子夏曰:“君子信而後勞其民;未信,則以為厲己也,信而後諫;未信,則以為謗己也。”
【白話】
子夏說:“君子取信於人才能指使人,否則人家就會以為你虐待他們。取信於人,才能去規勸人;不取信於人,人家會以為你在誹謗他們。”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “A gentleman must get trust from others first and then makes them do something, or they’ll think you ill-treat them. He must get trust from others first and then admonishes them, or they’ll think you
slander them.”
【原文】
19·11 子夏曰:“大德(1)不逾閑(2),小德出入可也。”
【注釋】
(1)大德、小德:指大節小節。
(2)閑:木欄,這裏指界限。
【白話】
子夏說:“大節不能越軌,小節有些出入可以。”
【英譯】
Ztu Xia said: “In the respect of moral integrity, a gentleman must not transgress, but in the respect of trivial matter, there is no need for a gentleman to bother about it too much.”
【原文】
19·12 子遊曰:“子夏之門人小子,當灑掃應對進退,則可矣,抑(1)末也。本之則無,如之何?”子夏聞之,曰:“噫,言遊過矣!君子之道,孰先傳焉?孰後倦(2)焉?譬諸草木,區以別矣。君子之道,焉可誣(3)也?有始有卒者,其惟聖人乎?”
【注釋】
(1)抑:但是,不過。轉折的意思。
(2)倦:誨人不倦。
(3)誣:欺騙。
【白話】
子遊說:“子夏的學生,灑水掃地和接待客人應當說還是可以的,但這些都是小事。沒學到根本性的東西,這怎麽行呢?”子夏聽到後說:“嘿,子遊可錯了!君子所掌握的知識,先教什麽?後教什麽?這好比草和樹,都是有區別的,怎能隨意歪曲?能有始有終地教育學生,恐怕隻有聖人能做到吧?”
【英譯】
Ztu You said: “As for Ztu Xia’s students, it’s certainly feasible to let them do something like sprinkling water and sweeping the floor, and receiving guests. But all these are only trivialities. They haven’t learned anything fundamental. How can it be workable?” After learning this, Ztu Xia said: “Oh, Ztu You is wrong!
As to a gentleman’s knowledge, what should be taught first and what should be taught next? There is a difference between these two points which are just like grass and trees.
【原文】
19·13 子夏曰:“仕而優(1)則學,學而優則仕。”
【注釋】
(1)優:有餘力。
【白話】
子夏說:“做官還有餘力的人,就可以去學習,學習有餘力的人,就可以去做官。”
【英譯】
Zi Xia said: “If a person, except for being an official, still has superfluous energy, he can study and if a person, except for study, still has superfluous energy, he can be an official.”
【原文】
19·14 子遊曰:“喪致(1)乎哀而止。”
【注釋】
(1)致:極致、竭盡。
【白話】
子遊說:“辦喪事隻要充分表達悲哀之情就可以了。”
【英譯】
Zi You said: “When handling funeral affairs, so long as you fully express your sorrow, that’s enough.”
【原文】
19·15 子遊曰:“吾友張也為難能也,然而未仁。”
【白話】
子遊說:“我的朋友子張可以說是很難得的人,可就連他也還沒有做到仁。”
【英譯】
Zi You said: “My friend Zi Zhang can be reckoned a rare outstanding person. But even he himself hasn’t become a person of humanity.”
【原文】
19·16 曾子曰:“堂堂乎張也,難與並為仁矣。”
【白話】
曾子說:“子張雖然儀表堂堂,但卻難於和他一起做到仁的。”
【英譯】
Zeng Zue said: “Zue Zhang bears a grandeur appearance. But it’s difficult for anyone to be man with humanity together with him.”
【原文】
19·17 曾子曰:“吾聞諸夫子,人未有自致者也,必也親喪乎。”
【白話】
曾子說:“我聽老師們說,人不會自然而然地流露情感,如果有,那也必定是在失去親人時候才會。”
【英譯】
Zeng Zue said: “I heard my teachers said that people could not show their feelings naturally except for that they lost their own beloved.”
【原文】
19·18 曾子曰:“吾聞諸夫子,孟莊子(1)之孝也,其他可能也;其不改父之臣與父之政,是難能也。”
【注釋】
(1)孟莊子:魯國大夫孟孫速。
【白話】
曾子說:“我聽老師說過,孟莊子的孝,別人也可以做到,但他不更換父親舊臣及其政策這一點,卻難以做到。”
【英譯】
Zeng Zue said: “I heard my teacher said that others could show filial devotion to their parents as Meng Zhuangzue did, but there was one thing others could hardly do, namely, to keep their fathers’ old subjects and policies unchanged.”
【原文】
19·19 孟氏使陽膚(1)為士師,問於曾子。曾子曰:“上失其道,民散久矣。如得其情,則哀矜(2)而勿喜。”
【注釋】
(1)陽膚:曾子的學生。
(2)矜:憐憫。
【白話】
孟氏任命陽膚做法官,陽膚向曾子請教。曾子說:“當官的不做好事,百姓早已民心渙散。如果能了解到民情,就應當憐憫他們,而不要沾沾自喜。”
【英譯】
Appointed as judge by Meng, Yang Fu sought advice from Zeng Zue. Zeng Zue said: “The rulers didn’t behave themselves well so the masses have lost morale for a long time. Learning true conditions of the
【原文】
19·20 子貢曰:“紂(1)之不善,不如是之甚也。是以君子惡居下流(2),天下之惡皆歸焉。”
【注釋】
(1)紂:商代最後一個君主,名辛,紂是他的諡號,曆來被認為是一個暴君。
(2)下流:即地形低窪處,比喻名聲不好。
【白話】
子貢說:“紂王的劣跡,不像傳說的那樣嚴重。所以君子就怕自己有汙點,因為如此,所有的壞事就都會記到他的賬上。”
【英譯】
Zue Gong said: “The lord Zhou’s evil doings were not so serious as what people said. Thereore, gentlemen are afraid they would have blemish in their past, because if so, all blame would be put on them.”
【原文】
19·21 子貢曰:“君子之過也,如日月之食焉。過也,人皆見之;更也,人皆仰之。”
【白話】
子貢說:“君子的過失,像日蝕月蝕。他有過失,人們都看得見;他改正過失,人們都敬仰他。”
【英譯】
Zue Gong said: “Gentlemen’s faults are like solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. If they commit faults, people can see them; if they correct the faults, people would look up to them.”
【原文】
19·22 衛公孫朝(1)問於子貢曰:“仲尼(2)焉學?”子貢曰:“文武之道,未墜於地,在人。賢者識其大者,不賢者識其小者,莫不有文武之道焉。夫子焉不學?而亦何常師之有?”
【注釋】
(1)衛公孫朝:衛國的大夫公孫朝。
(2)仲尼:孔子的字。
【白話】
衛國的公孫朝問子貢說:“孔子的學問是從哪裏學來的?”子貢說:“文王武王之道,並沒失傳,還在人間。賢人能了解其中的大道理,不賢的人隻能了解其中的小道理。文武之道無處不在。孔子處處都學,哪有固定的老師?”
【英譯】
Gong Sunchao of the country Wei asked Zue Gong: “Where does Confucius’ knowledge come from?” Zue Gong said: “The doctrines of Wen Wang and Wu Wang are not failed to be handed down. They still exist in the world. The question is that worthy people can see major principles but unworthy people can only see minor ones. The doctrines of Wen Wang and Wu Wang exist everywhere. And Confucius learns wherever he goes. How can he have regular teachers?”
【原文】
19·23 叔孫武叔(1)語大夫於朝曰:“子貢賢於仲尼。”子服景伯(2)以告子貢。子貢曰;“譬之宮牆(3),賜之牆也及肩,窺見室家之好。夫子之牆數仞(4),不得其門而入,不見宗廟之類,百官(5)之富。得其門者或寡矣。夫子之雲,不亦宜乎!”
【注釋】
(1)叔孫武叔:魯國大夫,名州仇,三桓之一。
(2)子服景伯:魯國大夫。
(3)宮牆:宮也是牆,圍牆,不是房屋的牆。
(4)仞:讀“認”,古時七尺為仞,一說八尺為仞,一說五尺六寸為仞。
(5)官:這裏指房舍。
【白話】
叔孫武叔在朝廷上對大夫們說:“子貢比仲尼更賢。”子服景伯把這話告訴子貢,子貢說:“拿圍牆做比喻吧,我的牆齊肩高,站在牆外,就能看到我家裏的情況不錯;而孔子的牆幾丈高,如果找不到門進去,你就看不見裏麵宗廟的富麗堂皇,和房屋的絢麗多彩。從進門的人太少了,叔孫先生這麽說,也是可以理解的!”
【英譯】
Shu Sun and Wu Sun said to ministers in the imperial court: “Zue Gong is more worthy than Confucius.” Zuefu Jingbo told Zue Gong what they said. Zue Gong said: “If we take a wall as an example by analogy. My wall is only shoulder high. Standing outside, you can see the condition of my family is not so bad. But Confucius’s wall is decades of feet high. Fail to find a gate to enter, you can see neither the splendid temple nor the beautiful house. Since there are only a few people who can find a gate to enter, it’s understandable for Mr. Shu Sun to say this sort of things.”
【原文】
19·24 叔孫武叔毀仲尼。子貢曰;“無以為也!仲尼不可毀也。他人之賢者,丘陵也,猶可逾也;仲尼,日月也,無得而逾焉。人雖欲自絕,其何傷於日月乎?多(1)見其不知量也。”
【注釋】
(1)多:用作副詞,隻是的意思。
【白話】
叔孫武叔誹謗孔子。子貢說:“不要這樣吧,孔子是誹謗不了的,別人的賢良,象丘陵一樣,可以超越;孔子卻象日月,無法超過。雖然有人要自絕於日月,但這對日月又有什麽損傷呢?這隻能表明他們不知天地高地厚而已。”
【英譯】
Shu Sun and Wu Shu try their best to defame Confucius. Zue Gong said: “Better not to do this. It’s impossible to get Confucius defamed. The worthiness of others is just like a hill which is surmountable, yet Confucius’s is the sun or the moon which isn’t surmountable. Some people want to estrange themselves from the sun and the moon, but what harm they can do to the sun and the moon? It only indicates that they overestimate their own ability.”
【原文】
19·25: 陳子禽謂子貢曰:“子為恭也,仲尼豈賢於子乎?”子貢曰:“君子一言以為知,一言以為不知,言不可不慎也。夫子之不可及也,猶天之不可階而升也。夫子之得邦家者,所謂立之斯立,道之斯行,餒之斯來,動之斯和。其生也榮,其死也哀,如之何其可及也?”
【白話】
陳子禽對謂子貢說:“你是謙虛吧,孔子哪裏比你強?”子貢說:“君子說一句話就可以表現出是否明智,所以說話不可以不謹慎。孔子的高不可及,如同天不能搭階梯爬上去一樣。他如果有機會治理國家,就能做到傳說的那樣,教百姓立於禮,百姓就會立於禮,要引導百姓,百姓就會跟著走;安撫百姓,百姓就會歸順;動員百姓,百姓就會齊心合力。他生的光榮,死的可哀,怎麽談得上趕上他呢?”
【英譯】
Chen Zueqin said to Zue Gong: “You must be modest. How can Confucius be more worthy than you?” Zue Gong said: “Gentlemen must be cautious when speaking. Only one word can make it clear whether you are wise or not. Confucius is like the sky which is so high that no ladders can be used to climb to it. If Confucius is given a chance to govern a country, he would do as what people say, namely, he would educate people with proprieties and people would do everything according to proprieties; he would lead the people, and people would be willing to follow him; he would pacify people, and people would be willing to come over and give allegiance to him; he would mobilize the people, and they would be willing to work as one. He is honorable to live and pathetic to die. How can we say that we can catch up with him?”
堯曰篇第二十
【原文】
20·1 堯曰(1):“谘(2)!爾舜!天之曆數在爾躬,允(3)執其中。四海困窮,天祿永終。”舜亦以命禹。曰:“予小子履(4),敢用玄牡(5),敢昭告於皇皇後帝:有罪不敢赦。帝臣不蔽,簡(6)在帝心。朕(7)躬有罪,無以萬方;萬方有罪,罪在朕躬。”周有大賚(8),善人是富。“雖有周親(9),不如仁人。百姓有過,在予一人。”謹權量(10),審法度(11),修廢官,四方之政行焉。興滅國,繼絕世,舉逸民,天下之民歸心焉。所重:民、食、喪、祭。寬則得眾,信則民任焉。敏則有功,公則說。
【注釋】
(1)堯曰:下麵引號內的話是堯在禪讓帝位時給舜說的話。
(2)谘:即“嘖”,感歎詞,表示讚譽。
(3)允:真誠:誠信。
(4)履:這是商湯的名字。 商湯,又稱成湯,原為商部落首領,居商。夏朝時,商是夏統治下的小國。商湯處處對人民施仁政,很快有40多個小國歸順於他。而夏桀隻顧奢侈荒淫,致使眾叛親離。後商湯經過十一次出征,在公元前十六世紀,致使眾叛親離。後商湯經過十一次出征,在公元前十六世紀,伐桀滅夏。夏朝滅亡後,商湯在亳(今商丘)建立商朝。
(5)玄牡:玄,黑色謂玄。牡,公牛。
(6)簡:閱,這裏是知道的意思。
(7)朕:我。從秦始皇起,專用作帝王自稱。
(8)賚:音lài,賞賜。下麵幾句是說周武王。
(9)周親:至親。
(10)權量:權,秤錘。指量輕重的標準。量,鬥斛。指量容積的標準。
(11)法度:指量長度的標準。
【白話】
堯說:“好啊!你這個舜。天命降臨到你的身上,讓你繼承帝位。如果天下都很窮困,你的帝位也就永遠結束了。”舜也這樣告誡過禹。商湯說:“至高無上的上帝啊,你在人間的兒子--我--謹用黑牛來祭祀您,向您禱告:有罪的人我絕不敢赦免。一切善惡,我都不敢隱瞞,您無所不知,自然心中有數。如果我有罪,請不要牽連天下百姓;如果百姓有罪,罪都應歸結到我身上。”周朝恩賜天下,使好人都富了。武王說:“我雖有至親,都不如有仁人。百姓有錯,在我一人。”孔子說:“謹慎地審查計量,周密地製定法度,建立公正的人事製度,讓國家的法令暢通無阻,複興滅絕的國家,承繼斷絕的世族,提拔埋沒的人才,天下民心都會真心歸服。掌權者應該重視人民、糧食、喪葬、祭祀。寬容就能得到人民的擁護,誠信就能使人民的信服。勤敏就能取得功績,公正就能使人民幸福。”
【英譯】
Yao said: “Good! You Shun. Heaven has already issued an order to let you succeed to the throne. If people are poor, your ruling position as a sovereign will be ended for ever.” Shun also exhorted Yu this way. Shang Tang said: “My supreme Heaven, I - your sun on earth – would like to present you a black calf as a piece of sacrificial offerings. I pray for myself: I absolutely do not dare to pardon any guilty persons. I dare to conceal neither good nor evil. You’re omniscient so you naturally know how things stand. If I’m guilty, please don’t drag the broad masses in; if the masses are guilty, to lay all the blame on me.” Zhou Dynasty granted favors to the masses and let good people become rich. The lord Wu said: “I have nearest relatives but it’s not so good as to have people of humanity. If the broad masses commit errors, all blame should be put on me only.” Confucius said: “Cautiously examine measurement, carefully lay down laws, establish just personnel system; let government ordinances carried out smoothly; revive perished countries; succeed to severed clans; promote stifled real talents. If all these are well done, the broad masses will come over and give all allegiance to you wholeheartedly. Governors should pay attention to people, grains, funeral affairs and sacrificial rites. Tolerance wins support; credit gets confidence from others; diligence wins success; justice makes people happy.”
【原文】
20·2 子張問孔子曰:“何如斯可以從政矣?”子曰:“尊五美,屏四惡,斯可以從政矣。”子張曰:“何謂五美?”子曰:“君子惠而不費,勞而不怨,欲而不貪,泰而不驕,威而不猛。”子張曰:“何謂惠而不費?”子曰:“因民之所利而利之,斯不亦惠而不費乎?擇可勞而勞之,又誰怨?欲仁而得仁,又焉貪?君子無眾寡,無大小,無敢慢,斯不亦泰而不驕乎?君子正其衣冠,尊其瞻視,儼然人望而畏之,斯不亦威而不猛乎?”子張曰:“何謂四惡?”子曰:“不教而殺謂之虐;不戒視成謂之暴;慢令致期謂之賊;猶之與人也,出納之吝謂之有司。”
【白話】
子張問孔子:“怎樣才能從政呢?”孔子說:“尊五美,去四惡,就可以從政了。”子張說:“什麽是五美?”孔子說:“君子給人實惠而不浪費,讓人做到勞而無怨,為他人富足著想而不貪圖私利,平易近人而不驕傲自大,威武嚴肅而不凶猛可怕。”子張說:“怎樣才能給人實惠而不浪費?”孔子說:“根據民眾所需做有益於他們的事,不就是給人實惠而不浪費嗎?讓人們各盡所能誰還會怨恨?想施仁政而如願以償,還有什麽可貪的呢?君子不管人口多少、不管年齡小大、都尊重他們,這不就是平易近人而不驕傲自大嗎?君子衣冠整齊,注重儀表,莊重嚴肅,人人見了都很敬畏,不就是威武嚴肅而不凶猛可怕?”子張說:“什麽是四惡?”孔子說:“不重教育重殺頭叫虐待;不重教誨重成敗叫暴戾;頒布命令遲緩卻急於求成叫害人;想獎勵他人卻吝嗇叫做小氣。”
【英譯】
Zue Zhang asked Confucius: “How to deal with politics?” Confucius said: “Observe five fine characters and eliminate four bad habits. By doing so, you can deal with politics.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those five good characters?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen can grant favors to others without wasting anything and make people bear responsibilities without grudge. They consider others’ richness without seeking personal interests. They are easy to approach without arrogance and look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “How to grant favors to others without wasting anything?” Confucius said: “Do anything beneficial to people according to their need. Isn’t it ‘granting favors to others without wasting anything’? If you can make people do whatever they can, they will have nothing to complain about. If you want to carry out policies of benevolence and you can obtain what you wish, then you will have no reasons to seek personal interests. Gentlemen respect all people without considering their population’s number and age. Surely it could be said that you are easy to approach without arrogance. Always well dressed, gentlemen pay much attention to their appearance. They look solemn and dignified so that others stand in awe of them. Surely it could be considered that you look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those four bad habits?” Confucius said: “Paying no attention to education but putting stress on killing is called ill treatment; paying no attention to instruction but only considering about success or failure is called savage; being tardy in issuing orders but impatient for success is called doing harm to people; wanting to award people but giving little is called stinginess.”
【原文】
20·3 孔子曰:“不知命,無以為君子也;不知禮,無以立也;不知信,無以知人也。”
【譯文】
孔子說:“不懂得客觀規律,就不能做君子;不懂得道德規範,就無法立身處世;不懂得明辨是非,就不能了解人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If you don’t understand objective laws, you cannot be a gentleman; if you don’t understand moral norms, you cannot conduct yourself well in society; if you don’t understand how to distinguish between truth and falsehood, you cannot know people well.”
2008年8月10日 21點24分 新澤西/紐約
To: songdeli
Sent: Mon, July 5, 2010 8:52:04 AM
Subject: 《<論語>漢英對照本》在我社的選題會上通過
宋老師,您好!
很高興的告知您,您的《論語》漢英對照本,在我社的選題會上通過了。附件中是關於這本書的合同,您查看一下是否有異議。
接下來,我想知道宋老師對這本書的具體要求,比如開本、板式、用紙、甚至字體等相關細節,希望能把這本書做好!
盼複。
祝:一切如意
李麗
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