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《桃花源記 》詳譯詳解

(2009-06-28 05:44:27) 下一個

《桃花源記  - 陶淵明》詳譯詳解

 

 

 

      晉太元中,武陵人捕魚為業,緣溪行,忘路之遠近。忽逢桃花林,夾岸數百步,中無雜樹,芳草鮮美,落英繽紛,漁人甚異之。複前行,欲窮其林。

      林盡水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船從口入。初極狹,才通人,複行數十步,豁然開朗。土地平曠,屋舍儼然,有良田美池桑竹之屬。阡陌交通,雞犬相聞。其中往來種作,男女衣著,悉如外人。黃發垂髫,並怡然自樂。

      見漁人,乃大驚,問所從來。具答之。便要還家,設酒殺雞作食。村中聞有此人,鹹來問訊。自雲先世避秦時亂,率妻子邑人來此絕境,不複出焉,遂與外人間隔。問今是何世,乃不知有漢,無論魏晉。此人一一為具言所聞,皆歎惋。餘人各複延至其家,皆出酒食。停數日,辭去。此中人語雲: “不足為外人道也。”

      既出,得其船,便扶向路,處處誌之。及郡下,詣太守,說如此。太守即遣人隨其往,尋向所誌,遂迷,不複得路。

      南陽劉子驥,高尚士也,聞之,欣然規往,未果。尋病終。後遂無問津者。

 

 

白話:

 

      東晉太元年間,有個武陵人以捕魚為生。一天他沿著小溪劃船而行,忘了路程的遠近。忽然來到一片鮮花盛開的桃林前麵,桃林夾著小溪在兩岸伸展開來,長達幾百步,裏麵沒有別的樹,地上的香草鮮嫩美麗,樹上墜落的花瓣紛紛揚揚。漁人對眼前的美景感到十分驚異。再往前走,想穿過這片桃林。

      桃林在溪水的發源地到了頭,緊接著就出現一座山,山上有個小小的洞口,那兒似乎有光亮。漁人丟下船,從洞口進去。起初洞口很窄,隻容得下一人通過。他又走了幾十步,眼前突然開闊起來。這裏土地平坦開闊,房屋整齊有序,田地肥沃,池塘漂亮、桑竹之類雜以其間。田間小路縱橫交錯,四通八達,小村之間互相能聽到雞鳴狗叫。那兒的人你來我往,種田勞作,男男女女,穿裝打扮,完全和桃花源之外的人一樣。老老少少,一個個都悠閑愉快,自得其樂。

      一個桃花源中的人見到漁人,感到十分驚奇,問他從哪裏來。漁人對他的問題都做了回答。他就邀請漁人到他家去,置酒殺雞,準備飯菜。村裏人聽說有這麽一個人,就都來問這問那。他們自稱先輩為躲避秦朝的禍亂,就帶著妻子兒女和同鄉一起來到這個與世隔絕的地方,從那時起,他們就再也沒有沒有出去過,於是就和桃花源之外的人隔絕了。他們問現在是什麽朝代,居然不知道曾經有過漢朝,更不必說魏晉了。漁人把自己知道的事情一件一件詳詳細細地說出來,那些人聽後都感歎惋惜。隨後其他人也都分別邀請漁人到各自的家中,拿出酒和飯菜來招待他。漁人住幾天,就告辭離開。這裏的人對他說:"這兒的事不值得對桃花源外麵的人說啊。"

       漁人走出來,找到自己的船,就沿著舊路回去,一路上到處做標記作。回到郡上,拜見太守,把這些情況都做了匯報。太守立即派人跟他一起去尋找先前做過標記的地方,居然迷失了方向,再也沒有找到原來的路。

       南陽劉子驥,是一位清高的隱士,聽到這件事,就高高興興地計劃去一趟。不過他的計劃並沒有實現,不久他就病死了。後來就再也沒有打探此事的人了。

 

 

英譯:

 

During the middle period of Taiyuan years (AD 376 396) in Tang Dynasty there was a person in Wuling County who made a living by fishing. One day, he went boating along a stream, forgetting how far the way was. Suddenly he spotted a peach grove, several hundred square yards, sprawling along both banks and therefore making the stream sandwiched. Mixed no other trees, fragrant herbs are fresh and beautiful; f; in riotous profusion, falling petals embroider the grove with color. Rather astonished, the fisherman continuously rushed headlong attempting to reach the bottom.

 

Finally the grove ending at the source of the stream,, there appeared a hill with a cave which had a tiny mouth, seemingly a wisp of light flickering there. Leaving his boat outside, the fisherman got into the cave. Extremely narrow at the beginning, the cave allowed just one person to pass through. Yet, several decades of steps further, a vast panorama suddenly stretched before him. The lands were even and open. The houses were tidy and clear. The glory spot was pockmarked with plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like. Crisscrossing, paths in the fields were accessible from all directions. Cocks and dogs could be heard. Coming and going, men and women were busily cultivating the soil. They were all dressed just in the same fashion as outsiders. Both yellow-haired old ones and hanging-haired little ones were happy and contented.

 

Astonishing when seeing the fisherman, a native asked where he came from. He readily answered all his questions. The native invited him to his homes, then busily preparing wines, killing hens and cooking dishes. Heard of such a person and other villagers immediately came and asked questions enthusiastically. They said that their ancestors came to this secluded spot together with their families and fellow villagers to escape the great disorder in Qin Dynasty. From then on, they had never been out again and therefore secluded themselves from the world. Asking what dynasty it was, they should know nothing about Han Dynasty, let alone Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. The fisherman told what he knew to them who could not help having all sorts of feelings welling up in their minds. They also invited him to their home and served him with wines and foods. Staying here several days, he left. Someone said: “Here is not worthy mentioning to outsiders.”

 

Going out of the cave, he found his boat and made signs marks along the way back. Arriving in the county, he went to the magistrate and told him the whole story. The county magistrate dispatched some people to follow him and look for the place where he made signs. look for his marks. Yet, getting lost, they could not find the way again.

 

Learning this, Liu Ziji, a hermit of Nanyang, gladly planned to go. But he failed to realize his plan and soon died of an illness. From then on, there had been no one else to search for this mysterious spot.

 

 

—解析—

 

原文:

 

晉太元中,武陵人捕魚為業,緣溪行,忘路之遠近。忽逢桃花林,夾岸數百步,中無雜樹,芳草鮮美,落英繽紛,漁人甚異之。複前行,欲窮其林。

 

注釋:

 

1.晉太元中:太元,晉孝武帝司馬曜的年號,在公元376- 396年間。中,中葉。

2.武陵:晉朝時的郡名,在今湖南省常德縣境內。

3.緣:沿著。

 

 

白話:

 

      東晉太元年間,有個武陵人以打漁為生。一天他沿著小溪劃船而行,忘了路程的遠近。忽然來到一片鮮花盛開的桃林前麵,桃林夾著小溪在兩岸伸展開來,長達幾百步,裏麵沒有別的樹,地上的香草鮮嫩美麗,樹上墜落的花瓣紛紛揚揚。漁人對眼前的美景感到十分驚異。再往前走,想穿過這片桃林。

 

英譯:

 

During the middle period of Taiyuan years (AD 376 – 396) in Tang Dynasty there was a person in Wuling County who made a living by fishing. One day, he went boating along a stream, forgetting how far the way was. Suddenly he spotted a peach grove, several hundred square yards, sprawling along both banks and therefore making the stream sandwiched. Mixed no other trees, fragrant herbs are fresh and beautiful; in riotous profusion, falling petals embroider the grove with color. Rather astonished, the fisherman continuously rushed headlong attempting to reach the bottom.

 

譯解:

 

 

1.晉太元中。

其中的“晉”,屬於朝代。記得上學時,老師教的朝代口訣中就有“三國兩晉南北朝”之說,因此我翻譯成Jin Dynasty。而“太元”,則是晉孝武帝的年號,因此翻譯成Taiyuan years。至於“中”,意思很明顯是在“太元”年代的中期,說專業一些叫“中葉”,而中葉的英譯是 the middle period,因此“晉太元中”本該是During the middle period of Taiyuan years in Tang Dynasty,但考慮到外國人對中國的年號沒有概念,所以既照顧漢語讀者,又照顧英語讀者,我采取二者兼顧的方法,在英譯中以引號的形式添加人們熟悉的紀元年 (AD 376 – 396)加以解釋,恐怕這樣比較好。 於是,晉太元中才翻譯成During the middle period of Taiyuan years (AD 376 – 396) in Tang Dynasty,故此說明。

 

2.武陵人捕魚為業,緣溪行,忘路之遠近。

這句話本來是武陵人的一連串動作,但為了清晰起見,我先是說武陵有一位漁夫,之後再另起爐灶,說他的那一連串動作,這樣譯者譯起來輕鬆,讀者讀起來也容易。於是在有:there was a person in Wuling County who made a living by fishing. 其實“武陵人捕魚為業”就是“漁夫”,很簡單的一個單詞fisherman,也就是說完全可以譯成“there was a fisherman in Wuling County,但我考慮到忠實原文,以及行文語氣的需要,還是把這位漁夫直譯成 who made a living by fishing.

 

3.緣溪行,忘路之遠近。

原文中這兩個語段顯然是無主句,但由於現在是挑出來單獨翻譯,因此必須加上主語he,而他的兩個動作:“行”與“忘”,原文看上去是並列的行為,但為了使句式靈活多樣,我采取了“行”為主,“忘”為次的譯法,即前者用正式動詞,後者用現在分詞,因而譯成,he went boating along a stream, forgetting how far the way was. 為了表示時間概念,我添譯了One day, 從而使行文前後銜接緊密,免於突兀之感。

 

4.忽逢桃花林,夾岸數百步,中無雜樹,芳草鮮美,落英繽紛。

這一串美侖美奐的四字格,也是無主句。這在漢語中完全可以,尤其是根據前文,讀者絕對不會模糊。但在英語中,則很難做到都用無主句。其實仔細看來,這五個短句中,並不都是無主句,尤其後兩句,是明顯的主謂結構:“芳草(是)鮮美(的),落英(是五彩)繽紛(的)”。當然真正翻譯的時候,並不會完全拘泥於這個意思,因此句式也會發生很大變化。

      我翻譯時把前麵三句合成一組,包含兩個行為者,一是漁夫,二是桃林。其動作分別是:漁夫“看到”,桃林“夾岸”並(匍匐)數百步,其中的“匍匐”是隱形的動詞,翻譯是要將其置於光天化日之下。造句時主語好比衣領,謂語好比衣袖。二者搭配方成衣服。理清主謂結構的走勢,造句時即會得心應手。於是我的譯句就是:Suddenly he spotted a peach grove, several hundred square yards, sprawling along both banks and therefore making the stream sandwiched. 從譯文中可以看出,這上述的幾個動作中,我以漁夫的動作為主,他看到了桃林,而桃林的動作則是次動作,因此用現在分詞形式表示。桃林有兩個動作,二者似乎有些許因果關係,因此我在第二個動作making之前,添加了therefore,以顯示動作的層次感。

 

4.中無雜樹,芳草鮮美,落英繽紛。

本句采取簡單的直譯法。當然這三句中的主語有三個:雜樹、芳草、落英。這三個詞組都是偏正結構,也就是說主詞“樹、草、英(花)”前分別有修飾語“雜、芳、落”,前兩者是形容詞,後者則是動詞,翻譯時一般可采用動詞的現在分詞形式表達。我在這裏是這樣處理的。所謂“雜樹”就是其它的樹,因此我用了簡單的other trees, 為了傳達一些“雜”的韻味,我選添加了“混雜”之一,用的詞是mix,而時態語態則是過去分詞mixed,含被動之義,即“被混雜”其中。

     再說說草。在英文中草分各種不同的種類,因而含有不同的含義。一般來講,grass 是最通用的。還有weed,但二者的區別在於,前者是含褒義的,除了泛指草之外,還有人工種植的含義,而後者則是含貶義的雜草。比如花園裏,如果是grass, 則顯得可愛,要加以愛惜,而如果是weed,那就一定是在被鏟除之列。另外就是herb,草藥之草,則用此字,比如中草藥,則不能用grass, 而應該是Chinese herbal medicine. 而“香草”之類則要用herb,不信請查《新英漢詞典》,而“香草”即是這裏的“芳草”,拿來用就是了。當然,herb本身已含“芳”之義,但為了行文和語氣,添加了fragrant“芳香”一詞,但願沒有“疊床架屋”之嫌。

      而“落英繽紛”,我原來的譯文是:falling petals are in riotous profusion,參考了《實用漢英詞典》裏“落花有意,流水無情”:While the fallen petals yearn for love, the heartless brook babbles on.

      不過我又看到《我們的國家公園》第323頁裏有這樣的句子:From June to mid-August, wildflowers embroider the meadow with color. (從六月至八月中旬,野花以斑斕的色彩裝點著草地。)embroider是繡出花紋等。實在形象生動,美不勝收。於是就把原來略顯單薄的句子改成現在的in riotous profusion, falling petals embroider the grove with color. 效果顯然比原譯好得多。

      請注意,“落花”的“花”不要死譯成flower(花),因為仔細想起來,春花飄落時,其實飄落的隻是petal(花瓣),哪裏是整個的flower(花),美麗的花瓣隨著和煦的春風紛紛揚揚,美不勝收。而如果整個的花朵落下來,那該是何等蕭瑟失落。再說,除了遭到狂風暴雨的襲擊或者因病蟲害等原因枯萎死亡之外,哪裏會是整個花朵都飄落呢?因此要用“落英”是petal“瓣”,而不是flower“花”。再者,我選用的動詞“落”是現在分詞形式,這樣有動感,似乎正在紛紛而落,而不是早已落在地上的,如果早已落在地上,哪裏還有“繽紛”的意味?現在分詞falling體現的是過程,而過去分詞fallen體現的是結果,過程比結果生動,因此我才選用falling petals,至於“繽紛”in riotous profusionriotous,就是色彩繽紛,如The garden is riotous with colors. 花園裏色彩繽紛。則是“大量、充沛、豐富”之義。

 

5.漁人甚異之。複前行,欲窮其林。

這三個短句,第一個本來是前麵剩下來的,現在我把它和後麵的聯成一氣,以“漁人”為主語,一共三個動作:異之、前行,欲窮。在這三個動作中,我隻選擇“前行”為唯一的一個主動作,其它兩個動作分別置於句首與句尾,為呈現多樣化和靈活性,分別用過去分詞和現在分詞形式表達:Rather astonished, the fisherman continuously rushed headlong attempting to reach the bottom.

      “複前行”,原譯為went forward continuously,但我發現美國讀者文摘出版社出版的《我們的國家公園》(Our National Parks)第230頁中有如下的句子:Constantly replenished by frequent rains and melting snow, streams and rivers in the Olympic rush headlong from the heights to the sea, sometime making spectacular leaps along the way, like one at lovely Soleduck Falls. (由於頻繁的降雨和融化的積雪不斷地充實水量,奧林匹克公園裏的小溪與河流從高地向大海一往直前地奔向大海,有時就像索裏達克瀑布那樣,沿途還會奔騰跳躍,景象極為壯觀。)

      rush headlong(向前衝)借用此處,再貼切不過,正好可以表達漁夫那種在迫不及待地心情驅使之下,步履匆匆往前行走的心態和形態。別客氣,拿來使用就是了。相形之下,原來的went forward顯得多麽蒼白無力!

 

6.欲窮其林。

譯文是attempting to reach the bottom. “窮其林”就是走到林子的邊上,或說盡頭。我用

reach the bottom 到達桃林的邊緣。注意,其中的bottom在此不做“底部”解,而是指桃林的盡頭。如《新英漢詞典》第130頁有at the bottom of the garden在花園的盡頭。

 

 

原文:

 

林盡水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船從口入。初極狹,才通人,複行數十步,豁然開朗。土地平曠,屋舍儼然,有良田美池桑竹之屬。阡陌交通,雞犬相聞。其中往來種作,男女衣著,悉如外人。黃發垂髫,並怡然自樂。

 

注釋:

 

1.儼然:整齊的樣子。

2.阡陌:田間小道。南北走向的叫阡,東西走向的叫陌。

3.黃發:指老人,因老人頭發從黑轉白之間要有一段時間是草黃色。

4.垂髫:髫,古代兒童下垂的頭發。讀“條”。代指兒童。

 

白話:

 

桃林在溪水的發源地到了頭,緊接著就出現一座山,山上有個小小的洞口,那兒似乎有光亮。漁人丟下船,從洞口進去。起初洞口很窄,隻容得下一人通過。他又走了幾十步,眼前突然開闊起來。這裏土地平坦開闊,房屋整齊有序,田地肥沃,池塘漂亮、桑竹之類雜以其間。田間小路縱橫交錯,四通八達,小村之間互相能聽到雞鳴狗叫。那兒的人你來我往,種田勞作,男男女女,穿裝打扮,完全和桃花源之外的人一樣。老老少少,一個個都悠閑愉快,自得其樂。

 

英譯:

 

Finally the grove ending at the source of the stream, there appeared a hill with a cave which had a tiny mouth, seemingly a wisp of light flickering there. Leaving his boat outside, the fisherman got into the cave. Extremely narrow at the beginning, the cave allowed just one person to pass through. Yet, several decades of steps further, a vast panorama suddenly stretched before him. The lands were even and open. The houses were tidy and clear. The glory spot was pockmarked with plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like. Crisscrossing, paths in the fields were accessible from all directions. Cocks and dogs could be heard. Coming and going, men and women were busily cultivating the soil. They were all dressed just in the same fashion as outsiders. Both yellow-haired old ones and hanging-haired little ones were all happy and contented.

 

 

譯解:

 

 

1.林盡水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船從口入。

這一斷話,讀起來並不費力,但如果翻譯起來就會涉及到複雜的語法問題,處理起來十分棘手,需要頗費一番腦筋,才能理順思路,從而使譯文通順易懂。

        這五個短句,表麵上隻有兩個明顯的主語名詞:“林”與“山”,明顯的謂語動詞也隻是有:“得”、“有”、“舍”、“入”,其實在翻譯過程中,還會有一些潛在的動詞應運而生,從而以不同形式浮出水麵。在翻譯之初,必須把這些主語謂語及其表達形式理順。而首先要在這些句子中決定以誰為主,以誰為次,然後才能談得上造句。我的決定是:“便得一山”和“便舍船從口入”為主,而“山”和潛在的“漁夫”就是分別是這兩句話的主語。

       “便得一山”,我的譯法是there appeared a hill(一座山在那裏出現),其實這句話的原形應該是A hill appeared there,隻是為了使句子顯得生動,才采取倒裝式。“便舍船從口入”,我在翻譯的時候先決定,他的兩個動作“舍船”和“入”,以“入”為主,“棄船”為次,因此才譯成Leaving his boat outside, the fisherman got into the cave

        這一串動作的主次理順之後,再整理次要的句子:“林盡水源”、“山有小口”、“仿佛若有光”。既然是次要的句子,就可以采用分詞短語形式。我的做法是把“林盡水源”用獨立分詞的形式作為句子的懸垂部分置於句首,並用逗號隔開。所謂獨立分詞,那就可以有其主語,把主語和形在分詞形式的謂語動詞直接相連就可以了。

        麻煩的是“山有小口,仿佛若有光”,其中第一個“有”,我沒有使用have之類的動詞,而是用介詞加賓語的形式表達with a cave,第二個“有”,也同樣采用現在分詞構成的獨立分詞形式,其主語是“光”(light,謂語是“閃爍”flickering。最後的譯文是Finally the grove ending at the source of the stream, there appeared a hill with a cave which had a tiny mouth, seemingly a wisp of light flickering there.

        另請注意:山口的口,和中文如出一轍,用mouth即可。另如:河口、槍口、瓶口、袋口等中的“口”,一律可以用mouth來譯。

 

2.初極狹,才通人,複行數十步,豁然開朗。

這幾個句子裏表麵看沒有任何主語,其實潛在主語不止一個,因此可能會造出不止一句話。開譯之前,先要把這幾個潛在的主語名詞請到前台,即“初極狹,才通人”的山洞,以及“(漁夫)複行數十步”之後“豁然開朗”的景觀。主語有數,才能決定造出幾個句子。我的譯是:Extremely narrow at the beginning, the cave allowed just one person to pass through. Yet, several decades of steps further, a vast panorama suddenly stretched before him. 其中的“a vast panorama suddenly stretched before him”,意思是“一道壯觀的風景突然展現漁夫麵前”。請注意,我譯“豁然開朗”,參考的是《實用漢英詞典》第456頁的同一詞條a vast panorama suddenly stretching before one,其中的panorama,還可用vista代替,都作“景觀”解。不過翻譯要靈活,請看同一頁的例句:走出峽穀,我們感到豁然開朗。Coming out of the valley, we found the view suddenly cleared up.

 

3.土地平曠,屋舍儼然,有良田美池桑竹之屬。

“土地平曠,屋舍儼然”,直譯成簡單句即可,不過要注意遣詞造句在句式上盡量與原文相符:The lands were even and open. The houses were tidy and clear. 這兩個簡單句的字數都是六個,除了houses之外,都是單音節的小詞,而且在是動詞were之後都是兩個單音節形容詞作表語。讀起來輕鬆,頗有節奏和韻味。從這個角度看,自認為拙譯與原文在形式和神韻方麵都是相符的。

     要多說兩句的是“有良田美池桑竹之屬”。這句話意思是說有“田”、“池”、“桑”、“竹”之類。哪裏有呢?誰有呢?這個潛在的主語當然就是“桃花源”這個地方。因此在翻譯時,不可不把這個潛在主語推向前台。我使用的是spot,地點。至於在其前麵加上glory spot 這一詞組,也是從《我們的國家公園》裏偷來的。glory壯麗,spot地點。除此之外,從那本書裏偷來的還有這句動詞pockmarked with的翻譯。我原來的翻譯隻是簡單的There were plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like in this place. 然而最後的定稿卻得益於《我們的國家公園》。第197頁有這樣的文字:Here the land is pockmarked with sinkholes, huge circular pits that were eroded into the limestone where surface water plunges underground. (  地表水滲透到地下之後,在石灰岩層溶蝕出許多沉洞和大圓坑,而這些坑洞在這個地方是星羅棋布,密密麻麻。)

      Pockmarked with多麽形象生動,比there to be 的句式簡直無法望其項背。於是我毫不猶豫地把原來的譯文改成:The glory spot was pockmarked with plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like.

      Pockmark,名詞,是指罹患天花病之後皮膚上遺留下的水痘痕跡,簡稱痘痕,俗稱麻點。動詞,除了做“使布滿痘痕”之外,另一個解釋就是“密密麻麻地布滿”。用這個詞翻譯此句,自以為效果奇佳。

      當然還有別的翻譯法。比如,《我們的國家公園》第103頁有如下文字:Almost immediately, pinpoints and blotches of color – the blossoms of an array of wildflowers – punctuate the landscape. ( 野花斑斕的色彩- 或星星點點,或濃墨重彩- 幾乎立即將這裏的景致裝點得絢麗多姿。Pinpoint 指數量少,如pinpoints of light, 一點點光亮。Blotches 則指數量多,另有模糊一片之意。Array,大量。the blossoms指的是盛開的花朵,而 wildflowers則泛指野花,具體的意思就是各種野花盛開的花朵之斑斕色彩,將此地裝點得豔麗多姿。) 。其中的punctuate,名詞是標點符號,動詞是加標點等。但從此文看,用樣可以用作“裝點、點綴”等意思.

       此外,dot 也可作“裝點、點綴”解。如《新英漢詞典》第355頁有Tractors dotted the fields. 田野裏拖拉機星羅棋布。

       因此這句話不僅可以翻譯成:The glory spot was punctuated with plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like. 還可以翻譯成:The glory spot was dotted with plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like.

 

4.阡陌交通。

說的是田間小路,縱橫交錯,四通八達。縱橫交錯crisscrossing,四通八達,to be  accessible from all directions.

      雞犬相聞,Cocks and dogs could be heard. 注意,其中的“雞”沒有采用chicken一詞。請參看《實用漢英詞典》中如下的兩個詞條:.雞犬不留,even cocks and dogs are not spared – total extermination.  Spare, 饒恕。Extermination,殺掉。動詞exterminate. 雞犬不寧:even cocks and dogs are not left in peace – utter commotion/ great tumult,其中commotion 混亂,騷亂,動亂。 Tumult 喧嘩,吵鬧,騷亂。

       注意具體情況具體翻譯。如:他們吵得雞犬不寧。Their quarrel caused (or made) quite a commotion.

      

6.  其中往來種作,男女衣著,悉如外人。

這句話如果不在此文,完全可以簡練地翻譯成Coming and going, men and women were busily cultivating the soilall dressed just in the same fashion as outsiders. 但是考慮原文的短句風格,我沒有采取濃縮性的短句,隻是將原文三句譯成兩句。Coming and going, men and women were busily cultivating the soil. They were all dressed just in the same fashion as outsiders. 這樣讀起來似乎比較比較好。種作,cultivating the soil;衣著悉如外人,意思是裝束的款式與外人相同,因此譯作dressed just in the same fashion as outsiders. 注意,outsider,外人,局外人,此外,還作含貶義的“門外漢”及“外行”等解。

 

7. 黃發垂髫,並怡然自樂。

Both yellow-haired old ones and hanging-haired little ones were all happy and contented. 黃發垂髫,yellow-haired old ones and hanging-haired little ones,這樣翻譯從構詞形式看比較工整。怡然,快活的意思,譯成happy,自樂,指感到滿意自足,故而譯作contented. 注意,“並”指的是“都”,不是“並且”的意思,故而譯作“all”。

 

 

 

原文:

 

見漁人,乃大驚,問所從來。具答之。便要還家,設酒殺雞作食。村中聞有此人,鹹來問訊。自雲先世避秦時亂,率妻子邑人來此絕境,不複出焉,遂與外人間隔。問今是何世,乃不知有漢,無論魏晉。此人一一為具言所聞,皆歎惋。餘人各複延至其家,皆出酒食。停數日,辭去。此中人語雲: “不足為外人道也。”

 

注釋:

1.要:音義皆同“邀”。

2.鹹:全部。

3.邑人:同一個縣裏的人。

4.延:請。

 

 

白話:

     

      一個桃花源中的人見到漁人,感到十分驚奇,問他從哪裏來。漁人對他的問題都做了回答。他就邀請漁人到他家去,置酒殺雞,準備飯菜。村裏人聽說有這麽一個人,就都來問這問那。他們自稱先輩為躲避秦朝的禍亂,就帶著妻子兒女和同鄉一起來到這個與世隔絕的地方,從那時起,他們就再也沒有沒有出去過,於是就和桃花源之外的人隔絕了。他們問現在是什麽朝代,居然不知道曾經有過漢朝,更不必說魏晉了。漁人把自己知道的事情一件一件詳詳細細地說出來,那些人聽後都感歎惋惜。隨後其他人也都分別邀請漁人到各自的家中,拿出酒和飯菜來招待他。漁人住幾天,就告辭離開。這裏的人對他說:"這兒的事不值得對桃花源外麵的人說啊。"

 

英譯:

 

Astonishing when seeing the fisherman, a native asked where he came from. He readily answered all his questions. The native invited him to his homes, then busily preparing wines, killing hens and cooking dishes. Heard of such a person and other villagers immediately came and asked questions enthusiastically. They said that their ancestors came to this secluded spot together with their families and fellow villagers to escape the great disorder in Qin Dynasty. From then on, they had never been out again and therefore secluded themselves from the world. Asking what dynasty it was, they should know nothing about Han Dynasty, let alone Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. The fisherman told what he knew to them who could not help having all sorts of feelings welling up in their minds. They also invited him to their home and served him with wines and foods. Staying here several days, he left. Someone said: “Here is not worthy mentioning to outsiders.”

 

譯解:

 

1.見漁人,乃大驚,問所從來。具答之。便要還家,設酒殺雞作食。

這一串短句沒有一個主語。在翻譯時必須加上。這裏的潛在主語和賓語分別是引號中的人:“桃花源一居民”見漁人,乃大驚,問“漁人”所從來。“漁人”具答之。“桃花源一居民”便要“漁人”還家,設酒殺雞作食。理清人物之後,翻譯起來才順當。 我首先是根據原文的斷句,將句號前的三個短句作為一個單元,也就是一個完整的句子。接著就是理出句子中人物的動作順序及主次,這樣才能決定用什麽樣的句式。這句中“桃花源一居民”有三個動作,一是看到漁人,二是大驚,三是問漁人從何而來。我以“問”為唯一的主動作,“見”與“大驚”為次。為主者用標準動詞,為次者用現在分詞。譯文是:Astonishing when seeing the fisherman, a native asked where he came from.

       第二單元隻有一個句子:漁人回答對方所有的問題。He readily answered all his questions. 第三單元,潛在主語仍然是“桃花源一居民”,有四個動作:要(邀)、設(準備)、殺(雞)、作“食”。我以第一個為主動作,後三個為次動作,因此將第一個動作用標準動詞表達,後三者一律用現在分詞,以無主語懸垂結構形式出現,為顯示與主句保持聯係,並非孤獨懸垂,我使用連詞“然後(then)”譯文是:The native invited him to his homes, then busily preparing wines, killing hens and cooking dishes.

 

2.村中聞有此人,鹹來問訊。

這是個簡單句,譯起來也不難。我的譯文是:Heard of such a person and other villagers immediately came and asked questions enthusiastically.這裏要說的一點就是句式結構。這兩個短句中的主語是“村中(人)”,其動作有三個,一是“聞”,二是“來”,三是“問訊”。譯文中以後兩個動作為主,照例采用標準的動詞形式,而第一個動作是次要的,本應以現在分詞形式hearing 出現,但我這次一反常態,采用了標準的動詞形式Heard,提到句首,看似懸垂,卻是省略了主語的主謂結構句式,或者說是將主語移後的一種特殊句式,無論如何,用了就是了,反正這樣做的結果是句式靈活,頗具新鮮感。我采取這一句式的依據是《我們的國家公園》第196頁:Ride a boat on the Echo River in the lowermost depths of Mammoth Cave and you will begin to understand the origins of this subterranean wonderland. (你乘坐小舟漫遊在蒙馬洞最低層的深處,就會對這個地下奇妙世界的起源開始有所理解。)

 

3.自雲先世避秦時亂,率妻子邑人來此絕境,不複出焉,遂與外人間隔。

這裏的“亂”就是社會的動亂,turbulence, turmoil, ferment, disorder. 他們爭到哪裏,哪裏就出現動亂。Wherever they contend, turbulence occurs.  不過“天下大亂”是great disorder under heaven (or cross the land). 根據這個詞的翻譯,我把“秦時亂”譯成the great disorder in Qin Dynasty. 而“天下大治”,則是great order under heaven (or cross the land). “避亂”,escape disorder.  邑,縣。邑人,同一個縣裏的人。翻譯時不必拘泥於具體的“縣裏人”,譯成“同鄉”即可。同鄉,person from the same village (or town, or province, or county),其實簡而言之,就是fellow villager (or townman), 我選擇了fellow villager。“與外人間隔”,簡而言之,就是“與世隔絕”seclude from the world.

 

4.問今是何世,乃不知有漢,無論魏晉。

譯文是:Asking what dynasty it was, they should know nothing about Han Dynasty, let alone Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. 其中的should,不是“應該”,而是“竟然”,可以比較好地表達出加強語氣。而let  alone, 是“更別提了”。

 

5.此人一一為具言所聞,皆歎惋。餘人各複延至其家,皆出酒食。

歎惋,哀歎惋惜,這是一種心潮澎湃的心緒,我譯成having all sorts of feelings welling up in their minds,並沒有字對字地死譯成sigh(歎息)和feel sorry(感到遺憾惋惜)。

 

6.停數日,辭去。

停數日,辭去。以“辭去”,即“告辭而去”為主動作,“停數日”而次要動作,因此翻譯時把“停數日”用現在分詞表示Staying here several days, 不過更確切地講,應該是Having stayed for several days, 隻有為求簡練,才選用一般的現在分詞,沒有用完成式的現在分詞。

 

7.此中人語雲: “不足為外人道也。”

不足為外人道,即不足以對外人說。“不足以”,從字麵看似乎應該翻譯成not enough,其實它的意思是“不值得”,因此翻譯成Here is not worthy mentioning to outsiders. 其中的Here是名詞,即this place“這個地方”。

 

 

 

 

原文:

 

既出,得其船,便扶向路,處處誌之。及郡下,詣太守,說如此。太守即遣人隨其往,尋向所誌,遂迷,不複得路。

 

注釋:

 

1.附:沿著,順著。

2.向路:舊路,指來時的路。

3.誌:動詞,做標記。

4.郡,古代行政區劃,起初比縣小,但到秦漢之後卻比縣大。

5.詣:讀“義”,到某人所在的地方。

6.太守:縣令。

 

白話:

 

 漁人走出來,找到自己的船,就沿著舊路回去,一路上到處做標記作。回到郡上,拜見太守,把這些情況都做了匯報。太守立即派人跟他一起去尋找先前做過標記的地方,居然迷失了方向,再也沒有找到原來的路。

 

英譯:

 

Going out of the cave, he found his boat and made signs along the way back. Arriving in the county, he went to the magistrate and told him the whole story. The county magistrate dispatched some people to follow him and look for the place where he made signs. Yet, getting lost, they could not find the way again.

                                                               

譯解:

 

1.既出,得其船,便扶向路,處處誌之。

在這段中,漁人有四個動作:出、得、扶、誌。在翻譯時我如數用了四個動詞,不過“扶”在譯成英文時采用的是虛詞along, 但與此同時卻添加了動作“歸”,因此動作依然是四個。結果就變成:出step out、得get go back、誌make signs,在這四個動作中,以“得”與“歸”為主動作,因此采用標準動詞形式,而“出”與“誌”為附屬動作,故而采取現在分詞形式,分別置於句首與句尾。譯文是:Stepping out of the cave, he got his boat and went back along his old route, making signs everywhere.

 

2.及郡下,詣太守, 說如此。

“郡”就是“縣”,譯成county. 太守,就是縣長縣太爺,因此翻譯成(county magistrate。說如此,講述事情全部過程,一般譯成the whole story即可。另請注意,詣,就是達到。到達有不同譯法,可使用口語化的get, 如:We got there in time. 我們及時抵達那裏。此外還可使用及物動詞reach和不及物動詞arrive, arrive之後接地點要用介詞at in,達到小地點用前者,達到大地點用後者。本文到達的是縣,算是大地點,故而用後者:Arriving in the county。不過遇到具體情況還要具體靈活造句,因為還有不少其它表達法,請看:We landed Qingdao last week. 我們上周抵達青島。尤其指通過水路或空路抵達。 在如:The delegation was warmly welcomed as soon as they set foot in China. 代表團一抵達中國,就受到了熱烈歡迎。

 

3.尋向所誌。

其中的“誌”是及物動作,因此後麵應該有個被“誌”的地點。據此,原文本該是“尋向所誌之地”,即尋找從前漁人做了標記的地方。隻不過“之地”被省略了。但是翻譯的時候卻不能省略。

The county magistrate dispatched some people to follow him and look for the place where he made signs. Yet, getting lost, they could not find the way again.

 

 

原文:

 

 南陽劉子驥,高尚士也,聞之,欣然規往,未果。尋病終。後遂無問津者。

 

注釋:

 

1.南陽:今河南省南陽市。

2.劉子驥:隱士。好遊山玩水。

3.高尚士:清高的書生。此處高尚並非局限於今天品德高尚,有清高自賞之義。

4.規:計劃。

5.問津:津,路。問津即問路。此處指探訪。

 

 

白話:

      

       南陽劉子驥,是一位清高的隱士,聽到這件事,就高高興興地計劃去一趟。不過他的計劃並沒有實現,不久他就病死了。後來就再也沒有打探此事的人了。

 

 

英譯:

 

Learning this, Liu Ziji, a hermit of Nanyang, gladly planned to go. But he failed to realize his plan and soon died of an illness.  From then on, there had been no one else to ask about this matter.

 

 

譯解:

 

1.高尚士也.

舊時指的是清高的讀書人。清高,above politics and wordly interests. 如果做解釋性說明,可以譯成a scholar who is above politics and wordly interests. 但此處僅作為一個詞出現在句子裏,這樣譯不成樣子。根據文獻記載,劉子驥是一名隱士,因此“高尚士”此處可譯成hermit, 即隱士。

 

2.後遂無問津者。

問津:make inquiries, ask for.  無人問津:Nobody asks for (or about) it. 不敢問津:not dare to make inquiries.

 

附錄:桃花源詩(陶淵明)

 

    嬴氏亂天紀,賢者避其世。黃綺之商山,伊人亦雲逝。

    往跡浸複湮,來徑遂蕪廢。相命肆農耕,日入從所憩。

    桑竹垂餘蔭,菽稷隨時藝。春蠶收長絲,秋熟靡王稅。

    荒路曖交通,雞犬互鳴吠。俎豆猶古法,衣裳無新製。

    童孺縱行歌,斑白歡遊詣。草榮識節和,木衰知風厲。

    雖無紀曆誌,四時自成歲。怡然有餘樂,於何勞智慧!

    奇蹤隱五百,一朝敞神界。諄薄既異源,旋複還幽蔽。

    借問遊方士,焉測塵囂外?願言躡輕風,高舉尋吾契。

 

賞析:

陶淵明(365427),東晉潯陽柴桑人,字元亮,名潛,世稱靖節先生,自稱五柳先生,著名詩人。我國第一位田園詩人。《桃花源記》是陶淵明的代表作之一,約作於永初二年(421),即南朝劉裕弑君篡位的第二年。這時作者歸隱田園已經16年了。他雖“心遠地自偏”,但“猛誌固常在”,仍舊關心國家政事。身處當時汙濁黑暗的社會,他塑造了一個與之相對立的美好境界,以寄托自己的政治理想與美好情趣。《桃花源記》就是在這樣的背景下產生的。

文章以“芳草鮮美,落英繽紛”的桃花林作為鋪墊,引出一個質樸自然的化外世界。造成這一切的原因,作者沒有明說,但從“乃不知有漢,無論魏晉”一句中已隱約透露了消息:根本的原因就是那裏沒有一個高踞人民頭上為私利互相攻伐的統治集團。這個幻想中的桃源世界,對生活在虛偽黑暗、戰亂頻繁、流血不斷的現實世界中的人們來說,無疑是令人神往的。作者的簡淨筆觸,恰如其分地表現出桃花源的氣氛,使文章更富有感染力。當然,這種理想的境界在當時現實中是不存在的,隻是作者通過大同社會的構想,藝術地展現了大同社會的風貌,是不滿黑暗現實的一種精神寄托。

 

    文章的結構也頗有巧妙之處。作者借用小說筆法,以一個捕魚人的經曆為線索展開故事。開頭的交代,時代、漁人的籍貫,都寫得十分肯定,似乎真有其事。這就縮短了讀者與作品的心理距離,把讀者從現實世界引入到迷離惝恍的桃花源。相反,如果一開頭就是“山在虛無縹緲間”,讀者就會感到隔遠,作品的感染力也就會大打折扣。“不足為外人道也”及漁人返尋所誌,迷不得路,使讀者從這朦朧飄忽的化外世界退回到現實世界,心中依舊充滿了對它的依戀。文末南陽劉子驥規往不果一筆,又使全文有餘意不窮之趣。           

【出自本文成語】

怡然自樂、豁然開朗、無人問津、世外桃源、落英繽紛、不足為外人道、與世隔絕、別有洞天、雞犬相聞、黃發垂髫、曲徑通幽、不論魏晉。

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