批評亨廷頓的文明衝突論 對文化複雜性過度簡化

YouTube：愛德華·賽義德：文明衝突的神話，免費電影，介紹以色列對加沙的戰爭背景

媒體教育基金會 2023 年 12 月 19 日

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty_-zHrfEUY

傳奇學者兼活動家愛德華·賽義德發表了一場強有力的演講，駁斥了這樣一種根深蒂固的意識形態信念：世界被文明開明的美國領導的西方與野蠻落後的中東和遠東極權主義勢力之間的文明衝突所撕裂。

https://shop.mediaed.org/the-myth-of-...

愛德華·瓦迪·賽義德 (1935-2003) 巴勒斯坦裔美國哲學家、學者、文學評論家和政治活動家。作為哥倫比亞大學文學教授，他是後殖民研究的創始人之一。作為一名文化評論家，賽義德以其著作《東方主義》（1978 年）而聞名，這是一本基礎性著作，批判了東方主義的文化表述——西方世界如何看待東方。他的文本分析模型改變了文學理論、文學批評和中東研究研究人員的學術話語。

賽義德 1935 年出生於巴勒斯坦托管地耶路撒冷，他的父親曾在第一次世界大戰期間在美國陸軍服役，因此他是美國公民。1948 年巴勒斯坦戰爭後，他移居埃及，然後又移居美國，在埃及期間就讀於維多利亞學院，抵達美國後就讀於諾斯菲爾德黑門山學校。

1957 年，他畢業於普林斯頓大學，獲得英語學士學位，隨後在哈佛大學獲得英語文學碩士學位（1960 年）和博士學位（1964 年）。他的主要影響者是安東尼奧·葛蘭西、弗朗茨·法農、艾梅·塞澤爾、米歇爾·福柯和西奧多·W·阿多諾。1963 年，賽義德加入哥倫比亞大學，擔任英語和比較文學係教授，並在那裏任教和工作至 2003 年。他還在北美、歐洲和中東的 200 多所大學授課。

作為一名公共知識分子，賽義德曾擔任巴勒斯坦全國委員會成員，支持納入巴勒斯坦返回權的兩國解決方案，後因批評《奧斯陸協議》於 1993 年辭職。他主張建立巴勒斯坦國，以確保以色列占領區的政治和人道主義平等，巴勒斯坦人目睹了以色列定居點的不斷擴張。然而，1999 年，他辯稱，隻有在一個以巴國家的情況下，才能實現可持續的和平。[14] 他把自己與以色列現狀的對立關係定義為公共知識分子的職責，他們必須“篩選、判斷、批評、選擇，以便選擇權和主動權回歸到個人”男人和女人身上。

1999 年，賽義德和阿根廷裔以色列指揮家丹尼爾·巴倫博伊姆共同創立了西東合集管弦樂團，該樂團總部位於西班牙塞維利亞。薩義德也是一位技藝精湛的鋼琴家，他與巴倫博伊姆合著了《相似與悖論：音樂與社會的探索》（2002 年），該書匯集了他們在紐約卡內基音樂廳關於音樂的對話和公開討論。

生活與事業

薩義德於 1935 年 11 月 1 日出生於耶路撒冷市的一個巴勒斯坦基督徒家庭，當時巴勒斯坦屬於英國托管地。他的父母出生於奧斯曼帝國：他的母親希爾達·薩義德（原姓穆薩）有一半巴勒斯坦血統，一半黎巴嫩血統，在拿撒勒長大；他的父親瓦迪·“威廉”·薩義德是一位居住在耶路撒冷的巴勒斯坦商人。希爾達和瓦迪都是阿拉伯基督徒，信奉新教。第一次世界大戰期間，瓦迪在美國遠征軍服役，隨後他和他的直係親屬獲得了美國公民身份。
盡管賽義德從小信奉新教，但晚年卻成為了一名不可知論者。

愛德華·賽義德：文明衝突的神話摘要，免費電影，介紹以色列對加沙的戰爭背景

https://www.summarize.tech/www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty_-zHrfEUY?

這是人工智能生成的摘要。可能存在不準確之處。

00:00:00 - 00:50:00

在此 YouTube 視頻部分中，??愛德華·賽義德批評了塞繆爾·亨廷頓的“文明衝突”理論，對文化複雜性和衝突可能性的過度簡化表示擔憂。賽義德反對統一文化和文明衝突的理念，而是主張共存並保留差異。他強調承認個人和文化獨特本質的重要性，以及需要與差異共存而不是促進衝突或統治。賽義德還強調了美國知識分子有責任解決美國的幹預力量及其對世界的影響。該視頻還涉及以色列和巴勒斯坦之間持續的衝突，批評美國向以色列提供大量援助，同時懲罰巴勒斯坦人，以及巴勒斯坦人缺乏有效的領導。賽義德呼籲明確鬥爭的目標，並承認以色列和巴勒斯坦身份的相互聯係。此外，他還批評以色列對巴勒斯坦人民流離失所和遭受苦難缺乏承認和責任，以色列在巴勒斯坦社會的廢墟上建立國家，導致巴勒斯坦經濟遭到破壞和被迫流離失所。

00:00:00 在 YouTube 視頻的這一部分，演講者討論了塞繆爾·亨廷頓的論文和著作《文明的衝突》。亨廷頓的論文發表於 1993 年，帶有一個問號，提出了世界政治正在進入一個新階段的觀點，衝突源於文明之間的文化差異，而不是意識形態陣營。演講者認為，這篇論文比沒有問號的擴展書更有效，重點關注亨廷頓對西方文明與伊斯蘭文明和儒家文明之間潛在衝突的討論。演講者指出，亨廷頓的作品之所以受到廣泛關注，是因為其發表的時間是在冷戰結束後，各種新世界秩序理論的出現。然而，演講者批評亨廷頓重複使用冷戰時期的意識形態衝突論。

00:05:00 在 YouTube 視頻“愛德華·薩義德：文明衝突的神話”的這一部分中，演講者批評了塞繆爾·亨廷頓的論文和著作《文明衝突》。亨廷頓認為，冷戰的結束標誌著西方與其他文明（如伊斯蘭教和儒教）之間衝突的新階段的開始。他認為，西方必須利用這些文明之間的差異和衝突來保持其力量和主導地位。演講者認為，亨廷頓的作品具有誤導性，嚴重依賴有傾向性的宣傳家和二手意見，而不是嚴肅的學術或理論。演講者還批評亨廷頓使用“文明衝突”一詞，這不是他自己的，而是從伯納德·劉易斯那裏借來的。演講者認為，亨廷頓對衝突和分裂的關注不利於各國人民之間的真正理解和合作，而這對我們的星球來說是必要的。

00:10:00 在 YouTube 視頻“愛德華·薩義德：文明衝突的神話”的這一部分中，演講者批評了塞繆爾·亨廷頓和伯納德·劉易斯的作品，他們將伊斯蘭文明描述為單一的、對西方現代性的敵視。演講者認為，兩位作者都對十億穆斯林進行了籠統的概括，認為他們都對西方感到憤怒，伊斯蘭文明的定義是所謂的反西方主義。演講者強調，亨廷頓和劉易斯是辯論家，而不是中立的觀察者，他們的作品延續了文明衝突的觀念，而不是解決它。演講者質疑將世界簡化為文明衝突並將其作為理解和行動的處方交給政策製定者的明智性。演講者警告說，這種方法可能會延長和加深衝突，激發民族主義情緒，導致殺戮。相反，演講者建議問問自己為什麽要這樣做，並集中精力減輕衝突的可能性。演講者還批評使用“西方”或“伊斯蘭”等模糊且可操縱的抽象概念，將特定的宗教、種族和民族歸結為意識形態。

00:15:00 在 YouTube 視頻的這一部分，標題為“愛德華·賽義德：文明衝突的神話”，愛德華·賽義德討論了群體認同語言是如何在 19 世紀後期成為帝國主義的正當理由的。歐洲和美國列強，如法國、英國、德國、比利時和美國，都訴諸理論和修辭來為他們對非洲和亞洲的掠奪辯護。文明使命就是這樣一個概念，它賦予更強大的國家以崇高理想的幌子殖民其他國家的權利。這一帝國競爭時期導致了文化命運理論和世界大戰概念的發展，這些理論和概念基於文明之間的衝突或衝突。作為回應，被殖民的人民開始反抗他們的強行操縱和定居，導致組織了決心實現獨立和自決的政治和文化運動。這種歸屬感的言論也是每個獨立運動民族主義的核心，這些運動的結果是，在第二次世界大戰後不久，古典帝國被瓦解，數十個國家贏得了獨立。

00:20:00 在視頻的這一部分，愛德華·賽義德討論了各種文明登上世界舞台的過程，以及由此產生的文化特異性言論。他確定了這種話語的兩個潛在方向：一個是烏托邦式的，強調所有民族之間的融合與和諧；另一個則認為所有文化都是如此特殊和嫉妒，以至於相互排斥和對抗。薩義德以聯合國和各種世界政府的嚐試作為烏托邦路線的例子，而冷戰的理論和實踐以及文明衝突理論則代表了第二個方向。他還提到了強調伊斯蘭與西方之間內在對立的運動的複興，以及定義自己的文化的重要性和對其定義的持續爭論。薩義德認為，我們生活的時代不是文明衝突，而是定義的衝突，每種文化都定義了自己的敵人以及超越敵人的東西。他還承認存在反文化和反對聲音，它們挑戰官方文化及其定義。

00:25:00 在 YouTube 視頻“愛德華·薩義德：文明衝突的神話”的這一部分中，愛德華·薩義德以美國和伊斯蘭教為例，討論了承認文化內部爭論和多樣性的重要性。他認為，亨廷頓的“文明衝突論”過於簡單化了文化認同的複雜性，忽視了不同文化之間正在進行的交流和對話。薩義德強調，應注重合作和人文交流，而不是強調差異和潛在衝突。他還強調了曆史上各種文學和文化之間的長期關係和影響。

00:30:00 在 YouTube 視頻“愛德華·薩義德：文明衝突的神話”的這一部分中，愛德華·薩義德反對塞繆爾·亨廷頓在“文明衝突”論文中提出的穩定和固定的文明概念。薩義德斷言，文化和文明不是穩定的實體，而是可以操縱和發明的抽象概念。他批評西方話語將伊斯蘭教描繪成一個單一而易變的實體，而事實上，伊斯蘭教在不同地方存在很大差異。薩義德還指出了試圖將文明分開的破壞性影響，以及認識到文明的複雜性和混合性的重要性。最後，他敦促采取一種更具綜合性的方法來理解文明以及我們在全球背景下麵臨的危險。

00:35:00 在 YouTube 視頻的這一部分，標題為“愛德華·薩義德：文明衝突的神話”，愛德華·薩義德討論??了人類麵臨的危險，包括人口兩極分化、識字率下降以及地方、民族、種族和宗教情緒的出現。他認為，正如塞繆爾·亨廷頓所描述的那樣，社區意識、理解、同情和希望是文明衝突的解藥。薩義德強調承認文化之間的共同點和取消教育國有化的重要性，以促進更好地理解我們所生活的複雜而混雜的世界。他批評了一神論的觀點，即一個人的文化或文明是愛德華·賽義德將世界中心視為世界的中心，旨在消除這種思維方式所導致的無謂而無望的衝突。

00:40:00 在視頻的這一部分，愛德華·賽義德批評了塞繆爾·亨廷頓的“文明衝突”理論，對文化的同質化和衝突的可能性表示擔憂。賽義德既反對統一文化的理念，也反對文明衝突，而是主張在保留差異的情況下共存。他強調承認個人和文化獨特性的重要性，以及與差異共存的必要性，而不是提倡衝突或統治。賽義德還強調了美國知識分子有責任應對美國的幹預力量及其對世界的影響。他還談到了巴勒斯坦人的處境，並對以色列總理內塔尼亞胡的行動和美國的支持表示擔憂。

00:45:00 在 YouTube 視頻“愛德華·賽義德：文明衝突的神話 | 以色列對加沙戰爭的免費電影”的這一部分中，發言人表達了對以色列和巴勒斯坦之間持續衝突的擔憂，特別關注巴勒斯坦人麵臨的經濟和政治鬥爭。發言人批評美國向以色列提供數十億美元的援助，同時懲罰巴勒斯坦人打擊恐怖主義力度不夠。他對巴勒斯坦人缺乏有效的領導以及他們爭取解放的鬥爭前景日益渺茫感到遺憾。發言人強調澄清鬥爭目標以及美國在為兩國人民帶來和平與正義方麵的作用的重要性。他呼籲猶太人和美國人認識到良知危機以及以色列和巴勒斯坦身份的相互聯係。

00:50:00 在視頻的這一部分，愛德華·賽義德批評以色列對巴勒斯坦人民流離失所和苦難缺乏承認和承擔責任。他指出，以色列是在巴勒斯坦社會的廢墟上建立起來的，占領導致巴勒斯坦經濟遭到破壞，並迫使有能力的人流離失所。賽義德認為，以色列不能繼續迫害巴勒斯坦人，同時又忽視自己在巴勒斯坦苦難中扮演的角色，即使猶太人在曆史上自己也是受害者。如前所述，該協議明確規定以色列不對占領的代價負責，賽義德認為這一立場是不可接受的。

YouTube: Edward Said: The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations，Free films for context on Israel's war on Gaza

Media Education Founda 2023年12月19日

Legendary scholar-activist Edward Said delivers a powerful lecture dismantling the persistent ideological belief that the world is riven by a clash of civilizations between the civilized and enlightened U.S.-led West and the barbaric and backward-looking totalitarian forces of the Middle East and Far East.

https://shop.mediaed.org/the-myth-of-...

 

Summary of Edward Said: The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations，Free films for context on Israel's war on Gaza

https://www.summarize.tech/www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty_-zHrfEUY?

This is an AI generated summary. There may be inaccuracies. Summarize another video 

00:00:00 - 00:50:00

In this YouTube video section, Edward Said critiques Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" theory, expressing concerns over the oversimplification of cultural complexities and potential for conflict. Said argues against both the idea of a unified culture and the clash of civilizations, instead advocating for coexistence with the preservation of differences. He emphasizes the importance of recognizing the unique inscape of individuals and cultures and the need to live with differences rather than promoting conflict or domination. Said also highlights the responsibility of American intellectuals to address the interventionary power of the United States and its impact on the world. The video also touches upon the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine, with criticism towards the United States for providing Israel with significant aid while punishing Palestinians and the lack of effective leadership among Palestinians. Said calls for clarifying the goals of the struggle and recognizing the interconnectedness of Israeli and Palestinian identities. Additionally, he critiques Israel's lack of acknowledgement and responsibility for the displacement and suffering of the Palestinian people, built on the ruins of their society and resulting in the destruction of their economy and forced displacement.

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• 00:00:00 In this section of the YouTube video, the speaker discusses Samuel Huntington's essay and book "The Clash of Civilizations." Huntington's essay, published in 1993 with a question mark, introduced the idea that world politics was entering a new phase, with conflicts arising from cultural differences between civilizations rather than ideological camps. The speaker argues that the essay is more effective than the expanded book, published without a question mark, and focuses on Huntington's discussions of potential conflicts between Western and Islamic and Confucian civilizations. The speaker notes that Huntington's work gained significant attention due to its timing following the end of the Cold War and the emergence of various theories on the new world order. However, the speaker criticizes Huntington for recycling the ideological conflict thesis from the Cold War era.
• 00:05:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "EDWARD SAID: THE MYTH OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS," the speaker critiques Samuel Huntington's essay and book, "The Clash of Civilizations." Huntington argues that the end of the Cold War marks the beginning of a new phase of conflict between the West and other civilizations, such as Islam and Confucianism. He suggests that the West must exploit differences and conflicts among these civilizations to maintain its strength and dominance. The speaker argues that Huntington's work is misleading and relies heavily on tendentious publicists and second-hand opinions rather than serious scholarship or theory. The speaker also criticizes Huntington for using the term "clash of civilizations," which is not his own, but rather borrowed from Bernard Lewis. The speaker suggests that Huntington's focus on conflict and division is not conducive to true understanding and cooperation between peoples, which is necessary for our planet.
• 00:10:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "EDWARD SAID: THE MYTH OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS," the speaker critiques the works of Samuel Huntington and Bernard Lewis, who have characterized Islamic civilization as monolithic and hostile to Western modernity. The speaker argues that both authors make sweeping generalizations about a billion Muslims, assuming they are all enraged against the West and that Islamic civilization is defined by its supposed anti-Westernism. The speaker stresses that Huntington and Lewis are polemicists, not neutral observers, and their works perpetuate the idea of a clash between civilizations rather than resolving it. The speaker questions the wisdom of simplifying the world into a clash of civilizations and handing it to policy makers as a prescription for understanding and acting in the world. The speaker warns that this approach may prolong and deepen conflict, mobilize nationalist passions, and lead to murderousness. Instead, the speaker suggests asking why one is doing this and focusing on mitigating the likelihood of conflict. The speaker also criticizes the use of vague and manipulable abstractions like "the West" or "Islam" that collapse particular religions, races, and ethnicities into ideologies.
• 00:15:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "EDWARD SAID: THE MYTH OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS," Edward Said discusses how the language of group identity emerged as a justification for imperialism during the late 19th century. European and American powers, such as France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, and the United States, resorted to theories and rhetorics to justify their plunder of Africa and Asia. One such notion was the civilizing mission, which gave more powerful countries the right to colonize others under the guise of a noble ideal. This period of imperial competition led to the development of theories of cultural destiny and the concept of worlds at war, which were based on the clash or conflict between civilizations. In response, the colonized peoples began to resist their forcible manipulation and settlement, leading to the organization of political and cultural movements determined to achieve independence and self-determination. This rhetoric of belonging was also at the heart of each independent movement's nationalism, which achieved the result of dismantling classical empires and winning independence for dozens of countries shortly after World War II.
• 00:20:00 In this section of the video, Edward Said discusses the emergence of various civilizations onto the world stage and the resulting rhetoric of cultural specificity. He identifies two potential directions for this discourse: one utopian, emphasizing integration and harmony between all peoples, and the other suggesting that all cultures are so specific and jealous as to reject and war against each other. Said uses the examples of the United Nations and various attempts at World Government as instances of the utopian line, while the theory and practice of the Cold War and the Clash of Civilizations theory represent the second direction. He also mentions the resurgence of movements stressing the innate opposition between Islam and the West, as well as the importance of defining one's culture and the ongoing contest over its definition. Said argues that the period we are living in is not the Clash of Civilizations but the Clash of Definitions, and that each culture defines its enemies and what stands beyond it. He also acknowledges the existence of countercultures and dissenting voices that challenge the official culture and its definitions.
• 00:25:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "EDWARD SAID: THE MYTH OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS," Edward Said discusses the importance of recognizing the internal debates and diversity within cultures, using the examples of America and Islam. He argues that Huntington's theory of the Clash of Civilizations oversimplifies the complexities of cultural identity and ignores the ongoing exchange and dialogue between different cultures. Said emphasizes the need to focus on cooperation and humanistic exchange rather than emphasizing differences and potential conflicts. He also highlights the long-standing relationships and influences between various literatures and cultures throughout history.
• 00:30:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "EDWARD SAID: THE MYTH OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS," Edward Said argues against the notion of stable and fixed civilizations, as put forth in Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" thesis. Said asserts that cultures and civilizations are not stable entities but rather abstractions that can be manipulated and invented. He criticizes the way Islam is portrayed in the Western discourse as a monolithic and volatile entity, when in reality, it varies greatly from place to place. Said also points out the damaging effects of trying to separate civilizations and the importance of recognizing their complexity and hybridity. He concludes by urging a more integrative approach to understanding civilizations and the dangers we face in the global context.
• 00:35:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "EDWARD SAID: THE MYTH OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS," Edward Said discusses the dangers facing the human race, including the polarization of populations, the decline of literacy, and the emergence of virulent local, national, ethnic, and religious sentiment. He argues that the sense of community, understanding, sympathy, and hope is the antidote to the clash of civilizations, as described by Samuel Huntington. Said emphasizes the importance of recognizing commonalities between cultures and denationalizing education to promote a better understanding of the complex and mixed world we live in. He critiques the monotheistic position that suggests one's culture or civilization is the center of the world and aims to eliminate the wasteful and hopeless conflicts that arise from such thinking.
• 00:40:00 In this section of the video, Edward Said critiques Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" theory, expressing concerns over the homogenization of cultures and the potential for conflict. Said argues against both the idea of a unified culture and the clash of civilizations, instead advocating for coexistence with the preservation of differences. He emphasizes the importance of recognizing the unique inscape of individuals and cultures, and the need to live with differences rather than promoting conflict or domination. Said also highlights the responsibility of American intellectuals to address the interventionary power of the United States and its impact on the world. The situation of the Palestinians is also addressed, with concerns over the actions of Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and the support of the United States.
• 00:45:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "EDWARD SAID: THE MYTH OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS | FREE FILMS FOR CONTEXT ON ISRAEL'S WAR ON GAZA," the speaker expresses concern over the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine, specifically focusing on the economic and political struggles faced by Palestinians. The speaker criticizes the United States for providing Israel with billions of dollars in aid while punishing Palestinians for not fighting terrorism enough. He laments the lack of effective leadership among Palestinians and the shrinking horizon of their struggle for liberation. The speaker emphasizes the importance of clarifying the goals of the struggle and the role of the United States in bringing about peace and justice for both peoples. He calls on Jews and Americans to recognize the crisis of conscience and the interconnectedness of the Israeli and Palestinian identities.
• 00:50:00 In this section of the video, Edward Said critiques the lack of acknowledgement and responsibility taken by Israel for the displacement and suffering of the Palestinian people. He points out that Israel was built on the ruins of Palestinian society and that the occupation has resulted in the destruction of their economy and forced displacement of capable people. Said argues that Israel cannot continue to victimize the Palestinians while ignoring its own role in their suffering, even as Jewish people have historically been victims themselves. The Accord, as mentioned, specifically states that Israel bears no responsibility for the costs of the occupation, a position Said finds unacceptable.
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