《詞匯學習》係列上兩帖散布了流毒,"禍害一方"。但言猶未盡,依然"留有餘毒",想要盡快清理,以後也能和各位敘說些"有利有益"的詞語。
除上兩帖講述過的,noxious還有另外幾個同義近義詞,這篇在說四個,他們分別是: pernicious, baneful, deleterious, 和 detrimental。
pernicious的詞義是指某種"不可修複的損害",並且這種損害往往是通過一些"惡毒但又有誘惑力"的途徑來達成的。用英文說就是: the harm is done through a way that is evil but insidious, harmful but enticing, corrupting but seducing. 類似中文"美女蛇"的效能。比如說, The pornography has a pernicious effect on society。色情是腐蝕人類心靈的禍害,但不少人還是會擋不住那誘惑。當今的中國,以身試戒"謎途"不返的大有人在。pernicious來自拉丁詞perniciosius,帶有"破壞或暴力致死"的意思。
baneful一詞指因毒害而造成的傷害與破壞。上篇已提過,bane即poison或death,另一意是傷害或廢墟的成因。如有人要害你置你於死地,你可以叫喊: Stop the way of those who seek my bane。如你討厭了某位異性在跟前晃悠,甚至視她/他為你生命的毒藥,你或許會抱怨: The existence of her/his being around is the bane of my life。我們常說美國人不了解中國,誤解中國。其實中國一樣誤解美國,誤解程度絲毫不差。比如很多中國人誤認為美國人不守紀律,以為美國人追求創造性,而紀律會壓製創造性,故老美取前者而舍後者。不然! 從學校到社會,老美不僅講究紀律,而且認為"紀律會壓製創造性"是個有害的概念(baneful notion)。在美國有這樣的說法: it is believed by most that "discipline destroys creativity" is a baneful notion。bane是名詞,源於德文,他的反義詞是boon,即something convivial。
deleterious的用法一般是這樣: 如果結果不僅僅是被懷疑有毒,而且被認定,我們就用deleterious。假如我們被告知某種食療法或減肥餐對人有害,這本身就隱含著有害結果已被發現的事實。英文可以這樣說: we have been told that it is a diet found to have deleterious effects。不過有害的結果業常常會以某種不易察覺的方式顯現,如: Indulgence in drinking and drugs for over two entire years engendered too much of an effect that was deleterious to his health。deleterious來自遙遠的希臘。
detrimental往往意指某一特定有害行為或事件。如: Soon enough you will see the detrimental effects of excessive drinking。再有: The pollution emitted by that chemical plant has already started to impose detrimental effect on the surrounding environment。該詞來源不詳。
其他同義詞還有: poisonous, damaging, harmful, hurting, 等等。他們都屬常用詞,大夥應該都沒問題,我們也就不再贅述。