風蕭蕭_Frank
以文會友
漢字是怎麽在韓國衰落的，有什麽後果？
今濤拍案 ｜2023-01-09
雖然朝鮮半島上的語言和漢語並不屬於同一個語係，也就是說和漢語有著不同的起源，但因為古代中原文化對朝鮮半島文化所具有的壓倒性優勢，所以朝鮮半島從最早開始使用文字時起，使用的就是漢字。至少從公元5世紀開始，朝鮮半島上的新羅國就把漢字視為了官方文字，當時其各種政府文書就是用漢字寫成的。在美版知乎Quora上，，韓國網友提問道：漢字是何時、如何以及為什麽在韓國衰落的？這會帶來什麽後果？我們看看他們的觀點。
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問題
韓國網友Minneola Leem的回答
• Decrease of "Han characters" in Korean written language
•韓國書麵語中“漢字”的減少
This phenomenon has only occurred in recent decades because of the promotion of "pure" Korean, which makes young people less and less able to understand Chinese. For example, I grew up reading newspapers full of Chinese; For a girl who aspires to become a law major, understanding Chinese characters is considered a crucial requirement. For example, the Civil Law is full of Chinese characters, and law students should use Chinese characters to draft laws in the exam. If you compare the following newspapers, you can see that the proportion of Chinese characters is declining rapidly.
這個現象也是近幾十年才發生的，其原因是提倡“純正”韓語，年輕人越來越不懂漢語。例如，我在閱讀著充滿漢文的報紙長大；對於一個立誌成為法律專業的女孩來說，了解漢字被認為是一個至關重要的要求，比如《民法》中充滿了漢字，法律專業的學生在考試中應該使用漢字進行法律起草。如果你比較一下下麵的報紙，你可以看到漢字比重在迅速下降。
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20世紀90年代的東亞日報
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2013年的東亞日報
In about 20 years, the practice of using Chinese characters in Korean writing has rapidly disappeared. Nowadays, even the drafting of laws does not have Chinese characters.
在二十年左右的時間裏，在韓語寫作中使用漢字的做法迅速消失。如今，甚至法律的起草都沒有漢字。
• Korean people's understanding of "Chinese characters"
•韓國人對“漢字”的了解
This varies greatly with age and education level. In general, the older generation are more familiar with Chinese characters. And obviously, learned people are proficient in Chinese.
這一點因年齡、教育程度等不同而有很大差異。總的來說，老一輩人更熟悉漢字。而且顯然，有學問的人精通漢文。
In the Korean education system, Chinese characters are no longer a compulsory course, but students are encouraged to learn them. There is a standardized Chinese learner's license exam - I have a certificate, which contains 3500 characters. Many children take these tests at the urging of their mothers, but due to the rapid decline in use, these tests have little practical value.
在韓國的教育體係中，漢字不再是必修課，但仍鼓勵學生學習。有標準化的漢語學習者執照考試-我有級證書, 它包含3500個字符。許多幼兒在母親的催促下參加這些考試，但由於使用量迅速下降，這些考試沒有太大的實用價值。
However, one of the advantages of learning Chinese characters is that it is easy to learn Korean and Chinese classical literature because Chinese characters are a kind of preserved Chinese before being simplified into simplified characters. It is said that in the past, Chinese and Korean intellectuals could communicate perfectly by handwriting, even though their spoken languages were different. I like to learn Korean classical prose written by Korean intellectuals, although it is not as easy for me to read as modern prose.
不過，學習漢文字的一個好處是，因為漢文字在被簡化為簡體字之前是一種保留下來的漢語，所以學習韓國和中國古典文學很容易。據說，在過去，中國和韓國的知識分子能夠通過手寫進行完美的交流，即使他們的口頭語言不同。我喜歡學習韓國知識分子寫的韓國古典散文，盡管我讀起來不像現代散文那麽容易。
• Japanese dominated the translation and application of western terms
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•日本人主導了西方術語的翻譯和應用
In fact, I had the opportunity to read an academic article on this issue last semester; When I come back to edit this answer, I will post the title of the article. The decline of Chinese characters on the Korean Peninsula was related to Japanese colonialism in East Asia at the beginning of the 20th century.
事實上，上學期我有機會讀了一篇關於這個問題的學術文章；當我回來編輯這個答案時，我會把文章的標題貼出來。漢字在朝鮮半島的沒落與20世紀初日本對東亞的殖民主義有關。
韓國網友Sunroof Park的回答
• To put it simply, the older generation has a better understanding of Chinese characters, mainly because most books and publications used Chinese characters when they were young. As people publish below, newspapers use a large number of Chinese characters to emphasize the meaning of words (many words sound the same in Korean, but have different meanings). For example, the word "gajeong" (family, family) sounds the same as "suppose".
•簡單地說，老一輩對漢字有更多的了解，主要是因為大多數書籍和出版物在年輕時都使用了漢字。正如人們在下麵發布的那樣，報紙使用了大量的漢字來強調單詞的含義（有很多單詞在韓語中聽起來相同，但含義不同）。例如，單詞?? （gajeong，家人，家庭) 發音與?? (假定) 意思是“假設”一樣。
• Because there are too many words from Chinese, most publications use Chinese characters. However, due to the nationalist movement in recent decades, many publications now indicate or do not mention Chinese characters in brackets.
•由於有太多源自漢語的單詞，大多數出版物使用漢字。然而，由於近幾十年來的民族主義運動，許多出版物現在都在括號中注明或根本不提及漢字。
• In sharp contrast, Korean newspapers Chosun Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo. The former uses Chinese without marginal notes (most of them are headlines), while Korea Daily does not use them at all (to make their articles more readable).
•與之形成鮮明對比的是韓國報紙《朝鮮日報》和《韓國報》。前者使用的漢文沒有旁注（大多是標題），而《韓國報》根本不使用它們（為了讓他們的文章更可讀）。
• Despite this trend, Korean society still emphasizes learning Chinese characters. Public education includes Chinese subjects, and you can even choose it as the subject of college entrance examination. This course includes intermediate Chinese and classical Chinese poetry (Chinese or Korean poets).
•盡管有這樣的趨勢，韓國社會仍然強調學習漢字。公共教育包括漢文科目，你甚至可以選擇它作為大學入學考試的科目。該科目包括學習中級漢文和學習文言文詩歌（中國詩人或韓國詩人）。
• It is important to teach children Chinese, although it is certainly not as good as English. Nevertheless, parents are eager to let their children take part in Chinese classes and encourage them to learn at least 1000 Chinese characters.
•教幼兒漢文很重要，盡管肯定不如教英語優先。盡管如此，家長們還是渴望讓孩子們參加漢文班，並鼓勵他們學習至少1000個漢字(千字文)。
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• Some companies like Samsung also give priority to the Chinese character examination. Some universities stipulate that they must take the Korean examination when they graduate (for example, Korean universities).
•像三星這樣的一些公司也優先考慮漢字考試。一些大學規定畢業時必須參加韓文考試（例如韓國大學）。
• The younger generation really do not understand Chinese characters, but my prospect is that it is still an important part of Korean culture. The basic understanding of Korean vocabulary does include the basic understanding of Chinese.
•年輕一代確實不太懂漢字，但我的前景是，它仍然是韓國文化的重要組成部分。對韓語詞匯的基本理解確實包括對漢語的基本理解。
• When Koreans take risks to learn Chinese or Japanese, this kind of education is also beneficial to them, because many words are similar and are based on Chinese characters.
•當韓國人冒險學習漢語或日語時，這種教育對他們也是有益的，因為許多單詞都是相似的，並且都是基於漢字。
韓國網友宋基雲的回答
This is a complicated answer. I will give a brief answer first, and then discuss it carefully.
這是一個複雜的答案，我會先做出簡短的回答，然後再作仔細討論。
The short answer is: Contrary to what the "expert" said, Chinese characters have never been widely used by the Korean people. You may say, "Wait! This is impossible! Chinese characters have been used throughout Korean history!" The last sentence is true, but it only applies to intellectuals and literati. In fact, the idea that Korean people/ordinary people widely use Chinese characters as the main writing form has never been true, which is why Chinese characters are so easy to decline in Korea.
簡短的回答是：與“專家”所說的相反，漢字從未被朝鮮人民普遍使用過。你可能會說，“等等！這不可能！漢字在整個韓國曆史上都一直被使用！”最後一句確實沒錯，但隻適用於知識分子和文人。事實上，韓國大眾/普通人廣泛使用漢字作為主要書寫形式的想法從來都不是真的，這就是為什麽漢字在韓國如此容易衰落的原因。
Let me clarify the history of the use of Chinese characters. Korean scholars have been using Chinese characters since the Three Kingdoms Period of Korea (57 B.C. to 668 A.D.). We have confirmed the local evidence that Korean people use Chinese characters. For example, my graduate professor said that Chinese characters are one of the oldest Korean writing forms in Korean history. But what I want to clarify is that the Korean people can't read until modern times, because until the 20th century, all East Asian countries did not have the concept of "mass literacy".
讓我澄清一下漢字/??使用曆史，自朝鮮三國時代（公元前57年至公元668年）以來，朝鮮文人一直使用漢字，我們已經證實了朝鮮人使用漢字的本土證據，例如，我的研究生教授表示，漢字是朝鮮曆史上最古老的朝鮮人書寫形式之一。可我想澄清的是，直到現代，朝鮮人民才識字，因為直到20世紀，所有東亞國家都沒有“大眾識字”的概念。
Here, I put forward a view that many people in modern times tend to forget that mass literacy is very difficult, especially in East Asian society. In ancient times, in Korea, China, Vietnam and Japan, the ruling class was usually a mixture of scholar bureaucrats, nobles and soldiers. In all societies, the merchant class was usually looked down upon.
在這裏，我提出了一個觀點，現代許多人往往忘記了大眾掃盲是很難的一件事，尤其是在東亞社會。在古代，朝鮮、中國、越南和日本，統治階級通常是士大夫、貴族和軍人的融合體，在所有社會中，商人階層通常都被看不起。
If you are an East Asian, most of your ancestors (more than 80% – 90%) may be completely illiterate or semi illiterate, and may meet the primary/secondary school level of the modern education system. This is the point I want to return to. Most Koreans do not understand Chinese characters. For Koreans, Chinese characters are a foreign language.
如果你是東亞人，你的大多數祖先（80%–90%以上）可能是完全文盲，或者半文盲，可能符合現代教育體係的小學/中學水平。這就是我要回到的重點，絕大多數韓國人都不懂漢字，對韓國人來說，漢字是一種外國文字。
Because of this, as an excellent Confucian monarch, Emperor Sejong of Korea decided that the Korean people need their own real local characters to write their own language. There are two reasons why he did this. Modern scholars believe that, first of all, he actually cares about ordinary people and hopes that his people can read, so that they can read the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the Analects of Confucius and other Chinese literature. Why does he want to cultivate a group of educated people? When civilians receive education, society will usually become more elitist, because the status of the deep-rooted elite will be shaken.
正因為如此，作為一位優秀的儒家君主，朝鮮世宗大帝決定，朝鮮人民需要自己真正的本土文字來書寫自己的語言。他這樣做有兩個原因，現代學者認為，首先，他實際上關心普通民眾，並希望他的人民能夠識字，以便他們能夠閱讀《三國演義》、《論語》等中國文學，他為什麽要培養一群有文化的民眾？當平民接受教育時，社會通常會變得更加精英化，因為根深蒂固的精英階層的地位便會被動搖。
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Shizong is the most important decision in Korean history. He commissioned his scholars to create Korean, which is considered to be the greatest ruler of the Korean Dynasty (1392 – 1910) and one of the two kings mourned by Koreans.
世宗是朝鮮曆史上最重要的決定，他委托他的學者創作了朝鮮文，被認為是朝鮮王朝（1392–1910）最偉大的統治者，也是朝鮮人追悼的兩位君主之一。
For whatever reason, Korean was strongly opposed by Confucian bureaucrats and landlords and nobles. They claimed that Shizong's idea was crazy, which was a betrayal of the Daming Dynasty, a firm supporter of Korea. The adoption of Korean would make Korea more barbaric, less Confucian/civilized, and the masses were too brutal. It was dangerous to educate them. For all these reasons, Korean almost faded out of history and died in its cradle.
無論出於何種原因，朝鮮文都遭到了儒家官僚和地主貴族的強烈反對，他們聲稱世宗的想法是瘋狂的，這是在背叛作為朝鮮堅定支持者——大明王朝，朝鮮文的采用將使朝鮮變得更加野蠻，不那麽儒家/文明，群眾過於殘暴，教育他們是危險的。由於所有這些原因，朝鮮文幾乎淡出了曆史，幾乎在搖籃中死去。
So, how did Korean survive and finally overthrow the deep-rooted role of Chinese characters as a knowledge language? This happens in two stages.
那麽，韓文是如何生存下來並最終推翻了漢字作為知識語言的根深蒂固的角色的呢？這是分兩個階段發生的。
The first stage: 1443 – 1598 (early central Korea)
第一階段：公元1443–1598年（朝鮮中部早期）
When Korean was issued in 1443, it gradually began to attract attention among those who obviously could not read Chinese. These people are a mixture of civilians and social oppressed people. They are usually unwilling to learn to read and write. Poor people often want to create stories and stories to entertain themselves, and they also use writing as a weapon to criticize elites and Buddhists.
《朝鮮文》於公元1443年發行時，它在那些顯然不會讀漢文的人中慢慢地開始受到關注。這些人是平民和社會受壓迫者的混合體，她們通常不願意學習閱讀和寫作，窮人，她們經常想創造故事和故事來娛樂自己，同時也將寫作作為批判精英和佛教徒的武器。
The last turning point to consolidate the status of Korean as a common language was the Japanese invasion of Korea (1592 – 1598). During the Japanese invasion, the Korean Rebel Army used Korean as a means of communication between various guerrillas, as well as between literati and civilians. This was effective, because it made it difficult for the Japanese to understand the exchange. Many Korean scholars often used Korean+Chinese in their declarations to Japan, in order to obtain widespread popular support.
鞏固朝鮮文作為普通文字地位的最後一個轉折點是日本入侵朝鮮（1592–1598）。在日本入侵期間，朝鮮義軍部隊使用朝鮮文作為各種遊擊隊之間以及文人和平民之間的交流手段，這是有效的，因為這使得日本人很難理解交流，許多朝鮮學者在對日宣言中經常使用朝鮮文+漢語，以獲得廣泛的民間支持。
After the first stage, the Chinese language will not disappear. Although the Korean language continues to be widely used, we now have two coexisting languages.
在第一階段之後，漢文還不會消失，盡管朝鮮繼續廣泛使用漢文，但現在我們有了兩種共存的語言。
The second stage: • Time: 1876 – 1968 (late Korean Kingdom, Japanese colonial period and the second north-south period)
第二階段：•時間：1876–1968年（朝鮮王國晚期、日本殖民時期和第二南北時期）
• Status: Promotion of Korean instead of Chinese during the Jiawu peasant uprising, Korean independence movement, Korean abolition of Chinese characters, and stagnation of Chinese characters in the Republic of Korea
•狀況：在甲午農民起義期間推廣朝鮮文而非漢文、朝鮮獨立運動、朝鮮廢除漢字、大韓民國的漢字停滯不前
• Reasons: the rise of the Japanese empire, the collapse of the Manchu and Qing dynasties, and the arrival of modernity
•原因：日本帝國的崛起、滿清的崩潰、現代的到來
• Many answers do not properly cover this point. The first promotion of Korean instead of Chinese characters was not in the post Korean War period, when North Korea tried to eliminate all "foreign influences" in Korean culture by deleting Chinese characters, while the Republic of Korea tried to delete Korean because it was too "outdated" to use. But the first major change was actually during the Garbo reform from 1894 to 1896.
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•很多答案都沒有恰當地涵蓋這一點，第一次推廣韓文而非漢字並非在朝鮮戰爭後時期，當時朝鮮試圖通過刪除漢字來消除朝鮮文化中的所有“外來影響”，而大韓民國則試圖刪除韓文，因為它太“過時”，難以使用。但第一次重大變更實際上是在1894年至1896年的加博改革期間。
• Gabor reform is a series of landmark reforms carried out by Gaozong of North Korea. Although it is a late reform, he tried to quickly reform the tottering North Korea during his wife Queen Min was assassinated by Japanese/pro Japanese Korean collaborators, the devastating Dongxia Uprising and the decisive Sino Japanese War. There are many reforms, such as ending slavery, prohibiting torture, and declaring that North Korea ends its tributary relationship with China, but the relevant provisions
•加博改革是朝鮮的高宗進行的一係列具有裏程碑意義的改革，盡管是較晚的改革，他試圖在其妻子敏王後被日本/親日朝鮮合作者暗殺、毀滅性的東夏起義和決定性的中日戰爭期間迅速改革搖搖欲墜的朝鮮。有許多改革，如結束奴隸製、禁止酷刑、宣布朝鮮結束與中國的朝貢關係等，但相關條款…
• Article 5 of the Gabor reform stipulates: "All official documents shall be written in Korean rather than Chinese."
•加博改革的第五條規定：“所有官方文件均應使用朝鮮文而非漢字書寫。”
• This is the first time that the Korean government tried to promote Korean rather than Korean for many reasons, but the two main reasons are that the decline of modern China made Korea more eager to maintain its cultural independence, but more importantly, the rise of Japan prompted Korea to try to maintain its own culture.
•這是朝鮮政府第一次嚐試推廣朝鮮文而非朝鮮文，原因有很多，但兩個主要原因是近代中國的衰落使朝鮮更加渴望維護其文化獨立，但更重要的是，日本的崛起促使朝鮮在文化上試圖維護自己。
When Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire in 1910, Korean activists clearly publicized Korean in Korean education, because Korean is a native Korean language, and Japanese use the same Chinese characters as Koreans in history. The use of Korean became a form of resistance to Japan, just as it was during the Imjin War, so Chinese characters gradually began to decline for a long time.
1910年朝鮮被日本帝國吞並時，朝鮮活動人士在朝鮮教育中明確宣傳了朝鮮文，因為朝鮮文是一種土生土長的朝鮮文字，而日本人使用的漢字與韓國人曆史上使用的一樣。朝鮮文的使用成為了一種抵抗日本的形式，就像在伊姆津戰爭期間一樣，因此，漢字逐漸開始了長期的衰落。
• The Koreans decided to completely eliminate all "foreign" influences in Korean culture and eliminate all Chinese characters from Korean language north of Line 38, which is ironic, because the main support source of Korea is China, and Chinese characters come from China. At the same time, in the Republic of Korea, until Park Chung Hee's Third Republic, Chinese characters were still widely taught. Park Chung Hee could be said to have realized the modernization of North Korea. At that time, he carried out a series of comprehensive reforms, including the promotion of Korean, mainly because Korean was more efficient for Koreans.
•朝鮮人決定徹底消除朝鮮文化中的所有“外來”影響，並通過從38線以北的朝鮮語中消除所有漢字，這非常諷刺，因為朝鮮的主要支持來源是中國，漢字來自中國。與此同時，在大韓民國，直到樸正熙（Park Chung Hee）的第三共和國，漢字仍然被廣泛教授，樸正熙可以說是實現了朝鮮的現代化，當時他進行了一係列全麵的改革，包括推廣韓文，這主要是因為韓文對韓國人來說使用效率更高。
• Park Chung hee's desire to reform and modernize South Korea has had a great impact on South Korea.
•樸正熙對韓國進行改革和現代化的願望對韓國產生了巨大影響。
• What are the consequences?
•那麽後果是什麽？
• The Chinese character is declining on the Korean Peninsula, but it has not really disappeared. I think it is still the portrayal of the past South Korea. In fact, the extensive understanding of Chinese characters only lasted for two or three generations. My grandfather's generation could fluently use Japanese and Korean (Han characters/Korean) from 1920s to 1940s, so Chinese characters fell back a step. The post-war generation (my parents' generation) was very fluent in Chinese/Mandarin (usually the educated people from the 1950s to the 1980s). The younger generation, as well as the younger generation earlier and earlier (from the 1980s to the 2000s), are still learning Chinese at school, but most of them know words, not Chinese grammar.
•漢字正在朝鮮半島衰落，但它並沒有真的消失，我認為它實際上仍然是過去韓國的寫照。事實上，對漢字的大量了解隻持續了兩三代人，我的祖父一代人在1920年代到1940年代都能流利地使用日語和韓語（漢字/朝鮮文），因此，漢字後退了一步。戰後一代（我父母那一代）的漢語/漢文非常流利（通常是1950年代至1980年代受過教育的人）。年輕一代以及稍早和稍早（1980年代至2000年代）的年輕一代仍在學校學習漢語，但他們大多了解單詞，而不了解漢語語法。
• The importance of Chinese characters has declined relatively, because government functions are now obviously used in Korean rather than Chinese, but this shows that Chinese characters are still an important remnant of Korean knowledge and culture. Most Korean language professors, as well as most intellectuals in humanities, social sciences, history and other fields, are very proficient in Chinese. I know this because I have communicated with several Korean linguists and journalists, and Chinese is still widely studied. I know that Koreans complain about "losing Chinese characters", but if you want to tell the truth, the only large-scale literacy/education period in which Koreans generally used Chinese characters was from 1945 to the 1980s.
•漢字的重要性相對下降，因為政府職能現在明顯被用於朝鮮文，而不是漢語，但這表明漢字實際上仍然是韓國知識文化中的一個重要殘餘。大多數韓國語言教授，以及人文、社會科學、曆史等領域的大部分知識分子都非常精通漢語，我知道這一點是因為我與幾位韓國語言學家和記者進行過交流，漢語仍然被廣泛研究。我知道韓國人抱怨“失去了漢字”，但如果你想說真的，唯一一個韓國人普遍使用漢字的大規模掃盲/教育時期是1945年至1980年代），曆史趨勢一直是“知識分子使用漢字，平民使用朝鮮字”，除了它在政府功能中的使用率下降之外，這是一種曆史趨勢的回歸。
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• I understand why, in the aftermath of the Japanese rule, they were angry about the influence of foreign countries on Korean, but removing Chinese characters would eliminate an important cultural heritage, and Chinese characters are actually a good example of language work. People think that culture and language are single and pure, but all languages actually use elements of each other. It is natural for languages to communicate in terms of words, grammar, poetry, etc., because this is the operation mode of actual culture, not cultural isolation.
•我理解為什麽在日本統治時代的餘波中，他們對外國對朝鮮語的影響感到憤怒，但去除漢字會消除一項重要的文化遺產，而且漢字實際上是語言工作的一個很好的例子。人們認為文化和語言是單一的、純粹的，但所有語言實際上都采用了彼此之間的元素，語言在單詞、語法、詩歌等方麵進行交流是很自然的，因為這是實際文化的運作方式，而不是文化孤立。
• In fact, except for a very short window of Korean history at the end of the 19th century and the 20th century, the Korean people have never been exposed to Korean, because most people in the modern world began to read in the 19th century at the earliest. Since the early middle of the Korean Dynasty, Korean has become the language of the masses and the oppressed (women, Buddhists, civilians). For most of Korean history, Chinese characters have been the deeply rooted language of the elite.
•事實上，除了19世紀末和20世紀韓國曆史的一個非常短暫的窗口外，朝鮮的大眾從未接觸過朝鮮文，因為現代世界的大多數人最早在19世紀才開始識字。從朝鮮王朝中期早期開始，朝鮮語就成為大眾和被壓迫者（女性、佛教徒、平民）的語言，而在朝鮮曆史的大部分時間裏，漢字一直是精英階層根深蒂固的語言。
• The relative importance of Chinese characters has declined, but at least in the Republic of Korea, the ancient parallel relationship between Chinese characters and Korean continues.. Apart from government officials, Chinese is still the language of scholars, intellectuals, scholars and poets, while Korean is still the language of civilians, the masses and the oppressed.
•漢字的相對重要性有所下降，但至少在大韓民國，漢字和朝鮮文的古老平行關係仍在繼續。。除去政府官員，漢文仍然是學者、知識分子、學者和詩人的語言，而韓語則仍然是平民、群眾和被壓迫者的語言。
