一個人的親密
人未識，情己在。這是一種追求，追求一個人的親密與寧靜。
正文
有關曆史哲學的筆記 （一）：從美國的金融危機看曆史的終結
福山以一本名為曆史的終結和最後的人的書，將西方的資本主義政治製度推到了一個新的神學地位。
可是美國近來的金融危機，銀行倒閉潮，以及美國政府開啟對富人的挽求福利政策，讓美國的市場經濟的神話破滅。事實勝於雄辯，福山的曆史終結遠沒有馬克思的理論對西方資本主義的認識與判斷來得深刻而有效。
當福山寫他的曆史的終結的時候，已經是上升到一個曆史哲學的範疇，以為找到了曆史的規律，正是這種規律的確定才帶來了一種對曆史與未來走向的決定性判斷。曆史哲學對曆史發展的規律的推斷與歸納，其目的也還是用之來預見未來，從而解釋現實，並指導和管理人類事務。
很多大哲學家大都會涉足曆史哲學，因為這是哲學最富有挑戰性的領域，其原因是曆史長河中的某一天，人們會說瞧今天發生的事，某某早在很久前就預見了這一切。這種神諭式的預言，對一個哲學家來說，就好像一個偉大的夢想，是他們作為思想者的成就之最好背書。相反，曆史發展提供的證偽，時時刻刻給後來的哲學家提供了新的素材，前人對現實判斷的不足變得顯而易見。那麽前人的思想體係為什麽不能大致準確地判斷曆史發展的軌跡呢，新一代的智者由此看到了機會，並為這些問題而著迷。
我以前讀哲學書，很少看有關曆史哲學方麵的東西。後來去歐洲旅行，對意大利文藝複興時代的許多曆史感興趣。這才涉及知道一些有關意大利哲學家維柯的觀點（Giambattista Vico， １６６８－１７４４）。開始覺得曆史哲學的奧妙。
最近的中國三鹿奶粉事件與美國華爾街的金融危機，讓我覺得是中西曆史上具有象征性意義的事件。將會開啟中國知識分子對中國三十年改革的反省，同時華爾街的金融危機也促進我們深思中國未來有沒有可能走一條比美國製度更多的路。寫這個曆史哲學的筆記係列，就是為深化這樣一些思考提供一些素材與前人的思想。
其中有段話我覺得很有啟發的是：It is the organization of the past that makes the past valuable, just as it is the organization of phenomena in scientific formulas that makes the study of nature valuable.
首先要引入的一個觀點，如何看待前人寫的曆史。一種較普遍的說法是每一代都會重寫曆史。
The cliché that history must be rewritten every generation should therefore run somewhat differently: the past cannot help being reconceived by every generation,but the earlier reports upon it are in the main as good and true as they ever were. The revisionism of historians, rightly considered, does not substitute, it subtracts a little and adds more.
另一位學者則說： The major changes in historical interpretation do not, as the layman often imagines, arise from the discovery of new evidence-the chest full of ussuspected documents…. What is most likely to happen is that the historian will find what he is looking for, namely, the documents which will explain and illustrate his own point of view. But what is he looking for? Surely he is looking for the truth-for what really happened. It is his job as a scholar to form as exact an idea of past events as he can from the surviving evidence. But the instrument with which he looks at the past is modern. It was made, and shaped, and it operates, in the present. It is his own mind. And however much he bends his thoughts toward the past, his own way of thinking, his outlook, his opinions are the products of the time in which he lives. So that all written history…. is a compound of past and present. (C.V.Wedgwood, The Present in the Past, page 235).
這個觀點很重要，所有寫就的曆史是過去與現在的複合物。
福山以一本名為曆史的終結和最後的人的書，將西方的資本主義政治製度推到了一個新的神學地位。
可是美國近來的金融危機，銀行倒閉潮，以及美國政府開啟對富人的挽求福利政策，讓美國的市場經濟的神話破滅。事實勝於雄辯，福山的曆史終結遠沒有馬克思的理論對西方資本主義的認識與判斷來得深刻而有效。
當福山寫他的曆史的終結的時候，已經是上升到一個曆史哲學的範疇，以為找到了曆史的規律，正是這種規律的確定才帶來了一種對曆史與未來走向的決定性判斷。曆史哲學對曆史發展的規律的推斷與歸納，其目的也還是用之來預見未來，從而解釋現實，並指導和管理人類事務。
很多大哲學家大都會涉足曆史哲學，因為這是哲學最富有挑戰性的領域，其原因是曆史長河中的某一天，人們會說瞧今天發生的事，某某早在很久前就預見了這一切。這種神諭式的預言，對一個哲學家來說，就好像一個偉大的夢想，是他們作為思想者的成就之最好背書。相反，曆史發展提供的證偽，時時刻刻給後來的哲學家提供了新的素材，前人對現實判斷的不足變得顯而易見。那麽前人的思想體係為什麽不能大致準確地判斷曆史發展的軌跡呢，新一代的智者由此看到了機會，並為這些問題而著迷。
我以前讀哲學書，很少看有關曆史哲學方麵的東西。後來去歐洲旅行，對意大利文藝複興時代的許多曆史感興趣。這才涉及知道一些有關意大利哲學家維柯的觀點（Giambattista Vico， １６６８－１７４４）。開始覺得曆史哲學的奧妙。
最近的中國三鹿奶粉事件與美國華爾街的金融危機，讓我覺得是中西曆史上具有象征性意義的事件。將會開啟中國知識分子對中國三十年改革的反省，同時華爾街的金融危機也促進我們深思中國未來有沒有可能走一條比美國製度更多的路。寫這個曆史哲學的筆記係列，就是為深化這樣一些思考提供一些素材與前人的思想。
其中有段話我覺得很有啟發的是：It is the organization of the past that makes the past valuable, just as it is the organization of phenomena in scientific formulas that makes the study of nature valuable.
首先要引入的一個觀點，如何看待前人寫的曆史。一種較普遍的說法是每一代都會重寫曆史。
The cliché that history must be rewritten every generation should therefore run somewhat differently: the past cannot help being reconceived by every generation,but the earlier reports upon it are in the main as good and true as they ever were. The revisionism of historians, rightly considered, does not substitute, it subtracts a little and adds more.
另一位學者則說： The major changes in historical interpretation do not, as the layman often imagines, arise from the discovery of new evidence-the chest full of ussuspected documents…. What is most likely to happen is that the historian will find what he is looking for, namely, the documents which will explain and illustrate his own point of view. But what is he looking for? Surely he is looking for the truth-for what really happened. It is his job as a scholar to form as exact an idea of past events as he can from the surviving evidence. But the instrument with which he looks at the past is modern. It was made, and shaped, and it operates, in the present. It is his own mind. And however much he bends his thoughts toward the past, his own way of thinking, his outlook, his opinions are the products of the time in which he lives. So that all written history…. is a compound of past and present. (C.V.Wedgwood, The Present in the Past, page 235).
這個觀點很重要，所有寫就的曆史是過去與現在的複合物。
建議往教材講義的路子寫。。。 ：）