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創造性勞動、精神對象和現代生產理論
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345484552_Creative_Labor_Mental_Objects_and_the_Modern_Theory_of_Production
艾倫·弗裏曼 2020 年 10 月 科學與社會 84(4):458-484 DOI:10.1521/siso.2020.84.4.458
近幾十年來，有關創造力的文獻激增，但對其內容卻沒有達成共識。由於對經濟和人類發展的關注，中國和俄羅斯的貢獻為這些辯論提供了新的視角。通過將其與廣泛使用的“創意產業”概念相結合，提出了植根於創意勞動概念的嚴格創意概念。這可以被定義為非機械勞動，它與信息和通信技術（ICT）相結合，產生了體現獨特使用價值的產品的大眾市場。隨後，創意產業作為勞動分工的一個分支而出現，它密集地利用創意勞動與精神對象（例如科學和藝術產品）的結合。軟件本身是一種精神對象，是這些行業中的“精神生產工具”，有助於解釋它們對人類發展的潛在貢獻，以及商品形式對這種潛力施加的障礙。
Creative Labor, Mental Objects and the Modern Theory of Production
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345484552_Creative_Labor_Mental_Objects_and_the_Modern_Theory_of_Production
Alan Freeman October 2020 Science & Society 84(4):458-484 DOI:10.1521/siso.2020.84.4.458
Recent decades have seen a proliferation of literature on creativity, with no consensus about what it consists of. Chinese and Russian contributions throw new light on these debates because of their concern with economic and human development. By integrating this with the widely-used concept of the “creative industries,” a rigorous concept of creativity rooted in the notion of creative labor is proposed. This can be defined as non-mechanical labor which, in conjunction with Information and Communication Technology (ICT), has produced a mass market in products embodying the use-value of distinctness. The creative industries then emerge as a branch of the division of labor making intensive use of creative labor in combination with mental objects, such as scientific and artistic products. Software, itself a mental object, is an “instrument of mental production” in these industries, helping explain their potential contribution to human development, and the obstacles to this potential imposed by the commodity form.
