《孫子兵法》漢英對照

《孫子兵法》漢英對照

The Art of War

孫武 著 宋德利 譯



楔子





2008年秋季，《論語》英文譯稿完成後，在北美《文學城》我的博客裏發表，引起網友的熱情支持。有一位網友還給我寄了一本英文版《孫子兵法》，希望我也做一個英譯本。但由於繁忙，沒有動筆。2010年6月份，《論語》英譯稿與中國外經貿大學出版社簽署出版合同。下一步要翻譯哪一本呢？《孫子兵法》便列入我的翻譯日程。2010年7月2日動筆，一早一晚地加緊翻譯，非常巧合，到8月2日早晨截稿，前後曆時不多不少整整一個月。

提起《孫子兵法》，說來話長，早在大學畢業分配入伍，在軍政大學從事教學翻譯工作時就初步接觸到了《孫子兵法》。現在依然十分清楚地記得，我是在辦公室裏整理舊書時，首次發現了著名軍事理論家和軍事教育家郭化若將軍的注釋本《孫子兵法》。當時的教材隻是毛澤東軍事著作，不包括《孫子兵法》，但在課堂理論教學和野外戰略戰術操練中，通過講解和翻譯毛澤東軍事思想，也無意中學習和運用了諸如“知己知彼，百戰不殆”等孫子軍事思想。也正是因為如此，才對《孫子兵法》並不陌生。

《孫子兵法》是中國古典軍事文化遺產中的璀璨瑰寶，堪稱兵家聖經，由春秋末年著名軍事家孫武所著，共十三篇，包括計篇、作戰篇、謀攻篇、形篇、兵勢篇、虛實篇、.軍爭篇、九變篇、行軍篇、地形篇、九地篇、火攻篇、用間篇。 《孫子兵法》是中國古代最偉大的軍事理論著作，通過深刻總結，精辟分析春秋時期各諸侯國逐鹿中原的戰例和經驗，集中概括出戰略戰術的一般規律。《孫子兵法》雖然成書於2500年前，但卻具有其長久適用的道理，它所闡述的謀略思想和哲學思想，至今已被廣泛地運用於軍事、政治、經濟等各個領域中。

《孫子兵法》也是中國古籍在世界上影響最大、最廣泛的著作之一。翻譯版本由來已久，精彩紛呈。早在唐朝（公元618- 906）時期，孫子的軍事著作就已介紹到日本。1772年開始傳入西方國家。最早的是法國人Jesuit Fr. P. Amiot 直接從中文翻譯成法文，據說很受拿破侖的賞識。1800年代初期，《孫子兵法》的俄譯本開始在俄羅斯出現，最著名的是N.Konrad的版本。1905年英國的E. F. Calthrop上尉從日語本翻譯成英文本，書名叫The Art of Strategy. 隨後不久，大英博物館東方書籍文稿管理員Lionel Giles直接從中文翻譯成英文，書名為The Art of War，於1910年出版，隨後不斷再版。直到1983年再版時還附加了美國作家James Clavell的評注。1910年開始由von Bruno Navarra翻譯成德文。1956年J.I. Siderenko的俄漢對照本由蘇聯軍事出版社出版。1963年，退休的美國海軍陸戰隊準將SumuelB. Griffith將軍的譯本The Art of War於1963年出版。而當下流行的則有兩個版本，即Cheng Lin的The Art of War和Tang Zi-Chang的Principles of Conflict. 除譯本之外，注釋本也是由來有自，呈現出一派百花齊放，百家爭鳴的局麵。

筆者不才，但由於種種原因，卻總是技癢難耐，躍躍欲試。今夏終於在異國他鄉實現了自己的夙願。筆者的譯本隻是對《孫子兵法》原著的一次學習和翻譯實踐，希望和《孫子兵法》的愛好者，英語愛好者，尤其是翻譯愛好者分享自己的體會。有鑒於此，編輯體例便為原文、注釋、白話、英譯四合一。尤其是注釋部分，不僅有漢語解釋，還有英文解釋。此外，為了多給讀者提供一些英語知識，筆者還有意適當拓寬注釋範圍，添加一些與主要注釋相關的漢英例詞例句。

需要說明的是，《孫子兵法》博大精深，對其中的一些概念或詞句的理解曆來仁者見仁，智者見智。尤其是對一些概念詞句的翻譯，在選詞造句上，更是靈活多樣。比如對於“用兵”一詞的理解，有人認為是“領兵打仗”，有人認為是“運用兵法”，如果照字麵翻譯，前者可以是deploy forces to wage a war; 如果是後者則可以是execute the art of war. 而“兵法”，有人翻譯成art of war, 有人則翻譯成strategy. 又比如“戰鬥”，可以翻譯成fight, 也可翻譯成conflict. 還比如，“敵人”，既可以翻譯成enemy, 也可翻譯成opponent. “兵”既可以翻譯成forces, 也可翻譯成troops或 corps等。“將帥”，既可翻譯成general,也可翻譯成commander, 當然還可以翻譯得抽象一點leader. “攻擊”既可翻譯成attack, 也可翻譯成challenge.

此外，為避免把原文切割得支離破碎，注釋的編號不在原文中顯示，比如：“兵者”一詞，對“兵”加注釋時，按傳統方法會寫成“兵（1）者”。如此一來，短短的一行字裏會出現多個注釋括號，原文被切割得七零八落，有礙讀者賞讀原文。好在本書的翻譯體例是按段分別翻譯，而一般來講，這些段落都比較短小，比較直觀，便於對照，故而采取這種方式。



2010年8月2日晨紐約





始計第一

Chapter One: The Calculations



1． 孫子曰： 兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。



《注釋》

1．計：比較、分析。可譯成examine, analyze, calculate等。

2．兵：此處不是指soldier, troops “士兵”，也不是指weapon “兵器”，而是指military affairs“軍事”或war, warfare“戰事、戰爭”。這裏采用後者，即戰爭war。但此後文中將隨情況而采用soldier, troop等。至於書名“兵法”，譯法也不盡相同，除譯者采用的the Art of War之外，也有人譯成the Art of Strategy.

3．國：指當時的諸侯國。可以翻譯成state。

4．地：從文辭字義邏輯說，戰爭不是具體地方，而是某種狀況、環境。因此翻譯成situation，而不是place等表示處所的詞。

5．道：翻譯成英文比較複雜。有人根據中文字麵意思直譯為way道路，有的則采取漢語拚音. 老子的《道德經》中的“道”也有這兩種譯法。但老子的“道”與本文的“道”所指顯然不同。鑒於“道”的含義所指複雜而廣泛，不是哪一個英文單詞就能輕易解決的，譯者則采取了漢語拚音法。但又不是現實中標準普通話的注音Dao，而是現在流行的傳統譯音Tao. 此外，看這裏的“道”，其實是“手段”的意思，表示戰爭是決定國家存亡的手段。

6．察：體察，即體驗和考察。此處主要指對戰事慎重而周密地考察研究。可英譯為study.





《白話》

孫子說：打仗，是國家頭等大事，關係到民眾生死和國家存亡，一定要慎重體察。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: War is the greatest work of a state. It is the situation of life or death and the Tao of survival or extinction. Therefore, its study mustn’t be neglected.



2. 故經之以五事，校之以七計，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法



《注釋》

1. 經：量度，即分析、衡量， 可譯作weigh, calculate等。

2. 事：此處指基本內容，基本因素，方麵，點等。譯者選用了 fundamental.

3．校：校正、修正。是說用“七計”修正戰爭策略等，譯者選譯成rectify.

4．計：此處按“方麵”理解即可，aspect, point.

5．天：這裏不是說“天空”，而是指“大自然”，因此直譯為sky 或heaven是不妥的，翻譯成nature比較恰當，也可大寫Nature.

6．地：同樣，這裏也不是指與天空相對的地麵，而是指作戰的位置，因此不能直譯為earth或ground，可采用某些外國譯者的譯法situation比較恰當。

7．將：讀“匠”，軍事名詞。這個詞的含義很廣，包括：將軍general；統兵者commander in chief; 將官general, admiral （指海軍將官）; 將領high-ranking military officer, general; 將士officers and soldiers, officers and men. 此外，有時其實就是泛指領導人leader, 譯者在本文中將視情況而選擇。

8．法：作戰方法、作戰技巧，作戰藝術，故而譯作art, 當然還可譯作skill， 但是根據字麵直譯作way方法，似乎有些牽強死板。



《白話》

通過五個方麵的權衡，用七個方麵來校正，以求得實情。一是道，二是天，三是地，四是將，五是法。



《英譯》

It’s very important to weigh it with five fundamentals, rectify it with seven points and study its actual condition. The first is Tao; the second is nature; the third is situation; the forth is leader; the fifth is art.



3．道者，令民於上同意，可與之死，可與之生，而不畏危也。天者，陰陽、寒暑、時製也。地者，高下，遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也。將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。法者，曲製、官道、主用也。凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。



《注釋》

1. 時製：時令system of time.

2. 法：依照上文，做“兵法”解，即art.

3. 曲製：編製institution and system.

4. 官道：權責分配power and responsibility.

5. 主用：資金物源funds and resources.



《白話》

道，指上下一致，可同生共死，不懼艱險；天，指晝夜寒暑、時令更迭；地，指地勢高低、路途遠近、地形險峻或平坦、開闊或狹窄，有利生存或易致滅亡；將，指睿智，誠信，仁愛，勇敢，嚴格；法，指組織機製，責權劃分，資金物流。對這五點，上級應該沒有不知道的，知則勝，不知則敗。



《英譯》

The Tao inspires the whole army to share identical views and live or die together defying hardship and danger. The nature is about day or night, cold or hot and the system of time. The situation includes high or low, far or near, obstructed or easy, broad or narrow, the chances of life or death. The general is something about intelligence, credibility, humanity, courage and discipline. The art is about institutions and systems, power and responsibilities, funds and resources. About these five points, leaders should have nothing which they don’t know. If they know, they will win or they will be defeated.



4.故校之以七計，而索其情。曰：主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負矣。



《注釋》



1. 主：指一國之君，譯法很多，如master, sovereign, lord, king等等，不一而足。但文中所指的隻是諸侯國，不夠正式國家的級別。英文雖然也按照“國家”的含義翻譯成state，但這個“一國之主”並非現今的總統president，亦非整個王國之首king。這些所謂的主，與封建領主lord類似。譯者在此選用lord指代“主”。當然lord一詞意思很多。有時也指君主，如our sovereign lord the King英國等國對封建君主的稱呼，即“國王陛下”。另外，View也可作“主”解釋，但還可指Jesus耶穌的尊稱“主”。

2. 知：知道，預測，know, infer.



《白話》

因此，通過對上述各點加以比較，得知實際情況：哪位君主英明？哪位將領有才？哪方地勢優越？哪方法令行得通？哪方兵力強大？哪方士兵訓練有素？哪方賞罰分明？我通過這些就知勝負。



《英譯》

Therefore to weigh it with five fundamentals, rectify it with seven points and study its actual condition. Say to me: Which lord has the Tao? Which general has ability? Who has an advantage in nature and situation? Whose orders are workable? Who enjoys superiority in military strength? Who possesses skillful soldiers? Who is strict and impartial in meting out rewards and punishments? According to these, I can infer who will win or lose.



5. 將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。勢者，因利而製權也。



《注釋》

1. 計：良策，wise strategic decisions.

2. 勢：事物發展的自然進程，course of development.

3. 權：主動權，initiative.



《白話》

將領對我言聽計從，任用必勝，那就留下；否則，任用必敗，那就辭退；聽從英明決策，就會造就一種態勢，從外部發揮協助作用。勢，就是因勢利導，掌握主動權。



《英譯》

Generals who heed my strategic decisions can definitely win so long as you employ them. Then retain them. Generals who do not heed my strategic decisions can definitely lose if you employ them. Then remove them. Carrying out wise strategic decisions can make a favorable course of development which can reinforce you outwardly. The course of development asks you to guide what you do along it so as to gain the initiative.



6. 兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之，攻其無備，出其不意。此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。



《注釋》

1.詭：俗稱“狡詐”deceitful. 理論化的說法，就是指與通常見解相反的論點，即反論paradox.

2. 撓：撩撥provoke.



《白話》

軍事，講究的就是詭詐。有能力假裝無能，要使用假裝不用，攻近假裝攻遠，攻遠假裝攻近。對方貪利就以利誘惑，對方亂就趁機攻打，對方強就加以防備，對方怒就激火，對方自卑就對其傲慢，對方體力充沛，就使其勞累，對方親密無間，就挑撥離間，攻打對方沒有防備之處，而且要出乎對方意料。這是軍事家獲勝的秘訣，不可事先泄露。



《英譯》

War depends on the paradox of Tao. Therefore, appear unable though able; appear not to use when use; show attacking distantly though attack closely; show attacking closely though attack distantly. So, lure opponents through advantages when they are greedy; attack them when they are in disorder; guard against them when they are strong; provoke them to anger when they are filled with fury; look down upon them when they feel themselves inferior; make them tired out when they are full of vim and vigor; sow discord among them when they are near and dear; attack them when are unprepared; appear suddenly where they are least expected. These are the secrets for strategists to triumph. They must not be disclosed beforehand.



7. 夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝，少算不勝，而況於無算乎！吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。



《注釋》

1. 廟算：預期、預計anticipate, foresee, predict.

2. 得算: 獲勝to triumph.



《白話》

戰事未開，預計獲勝，獲勝條件就多；戰事未開，預計不勝，獲勝條件就少。獲勝條件多就能獲勝，獲勝條件少則不能獲勝，何況沒有獲勝條件呢？我從這些情況觀察，就可以預見勝負。



《英譯》

Before opening fire, those who anticipate results to win have more conditions to triumph; before opening fire, those who anticipate results to lose have fewer conditions to triumph. Those who have more opportunities to triumph can win while those who have fewer conditions to triumph will lose. Let alone have no conditions! Calculating on the basis, I could see victory or defeat.





作戰第二

Chapter Two: The Challenge





1. 孫子曰： 凡用兵之法，馳車千駟，革車千乘，帶甲十萬，千裏饋糧，則內外之費，賓客之用，膠漆之材，車甲之奉，日費千金，然後十萬之師舉矣。



《注釋》

1. 馳車：古時候戰車都是四匹馬拉，因此這些車英文說法都是four-horse vehicle. 馳車就是輕車，而輕車就是跑的很快的車，因此不妨翻譯成swift four-horse vehicle.

2. 駟：同拉一輛車的四匹馬。

3. 革車：重車。而重車的“重”就是指裝甲車。甲，指盔甲，英文是armor，因而“重車”就是 armored vehicle.

4. 饋糧：運送糧食。饋：本意是贈送。此處引申運送 transport.

5. 內外：裏裏外外，不必拘泥於字麵的裏與外。俗話說：裏裏外外一把手，就是說處理日常事務很棒。這裏的內外其實就是日常的意思。Routine, daily 就是兩種翻譯選擇。

6．十萬之師：此處的“師”指軍隊。一支部隊，可以說a corps 或an army. 包括多少人則用多少strong，如an army of a million strong百萬大軍。有時也可以省略strong, 因此“十萬之師”也可譯成a corps of a hundred thousand.



《白話》

孫子說：總體軍事原則是，輕車千輛，重車千輛，武裝士兵十萬，千裏運糧，日常開支，待客開銷，膠漆之類物資，戰車盔甲的供應，每天耗費千金，備好這些然後十萬大軍隊才可行動。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: Generally, the artful strategy must be supported with a good preparation including 1,000 swift four-horse vehicles, 1,000 armored four-horse vehicles, 100,000 armed troops, provisions transported from 1,000 miles away, daily expenses, further expenditure for visitors, construction materials such as resin and varnish, supply for armors and four-horse vehicles. According to the above mentioned, 1,000 pieces of gold will be spent everyday. And it is only after having all these fully prepared that an army of 100,000 strong can be raised.





2. 其用戰也勝，久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈，久暴師則國用不足。夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者不能善其後矣。故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。



《注釋》

1．戰：戰鬥，打仗。可根據具體情況而譯成war, fight, battle, attack, challenge等。

2．勝：win, victory, triumph（名詞、動詞），可視情況而選擇。另外，此處指“速勝”而言。

3．鈍兵：戰略戰術就會呆板失去活力. The strategy will become dull.

4．挫銳：部隊的銳氣受挫。銳氣，vigor, dashing spirit. 挫，dampen. 因此“挫銳”可以譯成dampen vigor. 還可譯成take off the edge off the dashing spirit, 如：挫折敵人的銳氣：take the edge off the spirit of the enemy forces或deflate the enemy’s arrogance.

5．屈力：力量不足。

6．殫貨：物資匱乏。殫：讀“單”。用盡的意思。

7．夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨：因為與之前句子重複，照翻譯成英文就是顯得累贅，譯者采取省略的譯法，一筆帶過，翻譯成if so.

8．不能善其後：不能很好地收拾殘局。除譯者采用的譯法之外，還可譯成salvage a hopeless situation; clear up the mess.



《白話》

打仗要速勝。時間一長，戰略戰術就會失去活力，部隊銳氣必定受挫，攻城則軍力缺乏，軍隊長期暴露在外，國家財政則會不足。如果士兵疲憊，銳氣受挫，兵力低下，物資匱乏，諸侯就會趁機發兵，即便是智人也不能很好地收拾殘局。因此隻聽過戰術雖差但求神速，未見過戰術雖妙敢玩持久的。長期打仗卻有利國家，從未有過。因此，不深知用兵的弊端，就不能深知用兵的好處。



《英譯》

When a challenge is executed, a swift triumph is extremely important. If triumph is prolonged, the strategy will become dull and the edge will be taken off the dashing spirit of the troops. Consequently, when attacking a fortified city, strength will be compromised. Worse of all, the financial resources of the state will be insufficient. If so, other lords will execute challenges by taking advantage of your weakness. Even wise men cannot well manage this carry-over situation.

Therefore, we have only heard someone who has no fine strategy but pays much attention to swift triumph yet have not heard anyone who has fine strategy but persists in prolonging triumph. It has never happened that waging wars all the time will be beneficial to the state. Therefore, those who do not well know the weak points of war-waging do not well know the strong points of war-waging either.





3. 善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載，取用於國，因糧於敵，故軍食可足也。國之貧於師者遠輸，遠輸則百姓貧；近師者貴賣，貴賣則百姓財竭，財竭則急於丘役。力屈財殫，中原內虛於家，百姓之費，十去其七；公家之費，破軍罷馬，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。



《注釋》

1．役不再籍：役，兵役。再，不是具體的兩次，是抽象地指多次。籍：征集。

2．三載：這裏的三，同樣不是具體的三，而是抽象地指多。載，不是指“年”，是指運載、運輸、運送transport.

3．枯竭：耗盡，drain, use up；deplete。 耗盡敵人的軍隊deplete the opponents’ forces.

4．中原：the Central Plains.

5．丘牛：丘，春秋時期劃分田地和區城的單位。九夫為井，四井為邑，四邑為丘，四丘為甸，四甸為縣，四縣為都，以任地事而令貢斌。丘甲，當時的稅賦製規定，每甸應出轂一乘，戎馬四匹，牛十二頭，甲士三人，步卒七十二人。有鑒於此，“丘牛”並非普通百姓私家飼養的牛，而是因賦稅而征收的牛，屬於公家財產。當然翻譯成英文不必如此複雜，不妨翻譯為heavier oxen and larger vehicles，其含義是，與私人牛和車相比，因稅征收的牛和車要大些。



《白話》

善於打仗的人，不用反複征兵，不用多次運糧，從別國獲取物資，從敵方奪得糧食，軍隊的糧草就能因此而充足。國家貧困都是因為軍隊遠道運輸，遠道運輸，百姓就會貧困。靠近戰區勢必物價高漲，物價高漲則百姓財源枯竭，而賦稅和勞役便會加劇。力量耗盡，財源枯竭，中原的虛弱來自家庭，百姓資產，損失七成；公家的資產，由於車輛損耗，馬匹疲憊，盔甲弓箭，戟盾矛櫓，以及壯牛大車的供應，消耗六成。



《英譯》

Those who are expert in executing art of war neither recruit soldiers repeatedly nor transport provisions time and again. By gaining resources from other states and getting provisions from opponents, the provisions of their own can be sufficient. It is only because of long-distance transportation that a state becomes poor. The reason is that long-distance transportation makes people suffer from poverty. Prices definitely inflate at the places near war districts. And price-inflating will drain the people of their wealth. As a result, taxes become larger and more urgent, and more and more servitudes are badly needed. The state’s wealth is depleted and its strength is compromised. The homes of the people in the Central Plains are emptied. Seventy percent of the people’s wealth was lost. And sixty percent of the state’s wealth was lost because of broken four-horse vehicles, tired horses and a large amount of supply of helmets and armors, bows and arrows, halberds, spears, shields and sculls as well as heavier oxen and larger vehicles.



4. 故智將務食於敵，食敵一鍾，當吾二十鍾；忌杆一石，當吾二十石。



《注釋》

1．智者：聰明人。這裏指聰明的將帥，即領導人wise men, wise leaders, clever men, clever leader.

2．務食：務，務必，務求。務食就是務必得到食物。

3．鍾：鍾、石、鬥、升、勺，為容量單位，沒有與之相符的英文對應詞。一般采取拚音方法，但這樣恐不形象，因此需要加注。不如抽象地譯成“容器”container和“單位”unit來得簡便易懂，因此二十鍾就譯成20 container, 而十石則譯成10 units.

4．忌杆：秸稈，引申為粗飼料fodder。有版本將“忌”字加草頭的。



《白話》

因此有智謀的將領，都從敵方補充糧食，吃掉敵國一鍾，相當於本國的二十鍾，從敵方獲飼料一石，相當於本國的二十石。



《英譯》

Therefore, wise leaders get food from opponent. One container which I get from opponent is equal to twenty ones of mine; one unit of fodder from opponent is equal to twenty units of mine.



5. 故殺敵者，怒也；取敵之利者，貨也。車戰得車十乘以上，賞其先得者，而更其旌旗。車雜而乘之，卒善而養之，是謂勝敵而益強。



《注釋》

1．乘：名詞讀“勝”，量詞“輛”；動詞讀“成”，“乘坐”。十乘，即十輛。乘之，即乘坐。

2．雜：混合，混編，incorporate.

3．卒：戰俘，captive, prisoner of war.

4．善而養：寬待並訓練leniently treat and well train.



《白話》

所以殺敵的原因，就是憤怒；奪得敵方的利益，就是奪得他們的物資。在車戰中，奪車十輛以上的，要獎賞首先奪得的人，並更換車上的旗幟。把奪得的戰車與自己的混用，要善待俘虜，這就叫戰勝敵人增強自己。



《英譯》

So, the reason to destroy opponent is rage. Taking hold advantage from opponent is to take their resources. During a challenge, among those who are able to seize ten four-horse vehicles or more, the one to seize them first should be rewarded and his banners and flags should be changed. When using four-horse vehicles, you should incorporate yours with the ones got from opponents. And at the same time, you should leniently treat and well train captives. It is known as to enhance your own strength by use triumph over opponents.



6. 故兵貴勝，不貴久。 故知兵之將，民之司命。國家安危之主也。



《注釋》

1．貴：重視，強調。

2．司命：掌握決定命運preside over destiny.



《白話》

因此，打仗強調速勝，反對拖延。所以，懂得軍事的將帥，掌握著民眾的命運，是國家安危的主宰。



《英譯》

Therefore，during a challenge, a swift triumph is better than a prolonged one. So generals who well understand art of war preside over the destiny of the people and determine the security or danger of the state.





謀攻第三

Chapter Three: The Plan of Attack



1. 孫子曰： 夫用兵之法，全國為上，破國次之；全軍為上，破軍次之；全旅為上，破旅次之；全卒為上，破卒次之；全伍為上，破伍次之。是故百戰百勝，非善之善也；不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。



《注釋》

1. 謀攻：謀，謀劃，計劃。簡單地翻譯成plan即可。攻，攻擊， attack.

2. 全國為上：得到齊全的敵國為上策。其中的全，是全部，齊整，完好的意思。言外之意，是降服敵國。同樣的道理，下文的“全軍為上”、“全旅為上”等都是這個意思。

3. 破國次之：消滅敵國，使敵國破碎為下策。其中的“破”指擊敗消滅，使整個敵國山河破碎。同樣的道理，下文的“破軍次之”、“破旅次之”等都是這個意思。破，可譯成destroy或break.

4. 卒：自西周時起，我國古代軍隊大多都是依照伍、兩、卒、旅、師、軍進行編製的。目前中國軍隊編製從大到小為：軍、師、旅、團、營、連、排、班。班是最小編製。如此看來，古今軍隊編製名稱，除了“軍”和“旅”都有之外，其它無法對應，因此翻譯起來頗有難度。一般譯法，軍為corps（單複數拚寫相同，但讀音不同，單數讀類似“靠”，複數詞尾加z音。）過去有譯作army的。其實army 由若幹corps組成，應譯為“軍團”或“兵團”。為了方便起見，譯者把“軍”和“旅”分別譯成corps和brigade,“卒”與“伍”分別音譯為斜體zu與wu.

5. 伍：古代軍隊最小單位，由五人編成。現在則泛指軍隊。



《白話》

孫子說：戰爭原則是：降服敵方全國為上策，消滅敵國為次等；降服敵方全軍為上策，消滅敵軍為次等； 降服敵方全旅為上策，消滅敵旅為次等；降服敵方全卒為上策，消滅敵卒為次等；降服敵方全伍為上策，消滅敵伍為次等。所以百戰百勝，不算好中之好；不動武就使敵方投降，才是好中之好。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: Generally, the principle of war is that to let the whole opponent state surrender is ideal, and to destroy it is inferior; to make the whole opponent corps surrender is ideal and to destroy it is inferior; to make the whole opponent brigade surrender is ideal and to destroy it is inferior; to make the whole opponent zu surrender is ideal and to destroy it is inferior; to make the whole wu surrender is ideal and destroy it is inferior. Therefore, to attack one hundred times and triumph one hundred times is not to have supreme skills. Only to make opponent surrender without challenge is to have supreme skills.



2. 故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法，為不得已。修櫓轒轀，具器械，三月而後成；距闉，又三月而後已。將不勝其忿而蟻附之，殺士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之災也。故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰也，拔人之城而非攻也，毀人之國而非久也，必以全爭於天下，故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。



《注釋》

1．伐謀：攻破對方的謀略。伐，thwart. 謀，即謀劃，謀略，plan. 伐謀，攻破敵方謀劃，thwart plan. 此外，謀略stratagem, scheme. 足智多謀，clever and resourceful, full of stratagems.

2．伐交：打的是外交仗。通過外交手段攻破敵方的聯盟。

4．伐城：此處是攻打城池。這裏的攻打應翻譯成attack，城池則是fortified city or area，其中fortified 是設防的意思。表示不是普通的城市。

5．櫓：搖櫓渡船的櫓，scull，翻譯時可泛指船隻。

5．轒轀：讀“墳溫”。轒，古代車上傘蓋的撐弓。轀，古代一種臥車，也作“溫車”。轒轀，翻譯時泛指車輛vehicle即可。

距闉： 闉，讀“因”，為攻城而堆積的土丘，,堆積用來觀察敵情。距，同“具”具備，即堆積好土丘。

蟻附之：像螞蟻那樣聚集在一起swarm.

頓：損害。

全：保全。



《白話》:

因此上策是攻破敵方謀略，次之是通過外交手段攻破敵方聯盟，再次之是攻破敵方戰術，最次之是攻打敵方城池。攻城，是不得已的辦法。舟車器械製作要三個月。堆積攻城用的土丘又要三個月。將領氣怒火中燒，命令士兵螞蟻般聚集一起， 結果三成被殺，城卻並未攻下，這就是攻城的災難。因此善用兵者，對敵人不戰而能降服，對敵城不攻而能拿下，摧毀敵國不必持久。一定要爭取全勝，才能既不損耗兵力，又能保全利益，這就是以謀略攻敵的方法。



《英譯》

So, the best strategy is to thwart opponent’s plan. The second best one is to break opponent’s alliance through negotiations. The third best one is to thwart opponent’s art of war. And the most inferior one is to attack opponent’s fortified cities. Attacking fortified cities is the last resort which can only be adopted without any other choices. It takes three months to make everything necessary ready such as sculls, vehicles and tools. It takes three months longer to pile up an earth mound. Very much angry, the general orders his soldiers to ant-like swarm. As a result, one-third of his troops are destroyed without uprooting the city. This is the catastrophe of city attacking. Therefore, those who are good at executing art of war can bend opponents without conflict and uproot opponents’ fortified cities without attacking. It is unnecessary to take a long time to destroy a state. It is extremely important to strive for all round triumphs. Only by doing so, can you protect your strategy from being harmed and ensure complete gains for you. This is the very art of plan-attacking.



3. 故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則戰之，敵則能分之，少則能逃之，不若則能避之。故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。



《注釋》

敵則能分之：敵，勢均力敵 evenly matched, match each other in strength. 分，分割出擊，cut up and then attack.

守：逃脫evade.

避：回避avoid.



《白話》

用兵方法是：十倍於敵就去包圍，五倍於敵就去攻擊，兩倍於敵就去擊散，勢均力敵就去分擊，少於敵軍要能逃脫，不如敵軍要能回避。因此，即使小股軍隊很堅強，大股軍隊也必能將其擒獲。



《英譯》

Artful strategy can be executed as follows: When opponents are ten times greater than you, surround them; five times greater, attack them; two times greater, scatter them; evenly matched, cut them up; when you are fewer in number, evade them; when you are uneven to match, avoid them. If so, even smaller opponents are in strong position, larger opponents can capture them.



4. 夫將者，國之輔也。輔周則國必強，輔隙則國必弱。故君之所以患於軍者三：不知軍之不可以進而謂之進，不知軍之不可以退而謂之退，是謂縻軍；不知三軍之事而同三軍之政，則軍士惑矣；不知三軍之權而同三軍之任，則軍士疑矣。三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣。是謂亂軍引勝。



《注釋》

輔：輔助auxiliary, assistance. 此處指輔助人員auxiliary worker.

周：周全。

隙：漏洞、空子。輔隙就是輔助不周，有漏洞。

患於軍：患，危害。對軍隊造成危害。

謂之進：命令軍隊前進。謂，命令。

縻：縻，拴、捆，即束縛、拖累hobble, encumber, be a burden to. 比如：被一大家人所拖累to be encumbered with a large family.

同三軍之政：參與三軍的行政管理。三軍，全軍。Entire army, entire force.

同三軍之任：參與三軍的指揮。



《白話》

將領，是國家的輔助者。全力輔助則國家強盛，輔助不得力則國家衰弱。國君對軍隊會形成三種危害：不知道軍隊不可以前進而下令前進，不知道軍隊不可以後退而下令後退，這叫做拖累軍隊；不知道軍隊的事務非要管理，將士會迷惑；不知道軍隊的職權非要指揮，將士會起疑心。軍隊既迷惑又疑慮，諸侯發難指日而數。這叫亂軍引導他人製勝。



《英譯》

Generals are auxiliary personnel to a state. If they provide assistance wholeheartedly, the state will be strong. Otherwise, the state will be weakened. The lord maybe endangers his army in three ways: Without understanding that the force cannot advance, but he calls for an advance and without understanding that the force cannot retreat, but he calls for a retreat. This is called force- encumbering; without understanding the military affairs of the entire force, but he arbitrarily intervenes the management and if so, the officers and soldiers will be perplexed; without understanding the responsibilities and power limits of the entire force, but he forcibly commands and if so, the officers and soldiers will be suspicious. If his entire force is both perplexed and suspicious, the day is near for other lords to make troubles. This is called a disordered army leading others to triumph.



5. 故知勝有五：知可以戰與不可以戰者勝，識眾寡之用者勝，上下同欲者勝，以虞待不虞者勝，將能而君不禦者勝。此五者，知勝之道也。



《注釋》

1．虞：預料，準備。

2．禦：牽製，幹預。幹預的表達法很多，諸如：interfere in , intervene in, meddle in （with）, poke （one’s nose） into. 不幹涉別國內政not interfere （or meddle） in the internal affairs or other nations. 幹涉別人的私事interfere in （or poke into） others’ private affairs. 武裝幹涉armed intervention.



《白話》

因此從五個方麵可以預知勝利：可戰和不可戰鬥都知道，能勝；兵力多少都知道如何指揮，能勝；上下同心協力，能勝；準備充分者攻打沒有準者，能勝；將領有才而國君又不牽製，能勝。這五點就是預知勝利的法寶。



《英譯》

Thus, triumph can be predicted from five aspects: Generals know either the possibility to fight or the impossibility to fight, triumph is ensured. Generals know the ways to direct either the numerous or the few, triumph is ensured. The entire force acts in concert, triumph is ensured. Those well prepared fight the unprepared, triumph is ensured. Generals are capable and the lord does not interfere, triumph if ensured. These five points are the ways to foresee triumph.



6. 故曰：知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼不知己，每戰必敗。



《注釋》

1．殆：讀“帶”，危險。



《白話》

因此說：了解自己也了解對方，百戰不敗；不了解對方而了解自己，勝負的機率各半；既不了解對方又不了解自己，每戰必敗



《英譯》

So it is said: Know the other and know yourself, you can fight a hundred battles with no danger; know not the other but know yourself, one triumph for one defeat; know not the other and know not yourself, every battle is certain peril.





軍形第四



Chapter Four: Formula





1. 孫子曰： 昔之善戰者，先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝。不可勝在己，可勝在敵。故善戰者，能為不可勝，不能使敵之必可勝。故曰：勝可知，而不可為。



《注釋》

1．軍形：運用兵力的形式 formula to fight. 另外含有戰時如何為自己定位之意position，因此也可將“軍形”譯成positioning.

2．不可為: 不可強求cannot be obtained forcibly. 注意：obtain得到。作“得到”解的表示方法不少，包括get, obtain, acquire, gain, win, earn. get使用範圍最廣，無論省力或費力與否均可使用；obtain特指費力後達到目的和實現願望而得到；acquire特指經過努力，逐步增長或積累而得到；gain和win均指須經過鬥爭或競爭得到，但是win更含有以有利條件而贏得的意思；earn特指努力工作而得到的報酬。



《白話》

孫子說： 以前善於打仗的人，先創造自己不可被戰勝的條件，以等待敵人可以被戰勝的機會。不能被敵方戰勝，關鍵在己方；不過能夠戰勝敵方的條件，則是敵方提供的。因此，善於打仗的人，隻能使己方不可被戰勝，而不能使敵方戰則必勝。因此說：勝利可以預見，卻不能強求。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said, in ancient times, those who were good at fighting firstly made themselves the conditions of not being defeated and then waited for the opportunities that opponents can be defeated. As for keeping yourself from being defeated by opponents, the key problem is at your side. Yet as for being able to triumph over opponents, the conditions are provided by opponents. Therefore, as for those who are good at fighting, the only thing they can do is to keep themselves from being defeated but not let opponents keep themselves from being defeated. Thus we can say that triumph can be foreseen but can not be obtained forcibly.



2. 不可勝者，守也；可勝者，攻也。守則不足，攻則有餘。善守者藏於九地之下，善攻者動於九天之上，故能自保而全勝也



《注釋》

1．守則不足：防守是因為兵力不足。

2．攻則有餘：進攻是因為兵力有餘。



《白話》

不能取勝，那就防守；能夠取勝，那就進攻。防守是因為兵力不足，進攻是因為兵力有餘。善於防守的部隊，像深藏地下，不易被發現，善於進攻的部隊，像從天而降，防不勝防。這樣就能夠保全自己而大獲全勝。



《英譯》

If triumph is impossible, do defend. If triumph is possible, do attack. The reason to defend is the insufficiency of force. The reason to attack is the surplus of force. Forces good at defending are like hiding under the ground too deeply to be easily found. Forces good at attacking are like coming down from the heaven too suddenly to be guarded against. If so, you can save yourself and gain a full victory.



3. 見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也；戰勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故舉秋毫不為多力，見日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。古之所謂善戰者，勝於易勝者也。故善戰者之勝也，無智名，無勇功，故其戰勝不忒。不忒者，其所措勝，勝已敗者也。故善戰者，立於不敗之地，而不失敵之敗也。



《注釋》

1．善：好。善之善者，好中隻好best.

2．秋毫：動物秋天生出的新毛，很輕。秋毫無犯：not commit the slightest offence against the people; not encroach on the people’s interests in the least.

3．忒：錯誤error.



《白話》

預見勝利不超過平常人所知道的，不是好中之好；勝利了天下人都說好，也不是好中之好。舉起鳥獸秋季的新毛，不算有力氣，看得見日月，不算視力好，聽得見雷聲，不算聽力好。古時所說的善於用兵，其實就是戰勝容易被戰勝的敵人。所以善於用兵，既不能歸因於智慧名聲，也不能歸因於勇武有功，而是因為沒有出現差錯。不出現差錯，措施必定有利於獲勝，因此這就等於打敗的是已經戰敗的敵人。因此，善於用兵的人，不僅能使自己處於不敗的境地，還能不失時機地打敗敵人。



《英譯》

When foreseeing triumph, those who know no more than common people can not be considered as the best of all. After gaining triumph, those who are praised by all cannot be considered as the best of all. Those who can raise birds’ newly grown feathers in autumn cannot be considered as having the best eyesight. Those who can hear thunderclap cannot be considered as having the best hearing. In ancient times, those who were said as being good at executing art of war were actually the persons who could defeat the enemies that were easy to defeat. The reason for them to be skillful at executing art of war was neither that they had wisdom and good reputation nor that they had surpassing mettle and virtuous deeds but that they made no errors. Having no errors, their measurements must be advantageous to them to triumph. Therefore, it means that they defeated the enemies who had already been defeated. Therefore, those who are skilled in executing art of war can not only put themselves into a situation whereat they cannot be defeated but also miss no opportunities which can help them defeat opponents.



4. 是故勝兵先勝而後求戰，敗兵先戰而後求勝。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能為勝敗之政。



《注釋》

1. 修道：提高對“道”的修養，cultivate the Tao.

2. 保法：使兵法得到保證，就是說對“道”的修養提高之後，才能保證兵法的實施。保法，secure the Tao.



《白話》

因此，勝者是先穩操勝券而後求戰，敗者則先求戰而後再爭取勝利。善於打仗的人，要修道守法，才能無論軍事勝負都能妥善處理政務。



《英譯》

Therefore, winning generals are certain to triumph before seeking challenges while losing generals are certain to challenge before seeking triumph. Those who are skilled in executing art of war should cultivate the Tao and secure strategy before they can be good at managing political affairs no matter winning or losing in military affairs.



5. 兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數，四曰稱，五曰勝。地生度，度生量，量生數，數生稱，稱生勝。



《注釋》

1．地生度：此處“地”與前文解釋保持一致，指狀況，situation.

2．生：生出，引出；決定。生出，指前麵一個問題生出或引出下一個問題。可以根據A give rise to B 的句式逐一翻譯。如采取“決定”之意，則不妨如譯者這樣采用A decides B 的句式逐一翻譯。



《白話》

兵法：一是地域廣度，二是物資數量，三是部隊數目，四是兵力比較，五是戰局勝負。作戰情況決定戰地廣度，戰地廣度決定資源數量，資源數量決定部隊數目，部隊數目決定兵力比較，兵力比較決定勝負。



《英譯》

Arts of war includes: 1. Width of battlefield; 2. Quantity of resources; 3. Number of troops; 4. Comparison of force; 5. Triumph of war. Situation decides width of battlefield. Width of battlefield decides quantity of resources. Quantity of resources decides number of troops. Number of troops decides comparison of force. Comparison of force decides triumph of war.



6．故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。 勝者之戰，若決積水於千仞之溪者，形也。



《注釋》

1．鎰稱銖：鎰與銖分別讀“意”與“珠”。計量單位。前者小，後者大。如果音譯，寫成斜體yi and zhu即可。不過這裏並不是真正講的具體度量單位問題，而是借以說明大小對比的關係。如果音譯，外文讀者並不知道其中的含義，不如以英語中常用的重量單位磅和盎司翻譯更能直觀地表述。

2．形：布局 position, positioning.



《白話》

勝利之軍用鎰衡量銖，以大比小，獲得對比優勢，失敗之軍用銖衡量鎰，以小比大，沒有對比優勢。勝利者打仗，就像掘開千尺之溪，勢不可擋，這就是布局。



《英譯》

So, winning force is like comparing pound with ounce, namely, comparing small with big. By doing so, superiority can be obtained. But losing force is like comparing ounce with pound, namely, comparing big with small. By doing so, superiority will be lost. A winning force in conflict is just like digging open pent-up water of a thousand-foot stream. The momentum cannot be blocked. This is the matter of positioning.



兵勢第五

Chapter Five: Momentum





1. 孫子曰： 凡治眾如治寡，分數是也；鬥眾如鬥寡，形名是也；三軍之眾，可使必受敵而無敗者，奇正是也；兵之所加，如以瑕投卵者，虛實是也。



《注釋》

分數：編製organization.

行名：指揮作戰，部署兵力等。指揮command. 部署arrange, map out, lay out.

奇：突然襲擊sudden attack.

正：正規攻擊regular attack.

虛實：指虛虛實實的戰術strategy of attack feint and real. 虛虛實實sometimes false, sometimes true. 以虛虛實實的戰術使敵人疲於奔命tire out the enemy by attacks feint and real.



《白話》

治理大兵團如同治理小部隊，這取決於合理的編製；與大兵團作戰如同與小部隊作戰，這取決於有效的指揮；全軍遭敵攻擊而不敗，這取決於正確發動突然出擊和正常出擊。部隊攻敵，猶如投石打蛋，這取決於合理運用虛虛實實的戰術。



《英譯》

Generally speaking, administering the numerous is like administering the few. It depends on reasonable organization. Fighting against the numerous is like fighting against the few. It depends on effective command. The entire force is strong as it is. It can sustain no defeat thought it may suffer from attack from opponents. It depends on properly launching sudden attacks and regular attacks. The force attacks opponents like an egg is thrown onto a milestone. It depends on properly executing the strategy of attack feint and real.



2. 凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。故善出奇者，無窮如天地，不竭如江海。終而複始，日月是也。死而更生，四時是也。聲不過五，五聲之變，不可勝聽也；色不過五，五色之變，不可勝觀也；味不過五，五味之變，不可勝嚐也。戰勢不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮也。奇正相生，如循環之無端，孰能窮之哉！



《注釋》

1.合：迎戰meet （approaching enemy） head-on; make a head-on attack.



《白話》

一切戰爭，都以正常出擊與敵方相接，以意外出擊克敵製勝。善於意外出擊的人，兵力無窮無盡，猶如天地運行；永不枯竭，宛若江海。終而複始，恰似日月運行。去了再來，宛如四季更迭。樂聲不過五種，五聲變化組合，聽也聽不完；顏色不過五種，五色組合變化，看也看不完；味道不過五種，五味組合變化，嚐也嚐不完。戰勢不過奇正兩種，而奇正組合變化，永無窮盡。奇正戰術的變化，宛如循環那樣變化多端，誰能使它窮盡呢？



In conflicts, a regular attack is launched for meeting the approaching opponent head on and a sudden attack is launched for triumph over the opponent. So those who are good at suddenly attacking can make their forces boundless as heaven and earth, inexhaustible as great rivers. Thus, they can come to the end and cycle to the beginning as the sun and moon. They can expire and cycle to rebirth like the four seasons. There are only five tones. But they excel in changes which are more than they can ever be heard. There only five colors. But they excel in changes which are more than they can ever be seen. There are only five flavors. But they excel in changes which are more than they can ever be tastes. There are only two momentums in conflicts, namely, regular attack and sudden attack. Yet they can be variegated through changes, boundless and endless. The changes of the strategy of sudden attack and regular attack can be variegated so shifty. Who can put t an end to them？



3. 激水之疾，至於漂石者，勢也；鷙鳥之疾，至於毀折者，節也。故善戰者，其勢險，其節短。勢如擴弩，節如發機。



《注釋》

毀折: 置鳥雀於死地kill bird.

節：節奏rhythm.

發機：觸發機關。此處指射箭。





《白話》

湍急水流的速度之快，能漂浮石塊，這取決於勢頭；鷙鳥飛速之快，能捕殺雀鳥，這取決於於節奏。善戰者，勢頭磅礴，節奏短促。勢頭如同拉弓蓄力，節奏宛如搭弓射箭。



《英譯》

The speediness of swift current can float stones. It depends on its momentum. The swiftness of eagles can kill sparrows. It depends on its rhythm. Those who are skilled in conflict can make a tremendous momentum and have a short and pressing rhythm. Their momentum is like drawing a bow to accumulate strength while their rhythm is like bending a bow to shoot an arrow.



4. 紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂；渾渾沌沌，形圓而不可敗。亂生於治，怯生於勇，弱生於強。治亂，數也；勇怯，勢也；強弱，形也。



《白話》

戰事紛繁複雜，應對亂局不能自亂陣腳；戰況撲朔迷離，布局圓滿而不可漏洞百出。混亂是有序的產物，膽怯是勇敢的產物，弱小是強大的產物。有序與混亂，關鍵在編製；勇敢與怯懦，關鍵在氣勢；強大與弱小，關鍵在布局。



《注釋》

1．形圓：形，布局。圓，圓滿。布局圓滿perfect arrangement.

2．數：編製organization.



《英譯》

Warfare is miscellaneous and toilsome. Those who deal with disordered situations must not confuse their own positions. Those who deal with puzzling cases must not make any arrangements full of loopholes. Confusion is the product of order. Chicken-heartedness is the product of braveness. Weakness is the product of powerfulness. Order or disorder, it depends on organization. Brave or chicken-hearted, it depends on momentum. Powerful or weak, it depends on arrangement.



5. 故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之；予之，敵必取之。以利動之，以卒待之。



《白話》

善於調動敵軍的人，向敵軍展示姿態，敵軍必然跟從；對敵軍有所予，敵軍必然收取。以利調動敵軍，以兵等待敵軍。



《注釋》

1．動：調動move （troops）, manoeuvre.

2．待：等待wait for. 還可譯成lie in wait for, 指布下埋伏等待敵軍。



《英譯》

Therefore, who are skilled in moving opponents’ troops depend on arrangements. Opponents are certain to follow them. Opponents are certain to accept whatever to be given. Move opponents with gain and deploy troops to lie in wait for them.





6. 故善戰者，求之於勢，不責於人，故能擇人而任勢。任勢者，其戰人也，如轉木石。木石之性，安則靜，危則動，方則止，圓則行。故善戰人之勢，如轉圓石於千仞之山者，勢也。



《注釋》

勢：勢頭，momentum.

任勢：造勢，create momentum.

安：安穩stable.

危：地勢險要，不安穩unstable.

仞：讀“認”。古時候八尺或七尺為一仞。如此說來，一仞大約相當於一米左右，因此翻譯成“米”meter.



《白話》

所以善於打仗者，依靠勢態，而不苛求於人，既能擇人又能造勢。能造勢者，就像轉動木石。木石的性情是，處於平坦之地就靜止，處於陡峭之地就滾動，方形則靜止，圓形則滾動。 善於打仗者的造勢，就像在高山上滾動圓石，這就叫態勢。



《英譯》

Thus, those who are skilled in conflict seek momentum without blaming others. So they are good at selecting people and creating momentum. Those who are skilled in creating momentum act like moving wood and stone. The nature of timber and boulders is as follows: they are still when stable; they are rolling when unstable; they are still when squared; they are rolling when rounded. Therefore the momentum-creating of the people who are skilled in conflicts is just like rolling round stones on a 1,000 meter high mountain. This is called momentum.







虛實第六　　



Chapter Six: Feint and Reality



1.孫子曰：凡先處戰地而待敵者佚，後處戰地而趨戰者勞。故善戰者，致人而不致於人。能使敵人自至者，利之也；能使敵人不得至者，害之也。故敵佚能勞之，飽能饑之，安能動之。



《白話》

先抵達戰地等待敵軍的部隊，精力充沛，後到達戰地倉促上陣的部隊，筋疲力盡。善戰者，製約敵人而不被敵人製約。要使敵人自動前來，就用利益去引誘；要使敵人不能前來，就用危害去阻撓。因此，敵人精力充沛就使他疲勞，敵人糧食充足就使他饑餓，敵人安靜不動，就使他不得不動起來。



《注釋》

1．虛實：其實就是真真假假Feint and Reality.

2．佚：同“逸” at ease. 也作“精力充沛”full of vim and vigor.

3．勞：疲勞，筋疲力盡 tired out, fatigued. 以逸待勞：wait at one’s ease for the fatigued enemy （opponent）. 勞逸結合：combine work with adequate rest; strike a proper balance between work and leisure.

4．致：製約restrict, condition.

5．利：就是戰時的有利條件advantage.

6．害：危害danger and harm. 此處指以危害阻撓敵方。與上文的“利”advantage相對應，就是戰時的不利條件disadvantage. 阻撓：obstruct, thwart. 百般阻撓：obstruct in every possible way. 計劃受到阻撓：be thwarted in one’s plan. 是什麽阻撓了兩國關係正常化呢？What stands in the way of normalization of relations between these two countries? 由此可見，不同情況的“阻撓”有不同的翻譯法，這也體現了翻譯的靈活性和多樣性。



《翻譯》

Sun Tzu said, those who are early to arrive at battlefield to lie in wait for opponents are at ease, while those who are late to arrive at battlefield to launch attack hurriedly are fatigued. So those who are skilled in conflict restrict others without being restricted by others. If you want to make opponents approach on their own initiative, use advantage to lure them. If you don’t want to make opponents approach, create disadvantage to obstruct them. Therefore, if opponents are full of vim and vigor, make them tired out. If opponents have sufficient grain, make them go hungry. If opponents are calm, force them to move.



2. 出其所不趨，趨其所不意。行千裏而不勞者，行於無人之地也；攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所必攻也。故善攻者，敵不知其所守；善守者，敵不知其所攻。微乎微乎，至於無形；神乎神乎，至於無聲，故能為敵之司命。



《白話》

向敵人增援不到的地方進攻，在敵人無法預料的時間出擊。走遠路而不疲勞，因為走在無人抵抗的地方。發動進攻就一定會攻占，因為攻擊的是敵人疏於防守的地方。防守一定要堅固，因為防守的是敵人一定會進攻的地方。善於進攻的將領，敵人不知道怎樣來防備他；善於防守的將領，敵人不知道要怎樣來進攻他。微妙啊微妙，已經到了無形的地步；神奇啊神奇，已經到了無聲的地步，正因為如此，才能成為敵人命運的主宰者。



《注釋》

1.司命：掌控master. 指掌控命運。



《英譯》

Launch attack to where is beyond reinforcement from opponent; start attack when opponent cannot predict. Travel a long way without being tired because you go where is beyond defense of opponent. If attacking, occupation is ensured because you attack where opponent is negligent of defense. If defending, the position must be strong because you defend where opponent must attack. Those who are skilled in attack make opponent not to know where they should defend. Those who are skilled in defense make opponent not to know where they should attack. How subtle it is! You have already landed yourself in an invisible situation. How magical it is! You have already landed yourself in a noiseless situation. Thus you can be the one who masters the opponent’s destiny.





3. 進而不可禦者，衝其虛也；退而不可追者，速而不可及也。故我欲戰，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救也；我不欲戰，雖畫地而守之，敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也。



《注釋》

1．攻：進攻offensive, attack, assault. offensive常指大規模攻勢；attack多指具體攻擊行動；assault指一次突擊性的、短促的攻擊。此外，fight, challenge 等也都可指“攻擊”。發起攻擊，launch an attack on somebody.

2．禦：抵禦resist, put up resistance. 抵抗侵略resist aggression; stand against aggression.

3．衝：攻擊，衝擊。

4．虛：薄弱。

5．乖：違反常理，distort. 乖其所之，違背所要去的地方，引申為扭轉前進的方向或目標。扭轉可譯作reverse.



《白話》

我軍進攻而敵軍不可抵禦，那是因為衝擊了敵軍的虛弱之處；我軍撤退而敵軍追不到，那是因為速度快敵軍無法追。因此我軍要交戰，敵軍即便有高牆深溝，也不得不與我軍交戰，那是因為我軍攻打了敵軍必定要救援的要害處；我軍不想與敵軍交戰，雖然隻是在地上畫出界限而防守，敵人都不能與我軍交戰，那是因為掉轉了敵軍的行進方向。



《英譯》

We launch attack but opponent is unable to resist. It is because that we strike the place that is the weak point of opponent. We retreat but opponent is unable to catch up with us. It is because that we are too speedy for opponent to pursue us. Therefore, so long as we fight against opponent, opponent has to meet our fight though they enjoy favorable situations of towering walls and deep waterways. It because that we strike the key position that opponent must rescue. So long as we do not fight against opponent, opponent is unable to fight against us though where we defend is only a boundary line we drew on the ground. It is because we reversed the direction of opponent’s advance.



4. 故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分。我專為一，敵分為十，是以十攻其一也。則我眾敵寡，能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰者約矣。吾所與戰之地不可知，不可知則敵所備者多，敵所備者多，則吾所與戰者寡矣。故備前則後寡，備後則前寡，備左則右寡，備右則左寡，無所不備，則無所不寡。寡者，備人者也；眾者，使人備己者也。



《注釋》

1．形人：他人暴露。形，暴露expose.

2．無形：隱蔽conceal, cover.

3．專：專一，引申為集中、聚集gather, assemble.

4．約：少。

5．備：防備guard against.





《白話》

所以敵軍暴露而我軍隱蔽，我軍兵力集中而敵軍兵力分散。我軍集合為一股而敵軍分為十股，這就等於以我十股攻敵一股。於是，我軍人多敵軍人少，就能以多勝少，我軍要戰勝的對手的就少。敵軍不知道我軍會在哪裏與他們交戰，於是就會處處防備，而防備的地方也就會多，這樣一來，能夠與我軍對抗的就很少了。 所以防備前方，則後方空虛，防備後方，則前方空虛，防備左方，則右方空虛，防備右方，則左方空虛，於是所有的地方都防備，所有的地方也就都空虛。部隊數量少，是因為防備敵人；部隊數量多，是因為要迫使敵人進行自我防禦。



《英譯》

Therefore, opponent is exposed while we are concealed; our forces are concentrated while opponent’s forces are dispersed. Our forces are gathered into one team, while opponent’s forces are divided into ten teams. Thus we are numerous but opponent is few and we can defeat the few by the numerous. If so, the opponents we must defeat must be few. Opponent does not know the place whereat we fight against them. They will set up defenses everywhere. If so, they will have many places whereat they must set up defenses. As a result they have fewer places whereat they can oppose us. Hence the following situations: when guarding against opponent at the front, it is weak at the rear; when guarding against opponent at the rear, it is weak at the front; when guarding against opponent at the left side, it is weak at the right side; when guarding against opponent at the right side, it is weak at the left side. Thus, when guarding against opponent everywhere, it is weak everywhere. The forces are few. It is because that they are to guard against opponents. The forces are numerous. It is because that they are to force opponent to engage self-defense.



5. 故知戰之地，知戰之日，則可千裏而會戰；不知戰之地，不知戰日，則左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救後，後不能救前，而況遠者數十裏，近者數裏乎！以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，亦奚益於勝哉！ 故曰：勝可為也。敵雖眾，可使無鬥。



《注釋》

1．亦奚益於勝哉：對勝利又有何好處呢？奚，何。

2．越人：越國人。



《白話》

所以，知道作戰地點，又知道作戰時間，就可以奔赴遠方去交戰；不知道作戰鬥地點，又不知道作戰時間，左軍就不能救右軍，右軍也不能救左軍，前軍就不能救後軍，後軍也不能救前軍，更何況遠在十裏之外交戰，或近在幾裏之外交戰。依我看，越軍雖多，但對勝利有何好處呢？ 所以說：勝利可以獲得。敵人雖多，但可以使他們無法參戰。



《英譯》

Thus, if knowing either place where to fight or time when to fight, we can go far away to engage challenge. If knowing neither place where to fight nor time when to fight, the force on the left cannot rescue the force on the right, the force on the right cannot rescue the force on the left; the force at the front cannot rescue the force at the rear, the force at the rear cannot rescue the force at the front. Let alone conflicts are engaged as far as ten miles away or at least several miles away. It seems to me that the forces of Yue State have no favorable conditions to triumph at all thought they are numerous. So it is said that triumph can be managed. The key problem is that you can force opponent not to fight though they are numerous.





6. 故策之而知得失之計，作之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，角之而知有餘不足之處。故形兵之極，至於無形。無形，則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。因形而措勝於眾，眾不能知。人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知吾所以製勝之形。故其戰勝不複，而應形於無窮。



《注釋》

1．策：分析、衡量、比對analyze, calculate.

2．作：試探

3．形：偵察

4．角：較量、交戰、交火fight against, engage conflict with.

5．形兵：部隊的行蹤trace, track.

6．無形：無行蹤可察。

7．因形而措勝：根據行蹤獲勝。跟蹤trail, follow in the track, follow on the heels. 跟蹤敵人follow in the track of the enemy; follow on the heels of the enemy. 跟蹤追擊follow on someone’s heels in hot pursue; tread on someone’s heels in hot pursue.





《白話》

所以，通過分析，了解得失的計謀；通過試探，了解動靜的道理；通過偵察，了解生命攸關的戰地；通過交戰，了解自己的長處和短處。所以，最完美的戰鬥姿態，就是要到達無跡可尋。無跡可尋，即便敵方深入我方也不能窺探，再有智慧也不能想出對策。根據行蹤取勝，擺在眾人麵前，眾人也看不出奧妙。人們都知道我方的勝利，卻不知我方獲取勝利的道理。所以說，獲勝的情況都不重複，應該歸功於應對無窮無盡的情況之能力。



《英譯》

Therefore, through calculating, we know strategies related to triumph or failure; through probing, we know reasons to keep calm or moving; through scouting, we know battlefields concerning life and death; through engaging conflicts, we know our own strong points and weak points. So our perfect fighting attitude is to gain the capability to let opponents find no traces of ours. If so, our opponents cannot spy on us thought they penetrate into our area and they cannot create any countermeasures either even if they are wiser than ever before. When we triumph by executing strategy of following on opponents’ heels, no common people can make out the secrets even if we display everything openly. Everyone knows our victories but no one knows the reasons to help us win the victories. So the cases about winning victories cannot be repeated. And it is due to the capability to control the innumerable cases.



7. 夫兵形象水，水之形，避高而趨下，兵之形，避實而擊虛。水因地而製流，兵因敵而製勝。故兵無常勢，水無常形。能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。故五行無常勝，四時無常位，日有短長，月有死生。



《注釋》

1．兵形：屯兵，兵力部署。形，除了作“形式”和“形狀”解之外，此處還可作“部署”解，即position.

2．製流：控製流向。

3．五行：即陰陽五行。簡單地翻譯作five elements即可。

4. 月有死生: 月有圓缺，月有盈虧。圓缺，盈虧：wax and wane.



《白話》

兵力部署的特性似流水，水的特性是避開高處流向低處，兵力部署的特性是避開實力強大之敵，打擊虛弱之敵；水根據地形控製流向，軍隊根據敵情來取勝。所以兵沒有慣常規律，流水沒有固定形態。能根據敵情變化而取勝的人，可以說用兵如神。金、木、水、火、土五行，相克沒有固定的勝負，四季更迭沒有固定日期，白天有長短，月亮有圓缺。

　　

《英譯》

The feature of force-positioning is like flowing water. And the feature of water is to evade high lands and flow to low lands. And the feature of force-positioning is to evade strong opponents and fight against weak opponents. It is according to terrain that water controls its direction, while it is according to enemy situation that forces win victories. So there is no regular principle for troops to follow and there is no stable form for water to move. Those who can triumph according to the changes of the enemy situation can be considered as working miracles in commanding troops. As for the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth, there is neither regular victory nor regular failure when they restrain each other. As for the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, there is no regular dates when they alternate in succession. Days are sometime long and sometimes short. Moon is sometimes wax and sometimes wane.





軍爭第七

Chapter Seven: Fight for Military Initiative

1．孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚眾，交和而舍，莫難於軍爭。軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。故迂其途，而誘之以利，後人發，先人至，此知迂直之計者也。



《注釋》

1．軍爭：爭奪軍事主動權 fight for military initiative. 爭奪：contend for, scramble for,凡屬於軍事之爭多用fight for.

2．合軍：集結軍隊gather force.

3．聚眾：聚合百姓assemble masses. 不是聚眾鬧事的“聚眾”。聚眾鬧事： gather a crowd to make trouble.

4．舍：安營紮寨encamp, pitch a camp.



《白話》

孫子說，打仗的一般程序是：將領接受國君命令，集結軍隊組織民眾，軍民團結，認清形勢，安營紮寨，而最難的莫過於爭奪主動權。爭奪主動權之所以困難，是因為要化迂回為徑直，化不利為有利。所以，要采取迂回路線，以小利引誘敵方，比敵方出發遲，卻要比敵方早抵達戰地，這才算懂得迂回與徑直的辯證策略。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: The procedure of a war is as follows. Commander is directed by a lord. Force is gathered and masses are assembled. They are united, oriented and encamped. Nothing is more difficult than fighting for initiative. The reason is that indirect must be turned to direct and disadvantage must be turned into advantage. Hence, take indirect route and lure opponent by holding out tiny advantage. Start out after opponent and arrive before them. Those who can manage all these can be considered as well understanding the strategy of indirect and direct.





2．故軍爭為利，軍爭為危。舉軍而爭利則不及，委軍而爭利則輜重捐。是故卷甲而趨，日夜不處，倍道兼行，百裏而爭利，則擒三將軍，勁者先，疲者後，其法十一而至；五十裏而爭利，則蹶上將軍，其法半至；三十裏而爭利，則三分之二至。是故軍無輜重則亡，無糧食則亡，無委積則亡。



《注釋》

1．委軍：由委積簡化而來。委積，儲備糧草。《周禮·地官·大司徒》：“大賓客，令野脩道委積。” 孫詒讓正義：“《説文·禾部》雲：‘積，聚也。’……凡儲聚禾米薪芻之屬，通謂之委積。”委軍，糧草儲備充足的軍隊。如果“糧草儲備”則用provisions;如果想下文“無委積則亡”中的“委積”則不妨翻譯成reserves, 貯藏等意。

2. 不及：得不到，達不到目的。注意：目的有多種說法，如objective, aim, purpose, goal, end. Objective指能夠達到的明確目的；aim含有目標明確而又全力以赴去實現；purpose則指計劃中決心去做到的事；goal是指經過一番努力才能達到的目的；end則著重於所希望達到的最終結果，以區別整個過程。根據這些原則，此處的達到目的，應該是指軍事計劃中決心要做到的事，因此選用accomplish purpose. 其它搭配如：attain objective; realize aim; attain （achieve）goal; achieve end.

3．而至: 到達arrive. 另可作“堅持到底”解stick it out; hold on straight to the end; carry through firmly to the end. 而堅持做某事，可用persist in doing或persevere in doing. 前者可用於好事或壞事，而後者一般用於好事，並含有不顧困難堅持下去的意思。其它說法，如insist on 指堅持某種要求、主張和說法；uphold指肯定、擁護某種原則、決議、決定等；adhere to, stick to表示堅持某種意見、政策、方案、計劃等。

4．輜重：行軍時由運輸部隊攜帶的物資。可譯成transportation.

5．亡：滅亡，失敗。 可譯成主動式to lose；也可譯成被動式to be destroyed, to be defeated, to be wiped out, to be annihilated, to be terminated.



《白話》

因此，軍事鬥爭既有利，也有害。全軍大舉攻敵去爭利就會達不到目的，物資準備充足的軍隊去爭利就會損失慘重。所以，即便輕裝上陣急行軍，日夜不停，加倍行程，奔走百裏與敵爭利，也不會有好結果，弄不好連三軍將帥都會被擒，況且體健的走在前，體弱的走在後，一般隻有十分之一的人能到；如果奔走五十裏與敵爭利，主將就會受挫，一般隻有二分之一的人能到；即使奔走三十裏與敵爭利，結果也隻能有三分之二的人能到。所以，沒有物資裝備要滅亡，沒有糧草供應要滅亡，沒有資金儲備也要滅亡。





《英譯》

So fight for military initiative may be advantageous; fight for military initiative may be dangerous. If a whole force fights for military initiative, the purpose will not be accomplished. If a force with sufficient provisions will suffer heavy loses. So the result will not be good even if the force, fighting for military initiative, joints battle with light packs, makes a forced march, does not stop day and night, doubles route or even cover 100 miles. Worse of all, even all commanders of the whole force may be captured. Let alone those who are strong walk before and those who are weak walk behind. As a result, only one in ten can arrive. If covering 50 miles, it will result in the fall of the first commander. And if so, only half can arrive. Even if only covering 30 miles, the result will be that only two in three can arrive. Therefore the force without sufficient transportation must be defeated; the force without sufficient provisions must be defeated; the force without sufficient reserves must be defeated.





3．故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者, 不能行軍；不用導者，不能得地利。



《注釋》

1．豫交：打交道deal with, treat with.與敵人打交道deal with the enemy.

2．沮澤：沼澤marsh.





《白話》

所以，不了解各路諸侯的意圖，不能與之交往；不熟悉山林、險阻和沼澤，就不能行軍；不用向導，就不能得地形之利。



《英譯》

So you cannot deal with other lords without knowing their intentions. You cannot move your force without well knowing the conditions of mountains, forests, marshes, dangers and difficulties. You cannot benefit from the advantages of terrain without employing local guides.



4．故兵以詐立，以利動，以分合為變者也。故其疾如風, 其徐如林，侵掠如火，不動如山，難知如陰，動如雷震。掠鄉分眾，廓地分利，懸權而動。先知迂直之計者勝，此軍爭之法也。



《注釋》：

1．詐：假裝 feint, pretend. 不宜按字麵翻譯成詐騙、欺詐deceive, cheat, swindle或狡詐tricky, cunning, crafty. 因為這些表達法都帶有主觀強烈的感情色彩。而用假裝feint, pretend則多了幾分客觀性。

2．徐：緩慢slow.

掠鄉：抄掠鄉野search the countryside. 抄獲：search and seize; ferret out.

廓地：開拓疆土open a territory.

懸權：權衡利害calculate advantages and disadvantages.



《白話》

所以，兵法以詐謀為基礎、以利益為動機，以兵力分散集結為變化原則。所以，行動之快如風；動作之緩如林；侵擾之猛如火；按兵之靜如山。琢磨不定如霧；迅猛異常如雷。抄掠鄉野所獲，要分發給部眾；開拓疆土分享利益，務必權衡利害采取相應行動。事先懂得化迂回為徑直的策略者就能獲勝，這就是戰爭原則。



《英譯》

So the art of war takes feint as its foundation, takes advantage as its motive, takes the changes of force gathering and force dividing as its principle. Therefore, action is swift as wind. Operation is slow as forest. Movement is slow as forests. Aggression is violent as fire. Immobility is still as mountains. Plan is unknowable as mist. Momentum is tremendous as thunder. Searching countryside, results of battle should be distributed to subordinates. Opening a territory, advantages should be shared with others. Before taking action, advantages and disadvantages should be calculated. You will triumph so long as getting to know how to transform indirect into direct beforehand. It is the principle of war.



5．《軍政》曰：“言不相聞，故為之金鼓；視不相見，故為之旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。民既專一，則勇者不得獨進，怯者不得獨退，此用眾之法也。故夜戰多火鼓，晝戰多旌旗，所以變人之耳目也。



《注釋》

1．金：鑼gong.

2．旌旗：就是旗子。但如果細說，旌其實是古代旗子的一種，旗杆頂上用無色羽毛作裝飾。旌旗，翻譯成banner and flag即可。

3．專一：團結一致。

4．用眾：指揮眾多的人數。此處的眾指人數多the numerous, 並非指民眾masses.

5．火：火把torch, 而不是一般的火fire.



《白話》

《軍政》說：“說話聽不見，所以配備鑼鼓；動作看不見，所以配備旌旗。”所以鑼鼓和旌旗就成了人們的耳目。全民統一聽從指揮。那麽，勇敢的人就不能單獨前進，怯弱的人也不能單獨後退，這就是指揮眾多人員的原則。因此夜戰多用火鼓，日戰多用旌旗，也就變成了人們的耳目。



《英譯》

On Politics and Military Affairs said: “Speaker cannot be heard, gongs and drums are used. Observers cannot be seen, banners and flags are used.” Gongs and drums, banners and flags have thus become people’s ears and eyes. ” All people unite as one and obey orders so that neither brave people can advance alone nor fearful people can retreat alone. It is the art to order numerous. Therefore torches and drums are used in conflicts in nighttime, while banners and flags are used in conflicts in daytime. And they have thus become people’s ears and eyes.



6．故三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。故善用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也。以治待亂，以靜待嘩，此治心者也。以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待饑，此治力者也。無邀正正之旗，勿擊堂堂之陳，此治變者也。





《注釋》

1．歸：內斂，內縮draw inward.

2．治：控製control.

3．待：對待treat，應對deal with, 但譯者借用了當前流行詞語PK. 其“淵源”有兩個：一個是指網絡遊戲中的玩家之間彼此對打，源於英文Player Killing的縮寫；另一個“淵源”是指足球裏的罰點球，也就是penalty kick的縮寫，引申為一對一單挑，隻有一個人能贏。

4．無邀正正之旗：邀，攔截intercept. 正正之旗，旗幟布列有序Banners are orderly and straightforward. 可以這樣直譯，也可作“軍容嚴整”來翻譯。軍容：military bearing. 嚴整：in an orderly manner, in orderly array. array軍隊的列陣。軍容嚴整The troops are in orderly array.

5．堂堂之陳：陣勢堂皇。陣勢formation. 堂皇impressive and imposing.

6．變：變化多端variation.



《白話》

軍隊的銳氣可以受挫，將帥的意誌可以動搖。因此士氣早晨銳盛，白天懈怠，晚上衰竭。所以，善於用兵作戰的人，總是避開敵方的銳氣，待其士氣懈怠攻擊。這是掌控士氣變化的法則。以有序應對混亂，以冷靜應對喧囂，這是掌控軍隊心理變化的法則。以近應對遠，以安逸應對勞頓，以足食應對饑餓，這是掌控戰鬥力的法則。不要去攔截軍容嚴整的敵人，也不要去攻擊陣勢堂皇的敵人，這是應變的法則。



《英譯》

Therefore the entire force can be robbed of its spirit and the commanders can be robbed of their moral. So spirit is sharp in the morning; spirit is idle in the daytime; spirit draws inward at dusk. Those who are skilled in using art of war evade when spirit is sharp and fight when spirit is idle and draws inward. This is the art to control spirit. Order PK disorder. Calm PK noise. This is the art to control mentality. Near PK distant. Comfort PK fatigue. Well-fed PK hungry. This is the art to control strength. Do not intercept opponents in orderly array. Do not attack opponents in impressive and imposing formation. This is art to control variations.



7．故用兵之法：高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，餌兵勿食，歸師勿遏，圍師必闕，窮寇勿迫。此用兵之法也。



《注釋》

1．高陵：指敵方居高臨下。居高臨下have a commanding view from a vantage ground; at a commanding position.

2．勿向：不要攻擊。

3．勿逆：不要抄後路。Not to back down.

4．歸師：撤退的部隊。撤退withdraw, retreat.

5．勿遏：不幹擾。幹擾interfere.

6．闕：同“缺”，此處指“缺口”。

7．窮寇：“窮”指絕望desperate.



《白話》

所以用兵的法則是：敵人居高不攻；敵人靠山不戰；敵人裝敗不追；敵人氣盛不拚；敵人利誘不取；敵人回師不攔；包圍敵人須留缺口；敵人絕望不要追逼。這都是用兵的法則。



《英譯》

So art in executing artful strategy is as follows: When opponent is in high mountains, never attack; when opponent is behind the hills, never back down; when opponent makes a feint failure, never pursue; when opponent is in high spirit, never attack; when opponent baits a hook, never bite; when opponent withdraws, never interfere; when opponent is surrounded, never forget to leave an opening; when opponent is desperate, never press. This is the way to execute art of war.



九變第八

Chapter Eight: Nine Variations



1．凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚合。泛地無舍，衢地合交，絕地無留，圍地則謀，死地則戰，途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不受。



《注釋》

1．泛地：遭破壞之地obstructed places.

2．衢地：指各國相毗鄰的要衝intersecting area.

3．舍：駐紮station a force.

4．由：采取take.注意：上述各句既可用主動句式，也可用被動句式。不妨采取被動句式，更方便些。



《白話》

打仗的一般法則是：將領接受 國 君命令，集結軍隊組織民眾。殘垣斷壁之處慎勿駐紮；身處通達的要衝之地注意結交；身陷凶險艱難之地切莫停留；身陷難找出路之圍地要設計免難；身陷走投無路之死地須奮戰求生。有的道路可以不走，有的敵軍可以不打，有的城邑可以不攻，有的土地可以不爭， 國君命令有的可以不聽。



《英譯》

Generally, the procedure of a war is as follows. Commander is directed by a lord. Force is gathered and masses are assembled. Forces should never be stationed in obstructed situations. Much attention should be paid to social activities in intersecting situations. Forces should never linger in dangerous situations. Schemes should be created in surrounded situations. Forces should fight for survival in desperate situations. There are some ways you should not take. There are some enemies you should not fight against. There are some cities that should not be attacked. There are some areas that should not be taken. There are some orders from the lord that should not be obeyed.



2．故將通於九變之利者，知用兵矣；將不通九變之利，雖知地形，不能得地之利矣；治兵不知九變之術，雖知五利，不能得人之用矣。



《注釋》

1．通：精通master, have a good command of; be well versed in; be proficient in. 精通英語：have a good command of English. 精通數學：be （well）versed in mathematics.精通業務：be proficient in professional work; be expert in professional work.

2．變：變化variations.

3．得人之用：充分利用人才。人才：persons of talent.



《白話》

所以，將帥若能精通這些應變策略的好處，就算懂得如何用兵。將帥若不精通這些應變策略的好處，雖然了解地形，也不能從中獲益。用兵作戰，若不懂得九種應變策略，雖然也知道這五方麵的好處，也是不能充分利用人才。



《英譯》

So, the commanders who are well versed in all these strategies are considered as being expert in executing art of war. If failed to have a good command of advantages of the nine variations, a commander cannot benefit from them though he well knows the terrain and its features. Without well understanding the strategies of the nine variations when executing art of war in conflicts, a commander cannot make a full use of persons of talent though he knows the five advantages.



3．是故智者之慮，必雜於利害，雜於利而務可信也；雜於害，而患可解也。



《注釋》

1．雜於：考慮到。雜於利害，利害兼顧。兼顧：give consideration to both … and; take into account … and … 公私兼顧：give consideration to both public and private interests.

2．解：解除relieve, remove, lift. 注意：relieve常用於解除痛苦、憂愁、職務等；remove常用於免除職務、消除疑慮等；lift用於解除封鎖、包圍、禁令等。但是要注意，上述各點隻是一般用法，實際情況卻很靈活。請看以下例證。解除職務：relieve（or dismiss） somebody from his post; remove somebody from office. 解除禁令：relieve（or lift） a ban. 解除宵禁：lift the curfew. 解除武裝：disarm.解除警報：sound the all clear. 解除婚約：break off one’s engagement.解除思想顧慮：free one’s mind of all misgivings.



《白話》

所以，明智者思考問題，必須兼顧利害雙方。顧及利，做事才令人信服，顧及害，禍患才能解除。



《英譯》

So wise men should give consideration to both advantages and disadvantages when thinking over something. Giving consideration to advantages, they can convince others. Giving consideration to disadvantages, misfortunes can be removed.



4．是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業，趨諸侯者以利。



《注釋》

1．屈：屈從, yield, surrender.

2．役使：enslave.

3．業：功業achievement.

4．趨：同驅使drive.



《白話》

所以，要以危害令諸侯屈從，要以業績役使諸侯，要以利益驅使諸侯。



《英譯》

Therefore, other lords should be forced to surrender by means of disadvantages and should be enslaved by means of achievements and should be driven by means of advantages.



5．故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之；無恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。



《注釋》

1．恃：讀“是”，依靠rely on, 也引申為指望、期待expect.



《白話》

所以，用兵的法則是：不要指望敵人不來，要依靠自己充分的準備；不要指望敵人不攻擊，要依靠自己具備敵人不敢攻擊的實力。



《英譯》

So the art of war is as follows: Do not expect that opponents do not come but rely on your own full preparations. Do not expect that opponents do not attack but reply on having your own military strength that makes opponents not dare to attack.



6．故將有五危，必死可殺，必生可虜，忿速可侮，廉潔可辱，愛民可煩。凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災也。覆軍殺將，必以五危，不可不察也。



《注釋》

1．必死：引申為怕死fear death.

2。必生：引申為貪生covet life, cravenly cling to life. 貪圖：seek, hanker for, covet. 貪圖安逸：seek ease and comfort. 貪小失大：covet a little and lose a lot. 貪小便宜：keen on gaining petty advantages.



《白話》

所以將帥有五個危險：怕死就有被殺害的危險；貪生就有被俘虜的危險；急躁就有被侮辱的危險；清廉就有被玷汙的危險；仁愛就有被煩擾的危險。以上五點，是將帥常犯的過失，也是用兵常遇的災害。軍隊覆沒將帥被殺，必然歸因五危，不可掉以輕心。



《英譯》

Commanders therefore face five dangers. If they fear death, they will face the danger to be killed. If they cravenly cling to life, they will face the danger to be captured. If they are impetuous, they will face the danger to be insulted. If they are honest, they will face the danger of humiliated. If they are benevolent, they will face the danger to be perturbed. The above mentioned five points are not only the mistakes that commanders usually make but also misfortunes that usually happen in conflicts. The whole force is entirely wiped out and commanders are all killed. Surely this is due to these five dangers. No one should let down his guard against this.



行軍第九

Chapter Nine: Moving the Force　　



1. 孫子曰： 凡處軍相敵，絕山依穀，視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之軍也。絕水必遠水，客絕水而來，勿迎之於水內，令半渡而擊之利，欲戰者，無附於水而迎客，視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。絕斥澤，唯亟去無留，若交軍於斥澤之中，必依水草而背眾樹，此處斥澤之軍也。平陸處易，右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之軍也。凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。



《注釋》

1．處軍：部署兵力position the force.

2．相敵：觀察敵情observe opponents.

3．絕：通過，穿過cross.

4．視生：尋找安全地帶，引申為安營紮寨encamp.

5．戰隆：在高地作戰。

6．登：登山、爬山去打仗。

7．斥澤：沼澤地。

8．亟:迅速。



《白話》

孫子說：處置軍隊和觀察敵情的一般原則是：通過山區，要走穀地，安營紮寨要選擇高處，對占領高地之敵，不要爬山去攻，這是在山區處置軍隊的原則。橫渡江河，應遠離水流駐紮，敵軍渡水而來，不要在江河中迎戰，而要等他們渡過一半再攻擊，這樣有利。如果要同敵軍決戰，不要緊靠水邊迎擊；在江河地帶駐紮，安營紮寨也要選擇高處，不要麵對水流，這是在江河地帶處置軍隊的原則。通過沼澤地帶，要迅速離開，不要逗留；如果同敵軍在沼澤地帶交戰，要靠近水草而背靠樹林，這是在沼澤地帶處置軍隊的原則。在平原地帶部署兵力容易，右側倚托高地，前麵看似死路一條，背後隱藏逃生之路，這是在平原地帶處置軍隊的原則。這四種處置軍隊原則的好處，正是黃帝能戰勝其他四帝的原因。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said that when handling forces and observing opponents, the following principles should be followed. When going through mountain areas, valleys should be chosen. When finding security, highlands should be selected. When fighting against opponents in highlands, attack by means of mountain-climbing should be avoided. This is the rule for force-positioning s in mountain areas. After crossing a river, places far from water should be chosen to encamp. When opponents coming across a river, make a charge at them not in the water but in the time when they half cross the river. This is advantageous. When waging life-and-death battles with opponents, charges should not be made at them near water front. When encamping in places with waterways, highlands should be selected but areas facing waterways should be avoided. This is the rule for force-positioning in area with waterways. When going through mashes, do not stay but leave rapidly instead. If in conflicts with opponents in mashes, places should be selected close to areas whereat water and grass are available with forests as backers. If in flatlands, force-positioning is easy, places should be chosen which is supported by highlands in the right side. And it seems to be a dead end in the front but a way to escape hides in the back. This is the rule for force -positioning in flatlands. The advantages of these four ways for force-positioning are just the reasons for Huangdi to triumph over the other four lords.



　

2.凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。丘陵堤防，必處其陽而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。



《注釋》

1．養生：keep fit, maintain one’s health, preserve one’s health.

2． 處實:部署兵力、安營紮寨的地方要講究實際。



《白話》

一般來說，軍隊駐紮總是就高處，避低處，重陽麵，避陰麵；重視養生之道，選地講究實際，將士百病不生。這些就是獲勝的保障。在丘陵堤防駐紮，必須選擇陽麵，以此為右翼和後部的依托。這都是軍隊必備的有利條件，以及地形提供的輔助條件。上遊下雨，洪水突至，準備渡河，要等水流平緩再加商定。



《英譯》

Generally speaking, force-positioning prefer highlands and hates lowlands and it treasures the sunny side but disdains the night side. So long as the way to keep fit is given much attention and the location for encamping is realistic, the force will remain healthy. If so, triumph will be ensured. When positioning the force in hill areas, sunny side should be selected which can be taken as the support of the right flank and the rear.

All these are the necessary advantages the force need to have and the supplementary conditions which are supplied by the terrain. When it rains above and the river is flooded, those who want to cross should wait for the flood to subside.





3.凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。軍旁有險阻、潢井、葭葦、林木、翳薈者，必謹覆索之，此伏奸之所處也。



《注釋》

1.潢井：湖泊沼澤地。

2.葭葦：蘆葦。

3.翳薈：薈:讀“會”，聚集。翳：讀“翼”，蔭蔽。引申為草木茂盛的地方places screened with luxuriant growth.



《白話》

凡是存在 “絕澗”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天羅”、“天陷”、“天隙”的地方，必須迅速離開，不要接近。對於這些地形，我軍要讓自己遠離，而讓敵軍去接近；對於這些地形，我軍要讓自己麵向，而讓敵軍去背靠。軍隊旁邊有險阻、湖沼、蘆葦、山林和草木茂盛之地，必須謹慎地反複搜索，這些都是敵軍埋伏之地。



《英譯》

Wherever there are isolating gorges, natural hollows, natural cages, natural snares, natural traps and natural crevices, the force should leave quickly and never approach. The force should keep far from these areas but direct opponents near them. The force should face them so as to make opponents lie behind them. Whenever adjacent to dangers and difficulties, pounds and mashes, reeds and forests or places screened with luxuriant growth, the force should search repeatedly because these are the places whereat opponents usually lay an ambush.



4.敵近而靜者，恃其險也； 遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也； 其所居易者，利也； 眾樹動者，來也；眾草多障者，疑也； 鳥起者，伏也； 獸駭者，覆也； 塵高而銳者，車來也； 卑而廣者，徒來也； 散而條達者，樵采也； 少而往來者，營軍也。





《注釋》

1.覆：突襲。

2.卑：低。

3.徒：徒步。

4.散而條達：疏散。條達，散亂。

5.樵采：砍柴chop firewood, cut firewood, gather firewood.



《白話》

敵軍中靠近我軍而又安靜的，仰仗的是險要的地形；遠離我軍而又挑戰不休的，是想引誘我軍前進；敵軍駐紮在平坦之地，是因為有利可圖。許多樹木在搖動，是敵人正在前來；草叢中有許多遮障物，是敵軍布下的疑陣；群鳥驚飛，是下麵有伏兵；野獸驚恐奔跑，是敵軍大舉突襲；塵土高飛，塵柱頂端尖尖，是敵軍戰車駛來；塵土低飛，塵柱底部寬寬，是敵軍的步兵開來；塵土飛散，是敵軍在砍柴；塵土少而時起時落；是敵人正在紮營。



《英譯》

Among opponents, those who are still and near us rely on strategic locations; those who are far from us and constantly make troubles want to lure us to advance; those who encamp in level grounds think that there are advantages they can find. Many trees are swinging because opponents are coming. There are many shelters because opponents are setting puzzling traps. Birds suddenly fly out because opponents lie there in ambush. Animals run widely because opponents are launching a surprise attack. Dust is flying high with its end sharp because opponents’ are approaching by four-horse-vehicle. Dust is flying low with its end wide because opponents are approaching on foot. Dust is scattering because opponents are chopping firewood. Dust is little because opponents are encamping.



5.辭卑而益備者，進也； 辭強而進驅者，退也； 輕車先出居其側者，陳也； 無約而請和者，謀也；奔走而陳兵者，期也； 半進半退者，誘也。



《注釋》

1．陳：陳兵deploy troops, mass troops.陳兵百萬: deploy （or station） a million troops.

2．請和：講和call for a truce, make peace, negotiate peace, become reconciled. 他倆講和了。They are reconciled.



《白話》

措辭謙卑卻又在加緊備戰的，是準備進攻；措辭強硬而又做出前進姿態的，是準備撤退；輕車先出動，部署在兩翼的，是在布列陣勢；尚未受挫而來講和的，是另有陰謀；急速奔跑並排列整齊的，是另有期待；半進半退的，是在引誘我軍。



《英譯》

Those who are humbly worded and intensify war preparation attempt to attack. Those who are strongly worded and put on a pose to advance are really attempting to retreat. Those who send out light vehicles early and occupy both flanks are deploying combat forces in battle array. Those who come to make peace without having met with setbacks embark on other conspiracy. Those who run rapidly in tidy formations expect something else. Those who partially advance and partially retreat are attempting to entice us.



6.杖而立者，饑也； 汲而先飲者，渴也； 見利而不進者，勞也； 鳥集者，虛也； 夜呼者，恐也；軍擾者，將不重也； 旌旗動者，亂也； 吏怒者，倦也； 殺馬肉食者，軍無糧也； 軍無懸缸，不返其舍者，窮寇也； 諄諄翕翕，徐與人言者，失眾也； 數賞者，窘也； 數罰者，困也；先暴而後畏其眾者，不精之至也； 來委謝者，欲休息也。 兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必謹察之。



《注釋》

1．休息:此處指收兵息戰withdraw troops and call off a battle.

2．懸缸：掛起炊具。缸，泛指炊具cooking pot.

3．諄諄翕翕:嘀嘀咕咕murmur. 翕，讀“習”。

4．窘：為難，不得已而為之。

5．不精:不精明。精明：astute, sagacious, shrewd. 為人精明：be a man of sagacity.精明的商人：shrewd （or astute） businessman.



《白話》

倚著兵器站立，是饑餓；打水自己先喝，是幹渴；見到利益而不進軍，是疲勞；營寨上方聚集鳥雀，是營地空虛；夜間驚叫，是恐慌；軍隊驚擾，是將領沒有威嚴；旌旗搖動，是隊伍混亂。敵軍官員易怒，是全軍筋疲力盡；殺馬吃肉，是軍中無糧。沒有掛起炊具，無意返回營地，是拚死的窮寇；嘀嘀咕咕，講話低聲下氣，是失去了人心；不斷犒賞，是不得已；不斷懲罰，是處境困難；對部下先粗暴後害怕，是最不精明的；派人送禮言好，是想休兵息戰；發怒迎戰，久不交鋒，又不撤退，必須謹慎觀察。



《英譯》

Those who stand leaning on weapons are hungry. Those who take water and have a drink first are thirsty. Those who do not advance though seeing advantages are tired. If birds gather above camps, the camp is empty. Those who give cry of alarm at night are in dread of something. If the force is disturbed, the commanders are lack of dignity. If the banners and flags are swaying, the force is in a state of chaos. If the commanders of opponents are liable to get angry, the entire force of opponent is tired out. If opponents kill horses and eat their meat, the force is short of food. Those who do not hang cooking pots without attempting go back to camp are tottering foes. If soldiers murmur in a servile manner, they have lost popular support. If troops are constantly given reward, the commanders have no choice but to do this. If troops are frequently punished, the force is in a difficult situation. If commanders roughly treat their subordinates at first and then fear them, this is not astute at all. Those who send people over to negotiate peace are attempting to withdraw troops and call off a battle. Those should be cautiously observed who angrily come to meet us head-on but neither fire at us nor retreat for a long time



7.兵非貴益多也，惟無武進，足以並力料敵,取人而已。夫惟無慮而易敵者，必擒於人。卒未親而罰之，則不服，不服則難用。卒已親附而罰不行，則不可用。故合之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。令素行以教其民，則民服；令素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與眾相得也。

　　

《注釋》

1．貴益多：多多益善the more the better.

2．武進：冒進rashly advance.

3．料：預見foresee.

4。合之以文：以溫文爾雅的措施團結一致。

5．齊之以武：以嚴明的紀律統一思想和行動。

6．相得：融洽harmonious.



《白話》

打仗並非兵力越多越好，隻要不去冒進，就足能集中兵力，判明敵情，取人之利。那種既無深謀遠慮而又輕敵的人，必定會被敵軍擒獲。士兵還沒有親近就實行懲罰製度，他們就會不服，不服就難用。士兵已經親近，如果不執行懲罰製度，就不能用。所以，用溫文爾雅的手段使他們思想統一，用威武嚴明的法紀使他們行動一致，這就是勢在必得。平素嚴格執行法令，管教士卒，士兵就服氣；平素不嚴格執行法令，管教士卒，士兵就不服氣。平時法令能貫徹執行，表明官兵相處融洽。



《英譯》

As far as troops are concerned in conflicts, it is not the more the better. So long as the force does not rashly advance, it is strong enough to gather troops and foresee opponents and triumph at the end by utilizing the advantages of opponents. Only those who are neither thoughtful nor farsighted but have a tendency to take the enemy lightly will surely be captured by opponents. If penalties are imposed before a close relationship takes form between officers and soldiers, soldiers cannot be heartily convinced. And this sort of soldiers cannot be employed. But if penalties are not imposed after a close relationship takes form between officers and soldiers, the soldiers cannot be employed, too. Hence the gentle measures to make the entire force achieve unity in thought and the strict disciplines to make the entire force act in unison. It is called victories must be won. Rules and orders are always strictly executed and soldiers are very well disciplined, the soldiers are heartily convinced. Or they are not heartily convinced. The case that rules and orders are always strictly executed indicates that the relationship between officers and soldiers is rather harmonious.





地形篇第十



Chapter Ten： Terrain Situation



1.孫子曰：地形有通者，有掛者，有支者，有隘者，有險者，有遠者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以往，難以返，曰掛。掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之；敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敵雖利我, 我無出也；引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵；若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠形者，勢均難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也。將之至任，不可不察也。



《注釋》

1．隘：狹窄narrow. 關隘pass.

2．盈：封鎖seal off, close off, blockage. 封鎖線blockade line. 解除封鎖raise a blockade.

3．從：出擊five a challenge to, make an assault, launch an attack, sally out. 向包圍者出擊：sally out against the besiegers.

4．至任：到職assume office, taking up post.



《白話》

孫子說：地形有通形、掛形、支形、隘形、險形、遠形六種。我可以去，敵可以來的，叫通形。在通形地區，要搶先占領隆高向陽之處，確保糧道暢通，這樣與敵交戰就有利。可以前往而難以返回的，叫掛形。在掛形地區，敵若無備，出擊則能勝；敵若有備，出擊則不能取勝，又難以返回，就不利。我方出擊不利，敵方出擊也不利的，叫支形。在支形地區，敵雖以利誘我，我也不要出擊，而要率部撤離，待敵方出來一半時再攻擊，就有利。在隘形地區，我若首先占領，一定要封鎖隘口以等待敵人的到來；如果敵方首先占據，並已封鎖隘口，就不要去攻打，若還沒有封鎖隘口，就可以攻打。在險形地區，我若首先占領，一定要占領隆高向陽之處，以待敵方到來；敵若首先占領，那就率部離去，不要攻打。在遠形地區，雙方地勢均等，難以挑戰，戰也不利。上述六條，是利用地形的一般原則，將帥到任後，不可不認真考察。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: There are six forms of terrain, namely, accessible, entangled, indecisive, narrow, precipitous and distant. An area which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible. In an accessible area, the first thing to do is to occupy the sunny highlands and ensure a smooth path of provisions. A challenge then will be advantageous. An area which it is possible to go to but difficult to back from is called entangled. In an entangled area, if opponent makes no preparation, triumph is ensured in challenge. Otherwise, triumph is not ensured in challenge. Worse of, it is difficult to go back. Therefore, the challenge will be disadvantageous. An area whereat it is disadvantageous for both sides to launch attacks is call indecisive. In an indecisive area, we do not launch any attacks even if opponent lures us with advantages. What we should do is to lead the force to retreat and wait for the opponent and launch an attack on them when they partially come out. It is advantageous to do so. In a narrow area, we must occupy it first and seal off the passes and lie in wait for the opponent to come. If the opponent occupies it first and seals off the passes, we should not give a challenge to the opponent. But if the passes have not been sealed off, we can challenge the opponent to fight. In a precipitous area, if we occupy it first, we should capture the sunny highlands so as to wait for the opponent. If the opponent occupies it, we should lead the force to leave without giving a challenge. In a distant area, both sides are equal so it is difficult to give a challenge to the opponent. Even if we fight, it is still disadvantageous to us. The above mentioned six points are the general rule for utilizing various terrains. It is the greatest duty for commanders to study them carefully after taking up post.





2．故兵有走者，有弛者，有陷者，有崩者，有亂者，有北者。凡此六者，非天之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走。卒強吏弱，曰弛。吏強卒弱，曰陷。大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩。將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂。將不能料敵, 以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也。將之至任，不可不察也。



《注釋》

1．走：敵我雙方勢均力敵，卻偏要以一擊十，最終導致棄甲曳兵而逃，因此叫“走”flight.

2．鬆：士卒暴躁而將帥懦弱，軍政弛壞，不能統轄管束，指揮鬆散無力，因此叫“弛”insubordination.

3．陷：將帥暴躁而士卒懦弱，一旦與敵交戰，將帥獨身奮力，則勢必為下屬所累而陷於敗局，因此叫“陷”collapse.

4．崩：將帥怨怒而不服主將之命，遇敵怒火萬丈而擅自出戰，主將卻不知他的才能，如大山自內部崩壞，因此叫“崩”disintegration.

5．將帥懦弱缺乏威嚴，管教毫無章法，官兵關係緊張失常，布兵列陣又雜亂不整，因此叫“亂”disorder.

6．北：將帥不能正確判斷敵情，卻偏想以少勝多、以弱擊強，但卻不去選拔精銳部隊，這必然要敗北，因此叫“北”desertion.



《白話》

所以軍事上有走、弛、陷、崩、亂和北六種情況。這六種情況，並非由天災所致，而是由將帥過失造成。勢均力敵，卻要以一擊十，這叫走。兵強將弱，這叫弛。將強兵弱，這叫陷。將怨怒而不服主帥之命，遇敵憤怒而擅自出戰，主帥又不知其才能，這叫崩。將弱缺乏威嚴，管教無法，官兵關係不正常，布兵列陣雜亂無章，這叫亂。將帥不能正確判斷敵情，以少擊眾、以弱擊強，選兵不精，這叫北。以上六種情況，都是戰敗的原因，將帥到任，不可不認真考察。



《英譯》

Therefore, there are six cases among strategies, namely, flight, insubordination, collapse, disintegration, disorder, desertion. All these do not come from natural catastrophes but from the mistakes of commanders. Both sides are equal, but we attempt to attack on ten by one. It is called flight. Troops are strong but commanders are weak. It is called insubordination. Commanders are strong but soldiers are weak. It is called collapse. Commanders are angry and do not obey orders from the chief commander. When meeting with enemy, they are in a rage and arbitrarily launch an attack. But the chief commander knows nothing about his capacity. It is called disintegration. The commanders are weak and lack of dignity. They don’t know how to discipline the soldiers. Therefore the relationship between officers and soldiers is abnormal. As a result, when deploying combat forces in battle array, all things are in a mess. It is called disorder. Commanders cannot well judge the opponent’s situation. He let the few engage the numerous and let the weak engage the strong. And he does not select soldiers perfectly. It is called desertion. The above mentioned six points are all the reasons for losing the war. It is the greatest duty for commanders to study them carefully after taking up post.



3．夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵製勝，計險易、遠近，上將之道也。知此而用戰者必勝，不知此而用戰者必敗。



《注釋》

1．料敵：預見foresee.

2．上將之道：高明的將帥必須遵循的法則。高明：brilliant, bright ,clever, superior.高明的見解：brilliant （or bright） idea.高明的辦法：clever way.高明的技術：superior （or advanced） skill. 比別人高明：superior to other people; cleverer than other people; smarter than other people. 另請高明：I suggest you get someone better qualified.



《白話》

地形是作戰的輔助條件。判斷敵情以克敵製勝，考察地形險易，計算路途遠近，這是高明將帥的用兵法則。明白這一點，作戰必勝；不明白這一點，作戰必敗。



《英譯》

In a conflict, terrain is a supplementary condition. Foresee the opponent’s situation so as to defeat the opponent and win the victory. Observe the terrain to find out whether it is precipitous or easy. Calculate the distance to find out whether it is far or near. All these are the rules for smart commanders to go by. Those who fully know these rules and then execute them will certainly win. Or they will certainly lose.



4．故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。故進不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利合於主，國之寶也。



《注釋》

1．戰道：作戰的法則rule for engaging a war.

2．利合於主：符合君主的利益tally with the basic interests of the lord.

符合：conform to, tally with, accord with, be in keeping with, agree with.注意：tally with強調互相一致；accord with強調互相適合。其餘各次均兼有二義。他的話符合事實。What he says tallies （agrees） with facts. 符合人民的利益：accord with （be in keeping with）the interests of the people. 符合國家政策：be in line with the national policy. 符合標準：be up to the standard.



《白話》

根據一般作戰規律，如有必勝把握，即使國君不讓打，也可以堅決打；但根據一般作戰規律，沒有必勝把握，即使國君要打，也可以不打。因此，進攻不求名，退兵不避罪，隻求保全民眾，符合國君根本利益，這樣的將帥才堪稱國寶。



《英譯》

According to the general rules in war time, so long as you have full confidence in your victory, you can make challenge resolutely even if the lord does not let you fight. Yet, again, according to the general rules in war time, so long as you don’t have full confidence in your victory, you can refuse to make challenge even if the lord orders you to fight. Therefore, making challenge not to seek fame and retreating not to evade blames, you do everything only for securing the masses and tallying what you do with the basic interests of the lord. Only this sort of generals can be considered as national treasures.



5．視卒如嬰兒，故可與之赴深蹊；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。



《注釋》

1．蹊: 讀“西”，小路path.如司馬遷在《史記》中評價李廣將軍時說：桃李不言，下自成蹊。是說李廣品德高尚，如同桃李芬芳，雖然不說話，但人們紛紛前往欣賞，以致樹下麵的地上，日久天長，都走出小路了。此處指溪穀valley.

2．厚：厚待，指縱容遷就indulge.

3．驕子：受溺愛而變壞的孩子。嬌生慣養spoil.



《白話》

將士兵視同嬰兒，就可以和他們共患難；將士兵視同愛子，就可以和他們同生死。但一味厚養而不能使喚，一味寵愛而不能指揮，違法亂紀而不能整治，那就有如同嬌生慣養的孩子，不能用。



《英譯》

Regarding soldiers as babies, commanders can go with them into the deepest valleys.

Regarding soldiers as offspring, commanders can share life and death with them. Yet, if they are always indulged but cannot be employed, if they are always doted on but cannot be directed, if they always violate the law and discipline but cannot be brought under control, they cannot be employed like spoiled children.



6．知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知地知天，勝乃可全。



《注釋》

1．可以擊：可以出擊able to confront.

2．不可以擊：易於失敗vulnerable，不堪一擊cannot stand（withstand） a single blow.

3．勝乃可全：大獲全勝gain a full （complete） victory; win a sweeping （crushing or overwhelming victory.



《白話》

隻知道自己的部隊能打，而不知道敵方是否不堪一擊，獲勝的可能隻有一半；隻知道敵方可以打，而不知道自己部隊是否不堪一擊，獲勝的可能也隻有一半；知道敵方可以打，也知道自己部隊能打，但不知道地形不利於作戰，獲勝的可能也隻有一半。所以，會打仗的人，行動不迷不惑，措施無窮無盡。因此說，了解對方，也了解自己，就能確保勝利；如果再了解天時地利，就能大獲全勝。



《英譯》

Those who only know their own team is able to confront but do not know if the opponent team is vulnerable are but halfway to triumph. Those who only know the opponent team is able to confront but do not know if their own team is vulnerable are also but halfway to triumph. Those who only know the opponent team is able to confront and their own team is also able to confront but do not know the terrain is disadvantageous are also but half way to triumph. So those who are skilled in war are not puzzling in action but able to verify all sorts of measures. Therefore, those who well know both themselves and the opponent can secure triumph. If they also know something about favorable climate and geographical positions, they can gain a full victory.



九地篇第十一



Eographic Situations



1．孫子曰：用兵之法：有散地，有輕地，有爭地、有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地，為散地。入人之地而不深者，為輕地。我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭地。我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地。諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下之眾者，為衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地。行山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為圮地。所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之眾者，為圍地。疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。



《注釋》

1．散地：懶散之地，簡稱“散地”idle.

2．交地：可通過談判搞交際之地，簡稱“交地”negotiable.

3．衢地：讀“渠”，大道。各方通行的交通要道，簡稱“衢地”intersecting.

4．沮澤：江河湖汊，水網縱橫crisscross waterways.

5．圮地：讀受阻之地，簡稱“圮地”obstructed.



《白話》

孫子說：按照用兵的一般法則，戰地狀況可分為九種：散地、輕地、爭地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、圍地、死地。在我境內作戰的，叫散地。進入敵境不遠之處作戰的，叫輕地。我軍占領對我有利，敵軍占領也對敵有利的，叫爭地。我軍可以去，而敵軍也可以來的，叫交地。有多國交界，先到就能贏得多數諸侯支持的，叫衢地。深入敵境，背後城邑已經很多的，叫重地。山高林密、充滿艱難險阻、水網縱橫，凡難以通行的，叫圮地。進軍之路狹隘，回歸之路迂遠，敵方可以少擊眾的，叫圍地。疾速進戰就可以存活，不疾速進戰就可能敗亡的，叫死地。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: generally, according to the art of war, battlefields can be sorted into nine categories, namely, idle area, simple area, competitive area, negotiable area, intersecting area, serious area, obstructed area, surrounded area, and desperate area. Idle area means that we engage a war within our own territory, the situation is idle. Simple area means that we engage a war when we have not yet deeply penetrated the opponent’s territory. Competitive area means that it is to our advantage if we occupy it and at the same time it is also to the opponent’s advantage if the opponent occupies it. Negotiable area means that we can go there and the opponent can come from there, too. Intersecting area means that there is a boundary line linking many countries and those who arrive there first can win support from many lords. Serious area means that we have deeply penetrated the opponent’s territory with many fortifications behind. Obstructed area means that there are many high mountains and dense forests with difficulties and dangers as well as crisscross waterways. As a result, it is too difficult to be penetrated. Surrounded area means that the routes for advancing are too narrow but the routes for retreating are too devious and distant. And the opponent can fight against the numerous by the few. Desperate area means that so long as you make challenge quickly you can survive, otherwise, you will be defeated.



2． 是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻，交地則無絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，圮地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰。



《注釋》

1．合交:注意交際。交際social intercourse, communication.他善於交際。He is a good mixer. 或He is socially active.忙於交際：busy with social activities.

2．掠：掠奪，掠取rob, plunder, pillage, loot.注意：rob指一般的搶劫；plunder, pillage, loot都常指大規模掠奪，尤其指戰爭中的掠奪，其中plunder為通用詞，pillage比較正式而少用；loot則指匆忙地、無組織地，甚至毫無目的地盜竊或掠取。掠奪他人財：rob somebody of his money.掠奪殖民地人民：plunder the people of the colonial countries. 掠奪他國的資源：plunder other countries of their resources; plunder the resources of other countries.一群暴徒砸碎商店櫥窗，把陳列品都搶走了。A gang of ruffians broke store windows and looted the displays.



《白話》

因此，散地內不宜作戰；輕地內不宜停留；爭地內不宜進攻；交地內不宜斷敵通道；衢地內要注意交際；重地內憑借強掠；圮地內要迅速通過；圍地內要設計脫困；死地內要奮戰求生。



《英譯》

Therefore, it is improper to fight in idle area; it is improper to stay in simple area; it is improper to launch attack in competitive area; it is improper to cut off opponent’s passageway in negotiable area; communication must be paid attention to in intersecting area; forcibly plundering is necessary in serious area; passing through quickly is necessary in obstructed area; it is important to try to free oneself from predicaments; one must fight to remain alive in desperate area.



3．所謂古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合於利而動，不合於利而止。





《注釋》

1．不相及:脫鉤，脫節。

2．貴賤：官兵officers and soldiers； 聰明人和缺乏經驗的人talented and inexperienced.

3．兵合而不齊：勉強湊合在一起也雜亂無章。齊：deploy combat forces in tidy battle array.



《白話》

所謂古時善於用兵打仗的人，能使敵方前後脫節，大兵團不能和小部隊協同依持，官兵不能相互救援，上下不能收攏，士兵離散不能集中，集中不能齊整。總之，有利則打，不利則停。



《英譯》

The ancient people who were skilled in fighting could make the front and the rear of the opponent divorced from each other, could make the numerous and the few unable to support each other; could make the numerous and the few unable to rely on each other; could make officers and soldiers unable to rescue each other; could make the superior and inferior unable to drawn in; could make soldiers separated but unable to gather; could make soldiers unable to deploy combat forces in tidy battle array. In a word, with unity, it is advantageous to move; without unity, it is advantageous to stop.



4．敢問：敵眾整而將來，待之若何？曰：先奪其所愛，則聽矣。



《注釋》

1．眾整：人多勢眾overwhelming with numerical strength

2．奪其所愛：奪seize. 其實含消滅之義，因此可以翻譯成wipe out. 所愛:最依賴、最依戀、最器重的deepest attachment.



《白話》

請問：“若敵方人多勢眾前來進攻，該如何應對呢？”回答是：“先消滅敵方最器重的部隊，它就會聽從我方擺布。”



《英譯》

Venture to ask: “What if the opponents come to fight by means of overwhelming with numerical strength?” I say: “Wipe out their deepest attachment and they will comply.”



5．兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。



《注釋》

1．不及：猝不及防caught off guard.

2．不虞：沒有準備.

3．不戒：疏於防範neglect taking precautions. 疏於職守be negligent of one’s duties.



《白話》

用兵打仗主要依靠快速，乘敵猝不及防，沿著其意想不到路線，攻擊其疏於防備之處。



《英譯》

In conflicts, high-speed presides over everything. Let the opponent caught off guard and take the route to the opponent’s surprise and attack where the opponent neglects taking precautions.



6．凡為客之道：深入則專，主人不克；掠於饒野，三軍足食；謹養而勿勞，並氣積力；運兵計謀，為不可測。



《注釋》

1．掠: 此處特指搜集征收糧秣，因此用forage.

2．不可測：高深莫測too deep （or profound） to fathom; to be unfathomable.高深的學識：profound（or deep） knowledge.學問高深的人：a person of profound learning.高深的造詣：high attainment.造詣高深的音樂家：a highly accomplished musician.



《白話》

進入敵國作戰的一般原則是：深入敵境，集中兵力，我方就不可戰勝；在敵方富饒的鄉村抄掠，全軍就會糧草充足；要切實注意部隊的保養而不要勞頓，以增強士氣，養精蓄銳，部署兵力，巧設計謀，使敵方感到我方高深莫測。



《英譯》

Generally, the strategy of adventures in territory of the opponent is as follows. Focusing strength after penetrating, we shall be invincible. Foraging in the abundant countryside, the entire force will have sufficient food. Take good care of the troops’ health and don’t let them tired so that to let their strength of spirit merge and accumulate. While deploying forces, skillfully hatch up a plot in order to make opponent feels that we are too deep to fathom.



7．投之無所往，死且不北；死，焉不得士人盡力？兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固, 深入則拘，不得已則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死無所之。



《注釋》

1．戒：戒備guard; be on the alert; keep a sharp lookout （for）; take a keen lookout （for）.戒備森嚴：Be heavily guarded. 時刻戒備： Be always on the alert; keep a sharp lookout all the time.

2．拘：拘束，束手束腳timid and hesitant.

3．禁祥去疑: 禁止迷信，禁止妖言惑眾。禁止：forbid; prohibit; ban.禁止某人做某事：forbid someone to do something; prohibit someone from doing something.注意：forbid比較隨便，常用於個人關係之間的禁止；prohibit比較正式，一般用於以法律或命令的禁止；ban指用命令禁止，常用於文學藝術作品的禁止出版或上演。另請注意一些標語警示的靈活用法。禁止拍照。Cameras are forbidden. 禁止停車。Parking forbidden! （No parking!）禁止入內。No admittance.禁止通行。No thoroughfare.

4．至死無所之：至死不敗退。敗退：retreat in defeat; be defeated and retreat. 節節敗退：crumble and retreat in one defeat after another.



《白話》

將部眾置於無路可走的絕境，他們就會誓死不敗；誓死如歸，將士哪能不奮力作戰呢？深陷危境，士兵就毫不恐懼；走投無路，士兵就心專誌固，不會動搖；深入重地，就會束手束腳，迫不得已才會拚命死戰。所以，這樣的軍隊不經調教就會自行戒備；不用要求就能積極完成任務；無需約束就能親和團結；不待號令就能信服；禁止妖祥迷信，消除惑人之談，他們就至死也不會敗退。



《英譯》

Driven into a dilemma whereat there is no way out, soldiers will swear to die rather than to be defeated. If they regard death as if they were returning home, how can they refuse to fight bravely? Located in a dangerous area, soldiers will fear nothing. If there is no way out for them, they will concentrate their attention and will not move. Located in a serious area, they will be timid and hesitant. Only feeling that there is no alternative, can they wage a life-and-death battle. Therefore, this sort of troops can be on the alert voluntarily without being taught and trained, can actively accomplish their tasks without being requested, can have a close relationship with others and unite them without being bound by discipline, can be convinced without being ordered, can refuse superstition and forbid others to spread fallacies to mislead people. If so, they will not retreat in defeat onto death.



8．吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘命，非惡壽也。令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者涕交頤。投之無所往者，諸、劌之勇也。



《注釋》

1．專諸：春秋末吳國棠邑人。刺客，以勇義聞名。

2．曹劌:讀“貴”，春秋時期魯國人。他曾準備去見魯莊公，要求參加抗齊的戰爭。有人勸曹劌說：“國家大事，有當大官的操心，您何必去插手呢？” 曹劌說：“當大官的目光短淺，不能深謀遠慮。”於是進宮廷去見莊公



《白話》

我軍將士沒有多餘的錢財，並不是厭惡財物；他們戰死沙場，並不是不想長命百歲。當作戰命令發布之日，士兵們坐著的淚灑衣襟，仰臥的淚流滿麵。將他們置於無路可走的絕境，就會像專諸和曹劌那樣勇敢殺敵。



《英譯》

Our officers and soldiers do not have superfluous money but it does not mean that they are disgusted with money. They fight to their last breath in battlefields but it does not mean that they do not want to live longer. On the day when orders are issued to fight, those soldiers sat there with tears watering their clothes while other soldiers laid there with tears streaming down their cheeks. Driving them into a desperate situation, they will bravely fight against enemies as Zhuan Zhu and Cao Gui.



9．故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也, 擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問：“兵可使如率然乎？”曰：“可。”夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟遇風，其相救也如左右手。是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也；齊勇若一，政之道也；剛柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。



《注釋》

1．方馬埋輪：把戰馬鏈接成陣，掉車輪。

2．政之道：治理軍隊的道理。治理：管理govern, administer; 控製control, bring something under control.治理國家administer a country. 治理河流bring waters under control. 治理軍隊administer the army. 但治理軍隊強調控製，因此用army-controlling比較恰當。

3．剛柔：地勢險峻或一馬平川。險峻precipitous. 一馬平川flat lands.



《白話》

善於指揮作戰的人，其部隊就像率然一樣。率然是恒山的一種蛇，打它的頭部，尾部就來救應；打它的尾部，頭部就來救應；打它的腹部，頭部和尾部都來救應。請問：“可以使軍隊像率然那樣嗎？”回答是：“可以。”吳國人和越國人雖彼此相互仇視，但當他們同舟共濟時，相互救援就如同人的左右手。因此，並聯戰馬和掩埋車輪來表示陣法的嚴整和穩固是靠不住的；能使三軍將士同心協力，英勇頑強，才是治軍的原則。地形無論險易都能充分利用，這是掌握地理條件的原則。所以，善於用兵打仗的人，能使三軍將士攜手團結宛如一人，這也是不得已而為之。



《英譯》

Those who are good at executing art of war are like Shuai Ran. Shuai Ran is a sort of snake in Changshan Mountains. Hit in its head, its tail will come. Hit in its tail, its head will come. Hit it mid part, both its head and its tail come. Venture to ask,“Can we deploy forces like Shuai Ran?”I say, “Yes.” Although the people of Wu and Yue hate each other, yet they help each other in distress like left hand and right hand. Therefore, it is not reliable to link battle horses together and bury the wheels of four-horse vehicles so as to indicate the tidiness and stability of their battle array. Only letting all officers and soldiers of the entire force unite as one is the very basic principle of army controlling. All terrains can be utilized no matter they are precipitous or flat. It is the principle to master the features of terrain. Therefore, those who are skilled in executing art of war have the ability to unite the entire force as one. But they have no choice but to do this after all.



10．將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知；易其事，革其謀，使人無識；易其居，迂其途，使人不得慮。帥與之期，如登高而去其梯，帥與之深入諸侯之地而發其機, 焚舟破釜，若驅群羊，驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之眾，投之於險，此謂將軍之事也。九地之變，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察也。



《注釋》

1．靜以幽：冷靜深思be calm and think deeply about something.

2．易其事，革其謀: 易事革謀，事情和謀略經常變動。

3．易其居：換防relieve a garrison, garrison relief.

4．機：命令。

5．破釜沉舟：可引申翻譯成“置之於困境”drive someone into a predicament.困境：difficult position, plight, dilemma, predicament.擺脫困境：extricate oneself from a difficult position （or dilemma）.



《白話》

作為統帥，要冷靜深思，考慮治軍之策。要能蒙蔽士兵耳目，不讓他們知道軍政大事；臨時變動，隨時更改計劃，令人無從得知；經常換防，故意繞道行軍，令人難以捉摸。對部眾下達命令，就如同登高而抽掉梯子那樣切斷後路。將帥統率部隊深入敵國而發出戰鬥命令，就要破釜沉舟，像驅趕羊群，驅過來，趕過去，不知究竟要到哪裏去。聚攏三軍部眾，將其置於險境，這就是統帥的要務。地理環境變化，攻防策略，人情世故，將帥不可不考察。



《英譯》

A commander should always be calm and good at thinking deeply about something so as to focus his attention on the policies of army-controlling. He should hoodwink soldiers lest they should know the major events in the army. Plans should be changed at any time lest anyone should know the truth. Garrison relief should frequently be done and forces should make detours so as to make things unfathomable. When issuing orders to subordinates, he should cut off the route of retreat like taking the ladder away during a height-climbing. When leading the troops to penetrate into the enemy’s area and issuing combat orders, he should direct them to go and come busily just like driving sheep lest they should know where they should go. After gather the entire force together, he should drive them into a dangerous situation. This is the major task of a commander. As for the matters such as the changes of situations, the tactics of defense and offense, the ways of the world, a commander must observe them carefully.



11．凡為客之道，深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也。 四達者，衢地也。入深者，重地也。入淺者，輕地也。背固前隘者，圍地也。無所往者，死地也。



《注釋》

1．專：專心致誌concentrate one’s attention..

2．散：精力渙散，分心divert one’s attention; distract. 家務使他分心。Household chores distract him from work.



《白話》

客場作戰的一般規律是：深入敵境，部眾就專心致誌；淺入敵境，部隊就人心渙散。離開本國進入敵境作戰的，就是絕地。四通八地的，是衢地。深入敵境的，是重地。淺入敵境的，是輕地。背後險固而麵前受阻的，是圍地。走投無路的，是死地。



《英譯》

Generally, the strategies for adventures in the enemy’s area is that deep penetrations make troops concentrate their attention while superficial penetrations divert their attention. Those who leave their own country and penetrate into the enemy’s area to fight are in desperate situation. The area accessible from all directions is an intersecting situation. The area whereat deep penetration can be made is a serious situation. The area whereat superficial penetration can be made is a simple situation. The area which rear is precipitous and which front is blocked is a surrounded situation. The area whereat there is no way out is a desperate situation.



12．是故散地，吾將一其誌；輕地，吾將使之屬；爭地，吾將趨其後；交地，吾將謹其守；衢地，吾將固其結；重地，吾將繼其食；圮地，吾將進其途；圍地，吾將塞其闕；死地，吾將示之以不活。故兵之情，圍則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。



《注釋》

1．過則從：陷入困境就言聽計從。陷入困境：find oneself in a difficult position.言聽計從：take somebody’s advice readily; be always ready to accept somebody’s advice; have complete faith in somebody.

2．兵之情: 兵的心理狀態mental state.



《白話》

所以，散地內要使部隊專心致誌；輕地內要使部隊急速行進；爭地內要使落後者快速跟進；交地內要謹慎防守；衢地內，要加強與別國的交往；重地內要掠敵求食；圮地內要趕快通過；圍地內，要堵塞缺口；死地內要顯示必死的決心。部隊心理狀況就是：遭圍困要想抵抗；迫不得已要決一死戰；深陷危境，就會言聽計從。



《英譯》

So in idle area, commanders should try to make troops concentrate their attention. In simple area, they should make troops advance quickly. In competitive area, they should urge those who lagged behind to catch up with the people ahead of them. In negotiable area, they should cautiously hold their position. In intersecting area, they should strengthen their association with other countries. In serious area, they should forage so as to secure their provisions. In obstructed area, they should pass through quickly. In surrounded area, they should stop gaps. In desperate area, they should show the determination to die. The mental state of the troops is that they should attempt to resist when besieged; they should wage a life-and-death struggle when there is other choice; they will have complete faith in the commanders when they find them in a dangerous situation.



13．是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。四五者, 不知一，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚；威加於敵，則其交不得合。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加於敵，故其城可拔，其國可隳。



《注釋》

1．四五者：四加五，等於九。

2．霸王之兵：超強之兵superior force. 這裏指超強的統帥。

3．眾不得聚：兵數不能增長。

4．交不得合：盟國不能策應。策應：move in coordination with; act in concert with.

5．信己之私: 相信自己。

6．隳：同墮，讀“灰”，毀滅ruin, destroy.



《白話》

因此不了解諸侯的戰略意圖，就不能去結交；不熟悉山林、險阻、沼澤等地理環境，就不能行軍；不用當地向導，就不能得地利。如上九個方麵的事，如果有一項不知道，就不能算是“霸王之兵”。所謂“霸王之兵”，討伐大國時能使阻止敵方兵力增多；把兵威強加給敵方，能使其無法得到盟國的配合策應。所以，即使不爭著與天下諸侯結交，也不在天下諸侯間蓄養自己的權勢，隻要相信自己，隻要把兵威強加於敵，就可以攻克其城邑，毀滅其國家。



《英譯》

Therefore, if you do not know the strategic plans of other lords you should not to associate with them; if you are not familiar with the conditions of mountains and forests, dangers and difficulties, mashes and waterways, you should not move your forces; if you do not use local guides, you cannot benefit from the geographic advantages. As far as the above mentioned nine items are concerned, even if there is only one item you do not well know, you cannot be considered as a superior commander. As a superior commander, in attacks on large countries, you should be able to prevent the numbers of their troops from growing. You should force your high prestige on the opponents so that their ally cannot act in concert with them. So, even if you neither want to associate with other lords nor attempt to accumulate power and influence among the lords of the world, you can still uproot their fortifications and ruin their countries so long as you are firmly convince in yourself and impress your military prestige on your opponents.



14．施無法之賞，懸無政之令，犯三軍之眾，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷於害，然後能為勝敗。



《注釋》

1．無法之賞：不必顧及原則頒發獎賞。

2．無政之令：不必顧及政治下達法令。

3．犯三軍之眾: 犯：行使、利用、役使wield，此處引申為指揮。

4．犯之以事：讓他們做事。

5．犯之以利：讓他們爭取有利條件。

6．勿告以害：不告訴他們不利後果。

7．陷於害：陷於危險境地。



《白話》

不必考慮原則而頒獎，不必考慮政治而下令。指揮全軍如同指使一個人。隻讓他們做事，不向他們說明；隻讓他們去爭取有利條件，而不告訴他們其中的危害。把他們投入困境，他們就會拚命求活；置他們於死地，他們反而會死裏求生。軍隊陷於危難之地，反而能轉敗為勝。



《英譯》

Grant rewards without regarding principles, and issue orders without regarding politics. Wield the entire force like one person. Wield them to do without telling them why. Wield them to achieve advantages without telling them the disadvantages. Force them to thrust into perilous areas, they will seek to survive. Drive them into desperate areas they will do their upmost to live. Located in dangerous situations, they can turn defeat into victory instead.



15．故為兵之事，在於佯順敵之意，並敵一向，千裏殺將。此謂巧能成事者也。



《注釋》

1．佯順：假裝順從pretend to to.

2．並敵一向：並，集中兵力。一向，一點。即，集中兵力，攻敵一點。



《白話》

所以，用兵打仗這種事，關鍵在於假裝順從敵人的意圖，然後集中兵力，攻敵一點,千裏奔襲，擒殺敵將。這就是所說的妙計能成大事。



《英譯》

So, when executing art of war, the key problem is to pretend to to the opponent’s attempt and then concentrate forces to attack on one point of the opponent. Even if go a thousand miles, the opponent’s commander must be captured. This is called clever plans can accomplish great cause.



16．是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使，厲於廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期，踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是故，始如處女，敵人開戶，後如脫兔，敵不及拒。



《注釋》

1．政舉：開戰。

2．夷關：封鎖關口。

3．厲於廊廟之上：在廟堂上召開誓師大會，激勵士氣。

4．誅其事：商討此事。

5．開闔：開口，指有可乘之機。

6．先其所愛：先攻擊敵方最受器重，最有指望的部隊。

7．微與之期：不與敵方約定打戰日期。

8．踐墨：打破陳規。



《白話》

因此，開戰之日，要關口封鎖，通行證作廢，不與敵國使節往來。在廟堂誓師，以勵三軍，商討戰爭決策。敵方一旦打開城門，必須迅速攻入，搶先消滅其最受器重的部隊，而不必約期會戰。無須墨守成規，計劃要因敵而變，以決定作戰方針。所以，開始如處女；敵方開戰後，須像脫網之兔那樣迅速行動，使敵方猝不及防。



《英譯》

So on the day to wage a war, we should close the outside, void the passes and cut off contact with envoys of the opponent. An oath-taking rally should be held in the temple to give a boost to the moral of the entire force. Those at headquarters should carefully discuss the strategies. Once the opponent opens a doorway, we should rapidly penetrate it and try to be the first to wipe out the opponent’s deepest attachments. In conflicts, it is unnecessary to make an appointment with the opponent. It is unnecessary to cling to established practices. Plans should be changed according to the opponent’s situation so as to decide the strategies. Therefore, at the beginning, our force must be quiet as virgins. Once the opponent opens fire, our force must take swift actions as rabbits free from net. Hence the opponent will be caught off guard.



火攻篇第十二

Chapter Twelve: Fiery Attack



1．孫子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，五曰火隊。



《注釋》

1．人：人馬，指部隊forces.

2．積:糧草provisions.

3．輜：武器weapon, weaponry （總體而言）。

4．隊：隻車隊，此處指運輸transport.



《白話》

孫子說：一般來說，火攻形式有五種：一是燒人馬；二是燒糧草；三是燒兵器；四是燒其倉庫；五是燒車隊。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: generally speaking, there are five fiery attacks: the first is fire in forces; the second is fire in provisions; the third is fire in weaponry; the fourth is fire in treasury; the fifth is fire in transport.



2．行火必有因，煙火必素具。發火有時，起火有日。時者，天之燥也；日者，月在箕、壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者，風起之日也。



《注釋》

1．行火必有因，煙火必素具：漢簡本作“火有因，因必素具”，“火”前殘缺一字，推測為“行”字。因此“行火必有因，因必素具”似乎更為合理。“行火”，火攻。“因”指引火之物tinder.“素具”是說平時做準備。“素”，平時peacetime.

2．發火：放火set fire.

3．起火：點火light, kindle, ignite.

5．箕、壁、翼、軫: 二十八宿之四。我國古代天文學家把天空中可見的星分成二十八組，叫做二十八宿，東西南北四方各七宿。照此看來，每一組叫一宿，而每一宿，就是一個star group.



《白話》

火攻必有引火物，平時就要準備。放火要有定時，點火要有定日。定時是指氣候幹燥；定日是指月球行經箕、壁、翼、軫四個星座的日期。月球行經這四個星座時，就是風起的日子。



《英譯》

In fiery attacks, tinder is needed when kindling and tinder must be well prepared in peacetime. Setting fire needs a regular time; kindling needs a regular day. Regular time means weather is dry. Regular day means the day when moon goes among the following four star-groups, namely, Qi, Bi, Yi and Zhen. And on this day, a wind starts.



3．凡火攻，必因五火之變而應之。火發於內，則早應之於外。火發而其兵靜者，待而勿攻；極其火力，可從而從之，不可從而止。火可發於外，無待於內，以時發之。火發上風，無攻下風。晝風久，夜風止。凡軍必知有五火之變，以數守之。



《注釋》

1．極其火力：火勢已盡the fire comes to an end.

2．從：攻attack.

3．以時：根據時機opportunity.

4．以數守之：即按火攻應遵循的自然規律把握火攻的時機。杜牧注曰：“須算星躔之數，守風起日，乃可發火，不可偶然而為之。”



《白話》

凡是火攻，必須根據五種火攻的變化做出反應。在敵方內部放火，須及早從外邊接應；火已燒起，敵方仍保持安靜，要等待，不要進攻；等火勢已盡，可攻就攻，不可攻就停。也可從外麵放火，不必等待內應，可根據時間而定。火要在上風點，敵不可從下風攻。白天風刮久了，夜間就會停。指揮軍隊作戰，必須知道五種火攻的變化，一旦時機成熟，便可施行火攻。



《英譯》

In fiery attacks, you should respond to the five changes. When setting fire within the opponent’s camp, you should support with coordinated actions from outside at an early time. If the opponent keeps quiet after the fire start bursting, you should wait without attacking. Whenever the fire comes to an end, you should take actions accordingly, namely, if possible, you can attack, if impossible, you can stop. You can also set fire from outside. It is unnecessary to wait for coordinated actions from within. You can take actions according to opportunities. The fire must be set on the windward side and you can not attack on the opponent from the leeward. If a wind blows for a long time in the day time, it will stop at night. When commanding a battle, commanders must know these five changes about fiery attacks. Once the time is ripe, a fiery attack can be launched.



4．故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強；水可以絕，不可以奪。



《注釋》

1．絕：阻擋，阻擾。

2．奪：滅掉annihilate, wipe out, exterminate.



《白話》

因此，以火輔助進攻，手段高明；以水輔助進攻，攻勢強勁。但水隻能阻敵，不能滅敵。



《英譯》

So, taking fiery attack as supplementary means, the tactic is wise; taking water attack as supplementary means, the momentum is tremendous. Yet, water attack can only block the opponent but cannot wipe them out.



5．夫戰勝攻取，而不修其功者凶，命曰費留。故曰：明主慮之，良將修之，非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。主不可以怒而興師，將不可以慍而致戰；合於利而動，不合於利而止。怒可以複喜，慍可以複悅，亡國不可以複存，死者不可以複生。故明君慎之，良將警之，此安國全軍之道也。



《注釋》

1.修其功：考慮起功效，考慮其後果。 修，考慮。

2．凶：不吉利，危險misfortune.

3.費留：費留：財貨耗費致使部隊滯留，即，勞民傷財fatigue the people and drain the resources.



《白話》

隻顧開戰獲勝，進攻奪取，但不考慮後果就會凶多吉少，而這也正是所謂的勞民傷財。因此說，對這件事，明智的國君要慎重考慮，賢良的將帥要認真對待。不能有利不要行動；不能有得不要用兵；不到危在旦夕不要開戰。國君不可因一時的怨怒而開戰，將帥不可因一時的惱怒而出征。合乎國家利益就行動，不合就停。怨怒可變成喜悅，惱怒可變成快樂，但國家滅亡，不能複存，人死不能複生。所以，明智的國君要慎重，賢良的將帥要警惕，這是安定國家和保全軍隊的原則。



《英譯》

It is a misfortune that commanders only challenge to win and attack to take yet without thinking about the effects. And this is called “fatigue the people and drain the resources”. Therefore, as far as warfare is concerned, wise lords should cautiously think about it and clever commanders should carefully treat it. If you cannot get advantages, then do not move. If you cannot gain anything, then do not resort to arms. It is not extra-urgent, then do not wage war. The lord should not wage war just because of resentment. The commander should not leave home for the battlefront only because of anger. If it conforms to the benefits of the sate, then move. Otherwise, just stop. Resentment can be turned into joy and anger can be turned into happiness. But if a country perished then it cannot exist again. If a person died then he cannot revive. So a wise lord should always be cautious and a good commander should be vigilant. This is the principle to stabilize a country and save an army.



用間篇第十三



Chapter Thirteen: the Use of Intelligence



1．孫子曰：凡興師十萬，出征千裏，百姓之費，公家之奉，日費千金。內外騷動，怠於道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也，非民之將也，非主之佐也，非勝之主也。故明君賢將，所以動而勝人，成功出於眾者，先知也。先知者，不可取於鬼神，不可象於事，不可驗於度，必取於人，知敵之情者也。



《注釋》

1．興師：可作“派兵”解，send an army; dispatch troops. 興師動眾：drag in many people （to do something）.興師問罪：send a punitive expedition. 此外還可以作“征兵”解raise a corps of a hundred thousand.

2．十萬：此處指“十萬大軍”，an army of a hundred thousand strong; a force of a hundred thousand men.

3．怠於道路：疲於奔命busy to run about.

4．不得操事：不能正常做事。

5．相守：守備be on garrison duty.守備部隊：garrison force.

6．象於事: 做事靠天象.。天象：astronomical （or celestial）phenomena.

7．驗於度：估計情況憑驗算。估計estimate, calculate. 驗算checking computations.



《白話》

孫子說：發兵十萬，出征千裏，全憑百姓的費用，公家的開支，每天耗資千金。內騷外亂，動蕩不安，百姓奔波勞碌，疲憊不堪，無法正常勞作，多達七十萬戶。守備數年，隻爭一時的勝利。隻愛官爵俸祿和金錢，不知敵情，就是最缺乏仁愛之心。這種人不配統帥三軍，不配輔佐國君，不能主宰勝利。明智的國君和賢能的將帥，一旦出兵就能克敵製勝，成功超出眾人，就是因為事先能夠摸清敵情。而預知敵情，不可祈求鬼神，做事不可靠天象，估計不可靠驗算，必須依靠人，也就是了解敵情的人。



《英譯》

Sun Tzu said: Sending an army of 100 thousand strong and covering a thousand miles for the battlefront, all military expenditure consumes the income of the masses and the property of the public. A thousand pieces of gold will be spent every day. Internal disorder and external turmoil with no stability made people tired out due to busily running about. There are as many as seven hundred thousand families whose members cannot work normally. Having been on garrison duty for several years, the army has fought only for a temporary victory. Those who only pay attention to official position, salary and money and only know enemy situation are mostly lack of benevolence. This sort of person is unworthy to be the commander of the entire force and the assistant of the lord. He cannot decide the victory at all. As for wise lords and clever commanders, once they dispatch an army, triumph will be ensured. Their successes are extraordinary. All these are because of that they are already well acquainted with enemy situation beforehand. When foreseeing enemy situation, foreknowledge cannot be obtained through spirits。 When doing something, astronomical phenomena can not be relied on. When estimating situations, simple computation-checking is unreliable. Everything must be done through men. That is to say, foreseeing enemy situation must be done by men.



2．故用間有五：有鄉間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。五間俱起，莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。鄉間者，因其鄉人而用之。內間者，因其官人而用之。反間者，因其敵間而用之。死間者，為誑事於外，令吾間知之，而傳於敵間也。生間者，反報也。



《注釋》

1．間：讀“建”。間諜intelligence.

2．俱起：都啟用。

3. 莫知其道：摸不著頭腦cannot make head or tail of something; cannot make anything out of something; be completely at loss about something.

4．神紀：神機妙算marvelous foresight; excellent calculation.

5．法寶magic weapon; talisman （複數：talismans）.



《白話》

可利用的間諜有五種，即：鄉間、內間、反間、死間、生間。五種間諜若都能利用起來，敵方對我就摸不著頭腦，這就是神機妙算，也是國君克敵製勝的法寶。所謂鄉間，是利用敵國鄉民做間諜；內間，是利用敵方官吏做間諜；反間，是利用敵方間諜做間諜；死間，是製造假情報在外麵張揚，故意讓潛伏在敵人內部的我方間諜知道，再傳給敵方間諜；生間，是潛入敵方偵察，再返回報告敵情。





《英譯》

There are five kinds of intelligence, namely, local intelligence, inside intelligence, counter intelligence, dead intelligence and living intelligence. If all these five sorts of intelligence can be fully used, the opponent cannot make anything out of us. This is called marvelous foresight. And this is also the magic weapon with which the lord wins victories. By local intelligence, it means taking a countryman as intelligence. By inside intelligence, it means taking an officer of the opponent as intelligence. By counter intelligence, it means taking opponent’s intelligence as intelligence. By dead intelligence, it means producing feign information and spreading it outside and deliberately letting our intelligence in the opponent country know and then telling the information to the opponent’s intelligence. By living intelligence, it means penetrating into the opponent for observation and then coming back to report the enemy’s situation.





3．故三軍之親，莫親於間，賞莫厚於間，事莫密於間。 非聖智不能用間，非仁義不能使間，非微妙不能得間之實。微哉！微哉！無所不用間也。



《白話》

所以，軍隊與他人的關係，沒有比與間諜更親密的；軍中的獎賞，沒有比對間諜更優厚的；軍中的事情，沒有比有關間諜更機密的。非聖賢智士不能利用間諜；非仁義之士不能使用間諜；不能精微透徹謀慮的人，不能獲得間諜的真實情報。微妙啊！微妙啊！沒有任何事情不可使用間諜的。



《注釋》

1．微妙：精微的謀略。



《白話》

Therefore, as for the army’s relations with others, the one with intelligence is the closest. As for reward in the army, the one given to intelligence is the most generous. As for military affairs, the one about intelligence is the most confidential. Those who are not sages and wise men cannot use intelligences; those who have no ideals cannot use intelligence. Those who have no meticulous strategic mentality cannot obtain real information from the intelligence. Wonderful! Wonderful! There is nothing in the word which cannot use intelligence.



4．間事未發而先聞者，間與所告者皆死。凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻，人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。必索敵人之間來間我者，因而利之，導而舍之，故反間可得而用也。因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也；因是而知之，故死間為誑事，可使告敵；因是而知之，故生間可使如期。五間之事，主必知之，知之必在於反間，故反間不可不厚也。



《注釋》

1．先聞：先有耳聞。即有人先泄露。泄露let out; reveal; disclose; betray（指無意中泄露）. 泄密let out a secret; disclose a secret; give away a secret; divulge a secret; divulge confidential information; divulge classified （美國說法）information.

2．開導：Enlighten; give guidance to; talk （somebody） around. 關於這一點，他的話開導了我。His words have enlightened me on this. 或者 He has straightened me out on this. 他善意地開導調皮學生。He gave friendly guidance to mischievous pupils.

3．誑事:假情報。

4．厚：厚待treat somebody generously.



《白話》

間諜事未做就先有人聽說，間諜及被告知秘密的人都得處死。一般來說，目標是攻擊一支部隊，或是攻取一處城邑，或是殺掉的敵人，就必須事先摸清守將、親信、訪客、門衛、門客的姓名，這就要叫我方間諜去探知。對於敵人派來刺探我方情報的間諜，也必須把他們搜查出來，並用重金引誘開導，然後再放他們回去。這樣，反間就可為我所用。情報因此可以得知，那麽，鄉間和內間就可為我所用；情報因此可以得知，那麽，死間就能將假情報傳給敵人；情報因此可以得知，那麽，生間也可定期反饋敵情。上述“五間”之事，國君必須親自過問並了解掌握五間的利用情況，而了解掌握“五間”的關鍵則在於反間。因此，反間不可或缺，並要加以利用。正是因為如此，反間不能不厚待。



《英譯》

If someone learns secrets before intelligence does anything, both the intelligence and those who are told the secrets will be killed. Generally, if the objective is to attack a corps, if the objective is to attack a fortified area, if the objective is to kill some persons, we should have foreknowledge about the names of commander in charge of defense, supporters, visitors, guards and supporters. And then intelligences should be sent to find out the relative information. As for the intelligences sent by the opponent to gather our military secrets, we should find out and then lure them with advantages, enlighten them and finally let them go back. Thus, the counter intelligences can be used by us. And information can be obtained. And then local intelligences and counter intelligences can be utilized. And information can be obtained. Then dead intelligences can pass the feign information to the opponent. And information can be obtained. Then living intelligence can feedback the information. As far as the above mentioned five sorts of intelligence are concerned, the lord should look into and well master the relative matters. The key problem of mastering these five sorts of intelligences lies in counter intelligence. Therefore, counter intelligence is indispensable and should be fully used. And therefore, counter intelligence must be generously treated.



5．昔殷之興也，伊摯在夏；周之興也，呂牙在殷。故惟明君賢將，能以上智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。



《注釋》

1．伊摯：伊尹名摯，是有莘氏在桑樹林拾到的棄兒，因其養母住在伊水邊上，所以以水為氏。伊尹雖然其貌不揚，但足智多謀，誌向遠大，當時夏王桀暴虐殘忍，民不聊生。伊尹看出夏朝氣數已盡，用現在的話說，就為商湯充當間諜，協助他取夏桀之位而代之。

2．呂牙：即呂尚，也就是薑尚。薑尚，名望，呂氏，字子牙，或單呼牙，也稱呂尚。又因是齊國始祖而稱“太公望”，俗稱薑太公。東海海濱人。西周初年，在殷朝輔佐周文王伐商。後輔佐周武王滅商。因功封於齊，成為周代齊國的始祖。他是中國曆史上最享盛名的政治家、軍事家和謀略家。



《白話》

從前，殷商的興起，要歸功於伊摯在夏助湯為間；西周的興起，要歸功於呂牙在殷助文王為間。所以，英明的國和賢能的將帥，凡能任用高智商者充當間諜的，必能成就大業。這是用兵作戰的關鍵，三軍就是依靠這些人來決定軍事行動的。



《英譯》

In ancient times, the rise of the Yin Dynasty should be attributed to Yi Zhi of the Xia Dynasty who acted as an inside intelligence to help Tang; the rise of the Zhou Dynasty should be attributed to Lu Ya of the Yin Dynasty who acted as an inside intelligence to help Wen Wang. Therefore, the brilliant lords and excellent generals who take the wisest men as intelligences will certainly accomplish great causes. This is the essence when waging wars. And when deciding strategies, the entire force does rely on these people for every move.



2010年8月2日新澤西