八佾篇第三
【原文】
3·1 孔子謂季氏(1),“八佾(2)舞於庭,是可忍(3),孰不可忍也!”
【注釋】
(1)季氏:魯國正卿季孫氏,即季平子。
(2)八佾:佾,讀“義”,行列。古時一佾8人,八佾就是64人,據《周禮》規定,隻有周天子才可以使用八佾,諸侯為六佾,卿大夫為四佾,士用二佾。季氏是正卿,隻能用四佾。
(3)忍:容忍;忍心。
【白話】
孔子談到季氏時說,“他在庭院中大跳六十四人舞,這樣的事如果都能容忍,那還有什麽不可容忍的呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius talked about Ji: “He asked sixty-four people to dance in his own courtyard. If this can be tolerated, what cannot?”
【原文】
3·2 三家(1)者以《雍》徹(2)。子曰:“‘相維辟公,天子穆穆’(3),奚取於三家之堂(4)?”
【注釋】
(1)三家:魯國當政的三家:孟孫氏、叔孫氏、季孫氏。他們都是魯桓公的後代,又稱“三桓”。
(2)《雍》:《詩經·周頌》中的一篇。古代天子祭宗廟完畢時唱這首詩。
(3) 徹:結束。
(4) 相維辟公,天子穆穆:《雍》詩中的兩句。相,助。維,語助詞,無意義。辟公,指諸侯。穆穆:莊嚴肅穆。
(5)堂:接客祭祖的地方。
【白話】
三大家族在祭祖結束時,大唱《雍》歌。孔子說:“‘諸侯輔助,天子肅穆’,這樣的歌詞怎能在這三家的廟堂裏唱?”
【英譯】
After offering sacrifices to their ancestors, the three families should ask musicians to sing 《Yong》. Confucius said: “ ‘The emperor solemnly officiates at sacrificial rites, while the lords should be assistants.’ How can 《Yong》be sung in these three families’ temples?”
【原文】
3·3 子曰:“人而不仁,如禮何?人而不仁,如樂何?”
【白話】
孔子說:“一個人缺乏仁德,他怎麽能實行禮呢?一個人缺乏仁德,他怎麽能運用樂呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly put proprieties into practice? If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly use music?”
【原文】
3·4 林放(1)問禮之本。子曰:“大哉問!禮,與其奢也,寧儉;喪,與其易(2)也,寧戚(3)。”
【注釋】
(1)林放:魯國人。
(2)易:治理。這裏指有關喪葬的禮節儀式辦理得很周到。一說謙和、平易。
(3)戚:心中悲哀的意思。
【白話】
林放問什麽是禮的根本。孔子回答說:“你提的問題意義重大,就禮節儀式的一般情況而言,與其奢侈,不如節儉;就喪事而言,與其儀式上治辦周備,不如內心真正哀傷。”
【英譯】
Lin Fang asked questions about the basic things of proprieties. Confucius said: “The questions you put forward are most important! As far as proprieties are concerned, generally speaking, they should be thrifty rather than extravagant. As for funeral affairs, you should emphasize true inner sorrow rather than comprehensive rites.”
【原文】
3·5 子曰:“夷狄(1)之有君,不如諸夏(2)之亡(3)也。”
【注釋】
(1)夷狄:古代中原地區的人對周邊地區,即外國的貶稱,謂之不開化,缺乏教養,不知書達禮。
(2)諸夏:古代中原地區華夏族的自稱。
(3)亡:同無。古書中的“無”字多寫作“亡”。
【白話】
孔子說:“落後的夷狄雖然有君主,還不如中原諸國沒有君主呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The backward foreign countries also have their own lords, but they are not so good as the countries in central
【原文】
3·6 季氏旅(1)於泰山,子謂冉有(2)曰:“女(3)弗能救(4)與?”對曰:“不能。”子曰:“嗚呼!曾謂泰山不如林放(5)乎?”
【注釋】
(1)旅:祭祀的一種。祭祀山川為旅。當時,隻有天子和諸侯才有祭祀名山大川的資格。
(2)冉有:姓冉名求,字子有,生於公元前522年,孔子的弟子,比孔子小29歲。當時是季氏的家臣,所以孔子責備他。
(3)女:同汝,你。
(4)救:挽求、勸阻的意思。這裏指諫止。
(5)林放:見本篇第4章的注釋。
【白話】
季孫氏去祭祀泰山。孔子對冉有說:“你難道不能勸阻他嗎?”冉有說:“不能。”孔子說:“唉!難道說泰山神還不如林放知禮嗎?”
【英譯】
Ji Sun went to offer sacrifices to
【原文】
3·7 子曰:“君子無所爭,必也射(1)乎!揖(2)讓而升,下而飲,其爭也君子。”
【注釋】
(1)射:原意為射箭。此處指古代的射禮。
(2)揖:拱手行禮,表示尊敬。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子沒有什麽可與別人相爭的事情。如果有的話,那就是射箭比賽嘍!。比賽時,先相互作揖謙讓,然後上場。射完後,又相互作揖再退下來,然後登堂喝酒。這就是君子之爭。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen have nothing to compete with others. If they have, they must be archery competitions. During an archery competition, each side makes a bow first to the other side with hands folded in front and then steps forward. After competition, each side makes a bow again to the other side with hands folded and then walks out and finally sits in the hall drinking wine. This is the competition between gentlemen.”
【原文】
3·8 子夏問曰:“‘巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以為絢兮’。(1)何謂也?”子曰:“繪事後素(2)。”曰:“禮後乎?”子曰:“起予者商也(3),始可與言詩已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以為絢兮:前兩句見《詩經·衛風·碩人》篇。倩,讀“欠”,笑得好看。兮,語助詞,相當於“啊”。盼:眼睛黑白分明。絢,有文采。
(2)繪事後素:繪,畫。素,白底。
(3)起予者商也:起,啟發。予,我,孔子自指。商,子夏名商。
【白話】
子夏問孔子:“‘笑得真好看啊,美麗的眼睛真明亮啊,用素粉來打扮啊。’這幾句話是什麽意思呢?”孔子說:“這是說先有白底然後畫畫。”子夏又問:“那麽,是不是說禮也是後來出現的事呢?”孔子說:“商,你真是能啟發我的人,現在可以同你討論《詩經》了。”
【英譯】
Tzu Xia asked Confucius: “ ‘What a nice smiling face! What a pair of beautiful bright eyes! Dress up with plain face powder’. What do these sentences mean? ” Confucius said: “Make a white background and then paint.” Tzu Xia said: “Does it mean that proprieties also something coming late?” Confucius said: “Shang, you’re really skillful to enlighten me. Now I can start talking about The Book of Songs with you.”
【原文】
3·9 子曰:“夏禮吾能言之,杞(1)不足徵(2)也;殷禮吾能言之,宋(3)不足徵也。文獻(4)不足故也。足,則吾能徵之矣。”
【注釋】
(1)杞:春秋時國名,是夏禹的後裔。在今河南杞縣一帶。
(2)徵:證明。
(3)宋:春秋時國名,是商湯的後裔,在今河南商丘一帶。
(4)文獻:文,指曆史典籍;獻,指賢人。
【白話】
孔子說:“夏朝的禮,我能說清楚,杞國不足以讓我證明它;商朝的禮,我能說清楚,宋國不足以讓我證明它。這都是因為文獻不足,否則,我就能證明了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I can say something about the proprieties of Xia Dynasty, but its continuator Ji is not enough for me to prove it. I can say something about the proprieties of Yin Dynasty, but its continuator Song is not enough for me to prove it. It’s because that there are not enough materials. Otherwise, I can prove them.”
【原文】
3·10 子曰:“禘(1)自既灌(2)而往者,吾不欲觀之矣。”
【注釋】
(1)禘:讀“地”,古代隆重的祭祀典禮,隻有天子才可以舉行。
(2)灌:禘禮中第一次獻酒。
【白話】
孔子說:“對於行禘禮的儀式,從第一次獻酒以後,我就不願意看了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for the grand Di ceremonies held by the lords to offer sacrifices to ancestors, I have already been unwilling to watch them ever since the first time to offer wine.”
【原文】
3·11 或問禘之說(1),子曰:“不知也。知其說者之於天下也,其如示諸斯(2)乎!”指其掌。
【注釋】
(1)禘之說:“說”,理論、道理、規定。禘,讀“地”,是祭的一種形式。
(2)示諸斯:“斯”指後麵的“掌”字。
【白話】
有人問孔子關於舉行禘祭的規定。孔子說:“我不知道。知道這種規定的人,對治理天下的事,就會像把這東西擺在這裏一樣吧!” 孔子指著自己的手掌。
【英譯】
Someone asked Confucius about the rules to hold Di ceremonies. Confucius said: “I don’t know. As far as the persons are concerned who know these rules, they are probably just like me to put it here.” While saying, he pointed his palm.
【原文】
3·12 祭如在,祭神如神在。子曰:“吾不與祭,如不祭。”
【白話】
祭祀祖先就像祖先真在麵前,祭神就像神真在麵前。孔子說:“我如果不參加祭祀,那就如同沒有祭祀一樣。”
【英譯】
Offer sacrifices to ancestors as if the ancestors are really right here; offer sacrifices to gods as if the gods are really right here. Confucius said: “If I don’t participate in the ceremonies personally, then it’s just like that the ceremonies are not held.”
【原文】
3·13 王孫賈(1)問曰:“與其媚(2)於奧(3),寧媚於灶(4),何謂也?”子曰:“不然。獲罪於天(5),無所禱也。”
【注釋】
(1)王孫賈:衛靈公的大臣。
(2)媚:諂媚、巴結。
(3)奧:屋內西南角的神。
(4)灶:灶神。
(5)天:以天喻君。
【白話】
王孫賈問道:“有人說與其奉承奧神,不如奉承灶神。這話是什麽意思?”孔子說:“不對。如果你冒犯上天,怎麽祈禱也沒用。”
【英譯】
Wang Sungu asked: “People say that fawning on room god is not so good as fawning on kitchen god. What does it mean?” Confucius said: “No, this saying doesn’t make sense. If you offend the heaven, it’s no use no matter how to prayer.”
【原文】
3·14 子曰:“周監(1)於二代(2),鬱鬱(3)乎文哉,吾從周。”
【注釋】
(1)監:讀“見”,同鑒,借鑒。
(2)二代:這裏指夏代和周代。
(3)鬱鬱:文采盛貌。豐富、濃鬱之意。
【白話】
孔子說:“周朝的禮儀製度借鑒於夏、商二代,是多麽豐富多彩啊。我遵從周朝的製度。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The rite system of Zhou was made by drawing lessons from the two dynasties of Xia and Shang. How rich it is! I’d like to follow Zhou’s system.”
【原文】
3·15 子入太廟(1),每事問。或曰:“孰謂鄹(2)人之子知禮乎?入太廟,每事問。”子聞之,曰:“是禮也。”
【注釋】
(1)太廟:君主的祖廟。魯國太廟,即周公旦的廟,供魯國祭祀周公。
(2)鄹:讀“鄒”,春秋時魯國地名,又寫作“陬”,在今山東曲阜附近。“鄹人之子”指孔子。
【白話】
孔子到了太廟,每件事都要問。有人說:“誰說此人懂得禮呀,他到了太廟裏,什麽事都要問別人。”孔子聽到此話後說:“這就是禮呀!”
【英譯】
Whenever entering the temple of the lord’s ancestors, Confucius would ask questions about everything. Someone said: “Who says that this person knows proprieties? Whenever he enters the temple of the lord’s ancestors, he asks everything.” Learning this, Confucius said: “This is in itself a sort of propriety.”
【原文】
3·16 子曰:“射不主皮(1),為力不同科(2),古之道也。”
【注釋】
(1)皮:皮,用動物皮做成的箭靶子。
(2)科:等級。
【白話】
孔子說:“比賽射箭,不在於穿透靶子,因為各人的力氣大小不同。自古以來就是這樣。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When shooting an arrow, the key point doesn’t lie in shooting through the target because people are different in physical strength. It’s always been like this since ancient times.”
【原文】
3·17 子貢欲去告朔(1)之餼羊(2)。子曰:“賜也!爾愛(3)其羊,我愛其禮。”
【注釋】
(1)告朔:朔,農曆每月初一為朔日。告朔,古代製度,天子每年秋冬之際,把第二年的曆書頒發給諸侯,告知每個月的初一日。
(2)餼羊:餼,讀“細”。餼羊,祭祀用的活羊。
(3)愛:愛惜。
【白話】
子貢提出赦免每月初一祭祖的活羊。孔子說:“賜,你愛惜那隻羊,我卻愛惜那種禮。”
【英譯】
Tzu Gong suggested that alive sheep not be used when holding the ceremony of offering sacrifices in the temple of the lord’s ancestors on the first day of each month. Confucius said: “Ci ( i.e.Tzu Gong), you l care for the sheep, but I treasure the proprieties.”
【原文】
3·18 子曰:“事君盡禮,人以為諂也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我完全按周禮事奉君主,別人卻以為這是謅媚呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I serve the lord completely according to the proprieties of Zhou Dynasty, but people think I toady the lord.”
【原文】
3·19 (1)定公問:“君使臣,臣事君,如之何?”孔子對曰:“君使臣以禮,臣事君以忠。”
【注釋】
(1)定公:魯國國君,姓姬名宋,定是諡號。公元前509~前495年在位。
(2)使:使喚,差人做事。
【白話】
魯定公問孔子:“君主怎樣使喚臣下,臣子怎樣事奉君主呢?”孔子回答說:“君主應該按照禮的要求去使喚臣子,臣子應該以忠來事奉君主。”
【英譯】
Ding Gong (i.e. the lord of the country Lu) asked: “How does a lord order his courtiers and how do the courtiers serve their lord?” Confucius said: “A lord orders his courtiers according to the proprieties while the courtiers serve their lord loyally and devotedly.”
【原文】
3·20 子曰:“《關睢》(1),樂而不淫,哀而不傷。”
【注釋】
(1)《關睢》:睢,讀“居”。《詩經》開篇之作。寫一君子追求淑女,因思戀過甚而輾轉反側,難以入眠的憂思,以及結婚時鍾鼓樂之琴瑟友之的歡樂。
【譯文】
孔子說:“《關睢》這篇詩,快樂而不放蕩,憂愁而不哀傷。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “The poem 《Guan Ju》is joyful but not loose; depressed but not sorrowful.”
【原文】
3·21 哀公問社(1)於宰我,宰我(2)對曰:“夏後氏以鬆,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰:使民戰栗(3)。”子聞之,曰:“成事不說,遂事不諫,既往不咎。”
【注釋】
(1)社:土地神,祭祀土神的廟也稱社。
(2)宰我:名予,字子我,孔子的學生。
(3)戰栗:恐懼,發抖。
【白話】
魯哀公問宰我祭祀土地神的事。宰我回答說:“夏朝用鬆樹,商朝用柏樹,周朝用栗樹。用栗樹就是使老百姓戰栗。”孔子聽後說:“已經做過的事不用提了,已經完成的事不用再去批評了,已經過去的事也不必再追究了。”
【英譯】
Ai Gong asked Zai Wo something about offering sacrifices to village god. Zai Wo said: “Xia Dynasty used pine trees; Shang Dynasty used cypress trees; and Zhou Dynasty used chestnut trees. By using chestnut trees, it means to make people trembling.” On hearing this, Confucius said: “We’d better not to mention what has already been done, not to criticize what has already been finished, not to go into past misdeeds.”
【原文】
3·22 子曰:“管仲(1)之器小哉!”或曰:“管仲儉乎?”曰:“管氏有三歸(2),官事不攝(3),焉得儉?”“然則管仲知禮乎?”曰:“邦君樹塞門(4),管氏亦樹塞門;邦君為兩君之好有反坫(5),管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知禮,孰不知禮?”
【注釋】
(1)管仲:姓管名夷吾,齊國人,春秋時期法家先驅。齊桓公的宰相,輔助其成為諸侯霸主,卒於公元前645年。
(2)三歸:相傳是三處藏錢幣的府庫。
(3)攝:兼任。
(4)樹塞門:樹,樹立。塞門,在大門口築的一道短牆,以別內外,相當於影壁。
(5)反坫:坫,讀“電”。古國君招待別國國君時,放置獻過酒的空杯之土台。
【白話】
孔子說:“管仲這個人的器量真是狹小呀!”有人說:“管仲節儉嗎?”孔子說:“他有三處藏金處,就連管家都實行專責製,這怎麽談得上節儉呢?”那人又問:“那麽管仲知禮嗎?”孔子回答:“國君大門口修建影壁,管仲在大門口也修建照壁。國君同別國國君會見時在堂上有放空酒杯的設備,管仲也有這樣的設備。如果說管仲知禮,那麽還有誰不知禮呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “What a narrow-minded person Guan Zhong is!” Someone asked: “Is he thrifty?” Confucius said: “Guan Zhong has three places to hide his money. Even his butlers undertake specific responsibility. How can it be considered thrift?” The person asked again: “Does Guan Zhong know rules of proprieties?” Confucius said: “The lord has a screen wall at the gate. So does he. The lord has a special earth terrace on which to put empty wine-cups. So does he. If Guan Zhong knows the rules of proprieties, who doesn’t know?”
【原文】
3·23 子語(1)魯大師(2)樂,曰:“樂其可知也:始作,翕(3)如也;從(4)之,純(5)如也,皦(6)如也,繹(7)如也,以成。”
【注釋】
(1)語:讀“玉”,告訴,動詞用法。
(2)大師:大,讀“太”。大師是樂官名。
(3)翕:讀“西”。意為合、聚、協調。
(4)從:讀“縱”,意為放縱、展開。
(5)純:美好、和諧。
(6)皦:讀“腳”,音階分明。
(7)繹:連續不斷。
【白話】
孔子對魯國樂官談論演奏音樂的道理說:“奏樂的道理是可以知道的:開始演奏,各種樂器合奏,聲音繁美;繼續展開下去,悠揚悅耳,音階分明,連續不斷,最後完成。”
【英譯】
Confucius talked the principles of music playing to the musicians of the country Lu: “The principles of music playing are understandable: at the beginning, you do an instrumental ensemble and the sound is nice; then you expand your playing, the sound is melodious, the scales are distinct. Do this ceaselessly, and at last, your playing comes to an end.”
【原文】
3·24 儀封人(1)請見,曰:“君子之至於斯也,吾未嚐不得見也。”從者見之(2)。出曰:“二三子何患於喪(3)乎?天下之無道也久矣,天將以夫子為木鐸(4)。”
【注釋】
(1)儀封人:儀為地名,在今河南蘭考縣境內。封人,係鎮守邊疆的官。
(2)從者見之:隨行的人見了他。
(3)喪:失去,這裏指失去官職。
(4)木鐸:鈴的木舌。古代天子發布政令時搖它以召集聽眾。此處指能號令天下的人。
【白話】
儀的地方官求見孔子,說:“凡是君子到這裏來,我從來沒有見不到的。”孔子的隨從學生引他去見了孔子。他出來後說:“諸位何愁沒官可做呢?天下無道已經很久了,上天將以孔夫子為聖人來號令天下。”
【英譯】
A local official in Yi asked to see Confucius saying: “Whenever a gentleman comes here, I’ve never failed to see him.” A student of Confucius’ led him to see the master. When coming out, he said: “No reasons for you to worry about having no opportunities to be officials. Heaven looks upon Confucius as a sage and let him to lead the people.”
【原文】
3·25 子謂韶(1):“盡美(2)矣,又盡善(3)也。”謂武(4):“盡美矣,未盡美也。”
【注釋】
(1)韶:相傳是古代歌頌虞舜的一種樂舞。
(2)美:指樂曲的音調、舞蹈的形式而言。
(3)善:指樂舞的思想內容而言的。
(4)武:相傳是歌頌周武王的一種樂舞。
【白話】
孔子講到“韶”這一樂舞時說:“藝術形式美極了,內容也很好。”談到“武”這一樂舞時說:“藝術形式很美,但內容卻差一些。”
【英譯】
When talking the dance named《Shao》, Confucius said: “Its artistic form is extremely beautiful and its contents are also excellent.” While talking the dance named 《Wu》, he said: “Its artistic form is very beautiful, but its content are not so good.”
【原文】
3·26 子曰:“居上不寬,為禮不敬,臨喪不哀,吾何以觀之哉?”
【白話】
孔子說:“居於執政地位的人,不能寬厚待人,行禮的時候不嚴肅,參加喪禮時也不悲哀,這種情況我怎麽能看得下去呢?”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some higher officials cannot treat people generously, fail to take part in ceremonies solemnly and show no sorrow when participating in funerals. How can I tolerate this thing?”