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公冶長篇第五

(2008-08-25 20:21:06) 下一個

公冶長篇第五

 

 

【原文】

5·1 子謂公冶長(1),“可妻也。雖在縲絏(2)之中,非其罪也。”以其子(3)(4)之。

 

【注釋】

(1)公冶長:姓公冶名長,齊國人,孔子的弟子。

(2)縲絏:讀“雷謝”,捆綁犯人用的繩索,這裏借指牢獄。

(3)子:古時無論兒、女均稱子。

(4)妻:讀“氣”,動詞,嫁給。

 

【白話】

孔子評論公冶長說:“可以把女兒嫁給他,他雖然被關在牢獄裏,但這並不是他的罪過。”於是,孔子就把自己的女兒嫁給了他。

 

【英譯】

When commenting on Gongye Chang, Confucius said: “Anyone can marry his daughter to this man. Although he was in jail, yet no one can put blame on him.” Therefore, Confucius married his daughter to him.

 

【原文】

5·2 子謂南容(1),“邦有道(2),不廢(3);邦無道,免於刑戮(4)。”以其兄之子妻之。

 

【注釋】

(1)南容:姓南宮名適(讀“過”),字子容。孔子的學生,通稱他為南容。

(2)道:道,是說國家的政治符合最高的和最好的原則。這裏指國家按照道管理,天下太平。

(3)廢:廢置,不任用。

(4)刑戮:刑罰。

 

【白話】

孔子評論南容說:“國家太平時,不會倒黴;國家混亂時,不會坐牢。”孔子把侄女嫁給了他。 

 

【英譯】

When commenting on Nan Rong, Confucius said: “During great order across the land, he will not get into trouble; while during disorder under heaven, he will not be put into jail.” And therefore, Confucius married his niece to Nan Rong.

 

 

【原文】

5·3 子謂子賤(1),君子哉若人(2),魯無君子者,斯焉取斯(3)。”

 

【注釋】

(1)子賤:姓宓(讀“扶”)名不齊,字子賤。生於公元前521年,比孔子小49歲。

(2)若人:這個,此人。

(3)斯焉取斯:斯,此。第一個“斯”指子賤,第二個“斯”字指子賤的品德。

 

【譯文】

孔子評論子賤說:“這個人真是個君子呀。如果魯國沒有君子,他是從哪裏學到這種品德的呢?”

 

【英譯】

When commenting on Tzu Jian, Confucius said: “What a gentleman Tzu Jian is! If no gentlemen in the country Lu, then where did he learn this sort of noble morality?”

 

 

【原文】

5·4 子貢問曰:“賜(1)也何如?”子曰:“女,器也。”曰:“何器也?”曰:“瑚璉(2)也。”

 

【注釋】

(1) : 就是子貢。姓端木,名賜,字子貢,又作子贛,亦稱作衛賜,春秋末衛國人,孔子的著名弟子。

(2)瑚璉:古代祭祀時盛糧食用的器具。

 

【白話】

子貢問孔子:“我這個人怎麽樣?”孔子說:“你呀,好比一個器具。”子貢又問:“是什麽器具呢?”孔子說:“是瑚璉。”

 

【英譯】

Tzu Gong asked Confucius: “What do you think of me?” Confucius said: “You’re just like a tool.” Tzu Gong asked: “What sort of tool?” Confucius said: “Hulian. (an ancient tool to contain food when offering sacrifices) ”

 

 

【原文】

5·5 或曰:“雍(1)也仁而不佞(2)。”子曰:“焉用佞?禦人以口給(3),屢憎於人,不知其仁(4)。焉用佞?”

 

【注釋】

(1)雍:姓冉名雍,字仲弓,生於公元前522年,孔子的學生。

(2)佞:讀“寧”第四聲,能言善辯,有口才。

(3)口給:言語便捷、嘴快話多。

(4)不知其仁:指有口才者有仁與否不可知。

 

【白話】

有人說:“冉雍這個人有仁德但不善辯。”孔子說:“何必要能言善辯呢?靠伶牙利齒和人辯論,常常招致別人的討厭,我不知道他是不是算得上仁,但何必要有好的口才呢?”

 

【英譯】

Someone said: “Ran Yong is a noble-minded person but he’s not good at arguing.” Confucius said: “What’s the need to be good at arguing? If a person lives on arguing with a glib tongue, he will be detested by others. I don’t know whether he can be considered noble-minded person, but what’s the need to be eloquent?”

 

【原文】

5·6 子使漆雕開(1)仕。對曰:“吾斯之未能信。”子說(2)

 

【注釋】

(1)漆雕開:姓漆雕名開,字子開,一說字子若,生於公元前540年,孔子的門徒。

(2)說:讀“月”,同“悅”。

 

【白話】

孔子讓漆雕開去做官。漆雕開回答說:“我對做官這件事還沒有信心。”孔子聽了很高興。

 

【英譯】

Confucius asked Qi Diaokai to seek official posts. Qi said: “I don’t have confidence in official posts.” Hearing this, Confucius was very happy.

 

【原文】

5·7 子曰:“道不行,乘桴(1)浮於海,從(2)我者,其由(3)與!”子路聞之喜。子曰:“由也好勇過我,無所取材。”

 

【注釋】

(1)桴:讀“夫”,用來過河的木筏子。

(2)從:跟隨、隨從。

(3)仲由,字子路,又字季路,魯國卞人,孔子得意門生。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“如果我的主張行不通,我就乘木筏到海外去。能跟從我的大概隻有仲由吧!”子路聽了很高興。孔子說:“仲由除了勇氣這點超過我,其它並沒有什麽可取的才能。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If what I advocate isn’t workable, I’ll go to the sea by raft. Maybe only Zhong You is willing to follow me.” Hearing this Tzu Lu was very delighted. But Confucius said: “Zhong You has nothing more to surpass me except for courage.”

 

 

【原文】

5·8 孟武伯問:“子路仁乎?”子曰:“不知也。”又問。子曰:“由也,千乘之國,可使治其賦(1)也,不知其仁也。”“求也何如?”子曰:“求也,千室之邑(2),百乘之家(3),可使為之宰(4)也,不知其仁也。”“赤(5)也何如?”子曰:“赤也,束帶立於朝(6),可使與賓客(7)言也,不知其仁也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)賦:兵賦,向居民征收的軍事費用。

(2)千室之邑,邑是古代居民的聚居點,大致相當於後來城鎮。有一千戶人家的大邑。

(3)百乘之家:指卿大夫的采地,當時大夫有車百乘,是采地中的較大者。

(4)宰:家臣、總管。

(5)赤:姓公西名赤,字子華,生於公元前509年,孔子的學生。

(6)束帶立於朝:指穿著禮服立於朝廷。

(7)賓客:指一般客人和來賓。

 

【白話】 孟武伯問:“子路達到仁的標準了嗎?”孔子說:“不知道。”又問。孔子說:“子路可以做大將,不知他仁否。”又問:“冉求怎樣?”孔子說:“冉求可以當市長,不知他仁否。” “公西赤怎樣?”孔子說:“公西赤可以當外長,不知他是仁否。”

 

【英譯】

Meng Wubo asked: “Is Tzu Lu up to the standards of humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know.” Meng Wubo asked again. The master said: “Zhong You can be a general. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Ran Qiu?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu can be a mayor. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Gongxi Chi?” Confucius said: “Gongxi Chi can be a foreign minister. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.”

 

 

【原文】

5·9 子謂子貢曰:“女與回也孰愈(1)?”對曰:“賜也何敢望回?回也聞一以知十(2),賜也聞一以知二(3)。”子曰:“弗如也。吾與(4)女弗如也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)愈:勝過、超過。

(2)十:指數的全體,舊注雲:“一,數之數;十,數之終。”

(3)二:舊注雲:“二者,一之對也。”

(4)與:讚同、同意。

 

【白話】

孔子對子貢說:“你和顏回兩個相比,誰更好一些呢?”子貢回答說:“我怎麽敢和顏回相比呢?顏回他聽到一件事就可以推知十件事;我呢,聽到一件事,隻能推知兩件事。”孔子說:“你是不如他呀,我同意你說的,就是不如他。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said to Tzu Gong: “You and Yan Hui, who is better?” Tuz Gong replied: “How dare I compare myself with Yan Hui? Yan Hui can know ten events on the basis of knowing one event. But I can know two events on the basis of knowing one event.” Confucius said: “You are not so good as Yan Hui. I agree with you. You are really not good as him.”

 

【原文】

5·10 宰予晝寢,子曰:“朽木不可雕也,糞土(1)之牆不可杇(2)也,於予與何誅(3)!”子曰:“始吾於人也,聽其言而信其行;今吾於人也,聽其言而觀其行。於予與(4)改是。”

 

【注釋】

(1)糞土:腐土、髒土。

(2)杇:讀“汙”,抹牆用的抹子。這裏指用抹子粉刷牆壁。

(3)誅:意為責備、批評。

(4)與:語氣詞。

 

【白話】

宰予白天睡覺。孔子說:“腐朽的木頭無法雕刻,糞土壘的牆壁無法粉刷。對於宰予這個人,責備還有什麽用呢?”孔子說:“起初我對於人,是聽了他說的話便相信了他的行為;現在我對於人,聽了他講的話還要觀察他的行為。在宰予這裏我改變了觀察人的方法。”

 

【英譯】

Zai Yu sleeps in the day time. Confucius said: “Rotten wood can not be carved. Walls which are built with dirt can not white-washed. What’s the use to reproach him?” Confucius said: “At the beginning, I believed a person’s action after I heard his words. But now I’ll observe his action after I hear his words. The problem of Zai Yu made me change my way to observe people.”

 

【原文】

5·11 子曰:“吾未見剛者。”或對曰:“申棖(1)。”子曰:“棖也欲,焉得剛?”

 

【注釋】

(1)申棖:棖,讀“成”。姓申名棖,字周,孔子的學生。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“我沒有見過剛強的人。”有人回答說:“申棖就是剛強的。”孔子說:“申棖這個人欲望太多,怎麽能剛強呢?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “I’ve never seen anyone firm and unyielding.”  Someone said: “Shen Cheng is firm and unyielding.” Confucius said: “Sheng Cheng has too many desires, how can he be firm and unyielding?”

 

【原文】

5·12 子貢曰:“我不欲人之加諸我也,吾亦欲無加諸人。”子曰:“賜也,非爾所及也。”

 

【白話】

子貢說:“我不願被迫做自己不願做的事,我也不願強迫別人去做不願做的事。”孔子說:“賜呀,這不是你能做到的。”

 

【英譯】

Tzu Gong said: “I’m unwilling to be forced to do what I don’t want to. I’m also unwilling to force others to do what they don’t want to.” Confucius said: “Ci, this isn’t what you can do.”

 

【原文】

5·13 子貢曰:“夫子之文章(1),可得而聞也;夫子之言性(2)與天道(3),不可得而聞也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)文章:這裏指孔子傳授的詩書禮樂等。

(2)性:人性。

(3)天道:天命。

 

【白話】

子貢說:“老師講授的文章,依靠耳聞是能夠學到的;但老師講授的人性和天道的理論,依靠耳聞是不能夠學到的。”

 

【英譯】

Tzu Gong said: “What you teach in your articles can be grasped by listening, but the theories on human’s nature and heaven’s doctrines cannot be grasped by listening.”

 

 

【原文】

5·14 子路有聞,未之能行,唯恐有聞。

 

【白話】

子路在聽到一條道理但沒有能親自實行的時候,惟恐又聽到新的道理。

 

【英譯】

Whenever Tzu Lu hears a theory but cannot put it into practice, he is afraid to hear any new ones.

 

 

【原文】

5·15 子貢問曰:“孔文子(1)何以謂之文也?”子曰:“敏(2)而好學,不恥下問,是以謂之文也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)孔文子:衛國大夫孔圉(讀“語”),“文”是諡號,“子”是尊稱。

(2)敏:敏捷、勤勉。

 

【白話】

子貢問道:“為什麽給孔文子一個‘文’的諡號呢?”孔子說:“他聰敏好學,不以向地位卑下的人請教為恥,所以給他諡號叫‘文’。”

 

【英譯】

Tzu Gong asked: “Why was Kong Wentzu given a posthumous title Wen?” Confucius said: “He was intelligent and diligent and did not consider it disgraceful to learn from persons in humble position.”

 

 

 

【原文】

5·16 子謂子產(1)有君子之道四焉:“其行己也恭,其事上也敬,其養民也惠,其使民也義。”

 

【注釋】

(1)子產:姓公孫名僑,字子產,鄭國大夫,做過正卿,是鄭穆公的孫子,為春秋時鄭國的賢相。

 

【白話】

孔子評論子產時說他有君子的四種道德:“他自己行為莊重,他事奉君主恭敬,他愛護百姓施與恩惠,他役使百姓有法度。”

 

【英譯】

When commenting on Tzu Chan, Confucius said that he had four noble characters: “He conducts himself sedately, serves his lord respectfully and cherishes people by bestowing favor.”

 

 

【原文】

5·17 子曰:“晏平仲(1)善與人交,久而敬之(2)。”

 

【注釋】

(1)晏平仲:齊國的賢大夫,名嬰。 “平”是他的諡號。

(2)久而敬之:“之”在這裏指代晏平仲。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“晏平仲善於和人交朋友,相識久了,別人十分尊敬他。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with others. Knowing each other as time goes on, he is respected by others.”

 

 

【原文】

5·18 子曰:“臧文仲(1)居蔡(2),山節藻棁(3),何如其知也!”

 

【注釋】

(1)臧文仲:姓臧孫名辰,“文”是他的諡號。因不遵守周禮,被孔子指責為“不仁”、“不智”。(2)居蔡:養大龜。居,養,藏。蔡,國君用以占卜的大龜。蔡,本是地名。此地產龜,所以把國君用以占卜的大龜也叫做蔡。

(3)山節藻棁:節,柱上的鬥拱。棁,讀“桌”,房梁上的短柱。把鬥拱雕成山形,在棁上繪以水草花紋。這是古時裝飾天子宗廟的做法。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“臧文仲建造自己的宗廟,房頂呈拱形,柱子上畫著水草圖案,廟內藏著大龜,象天子的宗廟一樣,這怎麽算明智?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong built a temple with an arched roof and columns were painted with a design of water plants. And moreover, a big tortoise was hidden in the temple which was just like a shrine of the lord. How can he be considered wise?”

 

【原文】

5·19 子張問曰:“令尹子文(1)三仕為令尹,無喜色;三已(2)之,無慍色。舊令尹之政,必以告新令尹。何如?”子曰:“忠矣。”曰:“仁矣乎?”曰:“未知。焉得仁?”“崔子(3)(4)齊君(5),陳子文(6)有馬十乘,棄而違之,至於他邦,則曰:‘猶吾大夫崔子也。’違之。之一邦,則又曰:‘猶吾大夫崔子也。’違之,何如?子曰:“清矣。”曰:“仁矣乎?”曰:“未知,焉得仁?”

 

【注釋】

(1)令尹子文:令尹,楚國的官名,相當於宰相。子文是楚國的著名宰相。

(2)三已:三,有時也泛指多次。已,罷免。

(3)崔文:齊國大夫崔杼(讀“住”)曾殺死齊莊公,在當時引起極大反應。

(4)弑:讀“是”,位在下的人殺了地位在上的人。

(5)齊君:即指被崔杼所殺的齊莊公。

(6)陳文子:陳國的大夫,名須無。

 

 

【白話】

 子張問:“子文三次做宰相,都沒感到高興;三次被罷免,也都沒感到委屈。卸任前,總是認真地辦理交接事宜,這樣做怎麽樣?”孔子說:“算忠。”問:“算仁嗎?”答:“不知道,哪裏談得上仁?”又問:“崔子殺了齊莊公,陳文子拋棄家產跑了。到了另一國,他說:‘這裏的大夫同崔子一樣。’又跑了。再到一國,再說:‘他們同崔子一樣。’再跑了。怎樣?”孔子說:“算清高了。”問:“算仁嗎?”答:“不知道,哪裏談得上仁?”

 

 

【英譯】

Tzu Zhang asked: “Tzu Wen served as premier three times, but he was never happy, and he was dismissed from office three times, he never felt wronged. Moreover, before he was relieved of his office, he was very careful to handle the matter relating handing over and taking over. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “Quite loyal.” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius replied: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Cui Tzu killed Qi Zhuanggong, Chen Wentzu abandoned his family property and ran away. Whenever getting into another country, he used to say: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ Again, he ran away. After getting into another country, he said once more: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ And then he ran way again. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “He is really above politics and worldly interests.” Tzu Zhang asked: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?”

 

【原文】

5·20 季文子(1)三思而後行。子聞之,曰:“再,斯(2)可矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)季文子:即季孫行父,魯成公、魯襄公時任正卿,“文”是他的諡號。

(2)斯:就。

 

【白話】

季文子每做一件事都要考慮多次。孔子聽到了,說:“考慮兩次也就行了。”

 

【英譯】

Before doing anything, Ji Wentzu always thinks over it again and again. Learning this, Confucius said: “Think twice. That’s enough.”

 

【原文】

5·21 子曰:“寧武子(1),邦有道則知,邦無道則愚(2),其知可及也,其愚不可及也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)寧武子:姓寧名俞,衛國大夫,“武”是他的諡號。

(2)愚:這裏是裝傻的意思。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“寧武子這個人,當國家太平時,他就顯得聰明,當國家混亂時,他就裝傻。他的那種聰明別人可以做得到,他的那種裝傻別人就做不到了。

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “You know Ji Wutzu. When the country is in great order, he seems very clever, while the country is in great disorder, he would pretend to be very stupid. As far as his cleverness is concerned, everyone can catch up with him, but as for his stupidity, no one can reach him.”

 

 

【原文】

5·22 子在陳(1)曰:“歸與!歸與!吾黨之小子(2)狂簡(3),斐然(4)成章,不知所以裁(5)之。”

 

【注釋】

(1)陳:古國名,大約在今河南東部和安徽北部一帶。

(2)吾黨之小子:古代以500家一為黨。吾黨意即我的故鄉。小子,指孔子在魯國的學生。

(3)狂簡:誌向遠大但行為粗率簡單。

(4)斐然:斐,音fěi,有文彩的樣子。

(5)裁:裁剪,節製。

 

【白話】

孔子在陳國說: “回去吧!回去吧!家鄉的學生們誌大才疏,不過文采揚揚,真不知該怎麽指導他們。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said in the country Chen: “Go back! Go back! The students in my hometown have great ambition but little talent. Yet their writings have rich and bright colors. I really don’t know how to guide them.”

 

 

【原文】

5·23 子曰:“伯夷叔齊(1)不念舊惡(2),怨是用希(3)。” 

 

【注釋】

(1)伯夷、叔齊:殷朝末年孤竹君的兩個兒子。父親死後,二人互相讓位,都逃到周文王那裏。周武王起兵伐紂,他們認為這是以臣弑君,是不忠不孝的行為,曾加以攔阻。周滅商統一天下後,他們以吃周朝的糧食為恥,逃進深山中以野草充饑,餓死在首陽山中。

(2)惡:仇恨。

(3)希:同“稀”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“伯夷、叔齊不記仇,別人對他們的怨恨也就少。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Bo Yi and Shu Qi don’t bear grudges, so they are seldom hated by others.”

 

【原文】

5·24 子曰:“孰謂微生高(1)直?或乞醯(2)焉,乞諸其鄰而與之。”

 

【注釋】

(1)微生高:姓微生名高,魯國人。當時人認為他為直率。

(2)醯:讀“希”,即醋。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“誰說微生高性格直率?有人向他要點醋,他都不直說沒有,還暗地到他鄰居討點給人家。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Who said Wei Shenggao is frank? Someone asked him for some vinegar, he didn’t say frankly that he had no and moreover he stealthily asked his neighbor for some and then gave it to that man.”

 

【原文】

5·25 子曰:“巧言、令色、足恭(1),左丘明(2)恥之,丘亦恥之。匿怨而友其人,左丘明恥之,丘亦恥之。

 

【注釋】

(1)足恭:一說是兩腳做出恭敬逢迎的姿態來討好別人;另一說就是抽象地指過分恭敬。這裏采用後說。

(2)左丘明:姓左丘名明,魯國人,相傳是《左傳》一書的作者。

 

  【白話】 

孔子說:“甜言蜜語、皮笑肉不笑、點頭哈腰,左丘明認為可恥,我也認為可恥;心懷怨恨跟人交朋友,左丘明認為可恥,我也認為可恥。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Saying honey words, putting on a false smile, nodding and bowing, Zuo Qiuming considers all these things shameful. So do I.  Making friends with others but harboring resentment at the same time, Zuo Qiuming considers it shameful. So do I.”

 

【原文】

5·26 顏淵、季路侍(1)。子曰:“盍(2)各言爾誌。”子路曰:“原車馬,衣輕裘,與朋友共,敝之而無憾。”顏淵曰:“願無伐(3)善,無施勞(4)。”子路曰:“願聞子之誌。”子曰:“老者安之,朋友信之,少者懷之(5)。”

 

【注釋】

(1)侍:服侍,站在旁邊陪著尊貴者叫侍。

(2)盍:何不,讀“何”。

(3)伐:誇耀。

(4)施勞:施,表白。勞,功勞。

(5)少者懷之:讓少者得到關懷。

 

【白話】

顏淵、子路兩人侍立在孔子身邊。孔子說:“你們何不各自說說自己的誌向?”子路說:“願與朋友共同分享我的車馬和皮袍,用壞了也不抱怨。”顏淵說: “但願能做到不誇耀優點、不宣揚功勞。”子路說:“您的願望呢?”孔子說:“但願老人能享受安樂,少兒能得到關懷,朋友能夠信任我。” 

 

【英譯】

With Yan Yuan and Tzu Lu standing by in attendance, Confucius said: “Why don’t you say something about your ideals?” Tzu Lu said: “I’d like to let my friends share my carriage, horse and fir coat. Even if all these are worn out, I don’t have any complains.” Yan Yuan said: “I’d like not to boast of my strong points, not to publicize my merits.” Tzu Lu said to Confucius: “I’d like to know your ideal.” Confucius said: “I’d like to see that the aged can enjoy ease and comfort, the young can get every concern, and friends have trust in me.”

 

【原文】

5·27 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未見能見其過而內自訟者也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“這個社會完了!我沒見過既知道自己有錯,又能自我批評的人。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Finished! I’ve never seen anyone who not only knows his own mistakes but also criticizes himself.”

 

【原文】

5·28 子曰:“十室之邑,必有忠信如丘者焉,不如丘之好學也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“即使隻有十戶人家的小村子,也一定有像我這樣講忠信的人,隻是不如我那樣好學罷了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Even in a small village with only ten families, there are certainly someone like me who pays much attention to honesty.”

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