花間書齋
成功之門原來虛掩著
鄉黨篇第十
【原文】
10·1 孔子於鄉黨(1)，恂恂(2)如也，似不能言者。其在宗廟、朝廷，便便(3)言，唯謹爾。
【注釋】
(1)鄉黨：鄉土，本鄉本土，引申“相親”。
(2)恂恂：讀“尋”，溫和恭順。
(3)便便：讀“片”第二聲，善於辭令。
【白話】
孔子麵對鄉親時顯得很溫和恭敬，好像不會說話。但宗廟、朝廷，卻善於言辭，隻是說話謹慎而已。
【英譯】
Facing fellow townsmen, Confucius didn’t seem good at speaking. Yet in ancestral temple and court, he was a man of eloquence, but he was rather cautious.
【原文】
10·2 朝，與下大夫言，侃侃(1)如也；與上大夫言，訚訚(2)如也。君在，踧踖(3)如也，與與(4)如也。
【注釋】
(1)侃侃：說話理直氣壯，輕鬆自信。
(2)訚訚：讀“銀”，正直，和顏悅色而又能直言諍辯。
(3)踧踖：讀“促吉”，恭敬不安。
(4)與與：小心謹慎、威儀適中的樣子。
【白話】
孔子上朝時，同下大夫說話，從容不迫；同上大夫說話，直言不諱；在國君麵前，恭敬謹慎。
【英譯】
In court, Confucius talked with ease and confidence to lower rank officials, was out-spoken to higher rank officials, and talked to the lord respectfully and cautiously.
【原文】
10·3 君召使擯(1)，色勃如也(2)；足躩(3)如也。揖所與立，左右手，衣前後，襜(4)如也。趨進，翼如也(5)。賓退，必複命曰：“賓不顧矣。”
【注釋】
(1)擯：讀“鬢”，動詞，負責招待國君的官員。
(2)色勃如也：臉色莊重。
(3)足躩：躩，讀“決”，腳步快。
(4)襜：讀“攙”，整齊之貌。
(5)翼如也：如鳥翅一般。
【白話】
國君召孔子去接待來賓，孔子表情莊重，腳步迅速；與兩旁的人作揖，左右拱手，衣服前後擺動，很整齊；快速向前時，步伐輕快；來賓走後，必定回報說：“客人走遠了。”
【英譯】
The lord called Confucius in and asked him to receive guests. Confucius looked serious and quickened his pace. While making bows with hands folded in front to people beside him in both sides, he cupped one hand in the other to the left and then to the right with his dress swinging forward and backward rather neatly. When swiftly stepping forward, he walked at a brisk space. When guests left, he was certain to report back: “Guests went far away.”
【原文】
10·4 入公門，鞠躬如(1)也，如不容。立不中門，行不履閾(2)。過位，色勃如也，足躩如也，其言似不足者。攝齊(3)升堂，鞠躬如也，屏氣似不息者。出，降一等(4)，逞(5)顏色，怡怡如也。沒階(6)，趨進，翼如也。複其位，踧踖如也。
【注釋】
(1)鞠躬如：謹慎而恭敬的樣子。
(2)履閾：閾，讀“玉”，門檻，腳踩門坎。
(3)攝齊：齊，讀“資”，衣服的下擺。攝，提起。提起衣服的下擺。
(4)降一等：從台階上走下一級。
(5)逞：舒展開，鬆口氣。
(6)沒階：走完台階。
【白話】
孔子走進朝廷的大門，看上去恭敬而謹慎，似乎沒有容身之地。站，不站在門中間；走，不踩門坎。經過國君的座位時，他臉色凝重，步速加快，說話似乎底氣不足。提起衣服下擺向堂上走時，畢恭畢敬，憋住氣好像不呼吸一樣。退出來，走下台階，臉色才舒展開，顯得神情怡然自得。走完台階，迅速地朝前走幾步，姿態像鳥兒展翅。回到自己的位置，依然恭敬而不安。
【英譯】
Entering the court gate, Confucius looked deferential and cautious as if no place to shelter himself. When standing, he never stood in the middle of a door; when walking, he never let his feet touch threshold. While passing by the lord’s seat, he looked serious and quickened pace and spoke with a feeble voice as if suffering vitality deficiency. When walking toward upper hall with his gown hem in hand, he held his breath with all courtesy and respect as if he didn’t breathe at all. Only at the time of turning back and walking down the steps did he show a relaxed look and seemingly feel happy and contented. After walking down all the steps, he took a few quick paces forward as a bird stretching its wings. Back onto his seat, he still looked extremely differential but uneasy.
【原文】
10·5 執圭(1)，鞠躬如也，如不勝。上如揖，下如授。勃如戰色(2)，足蹜蹜(3)，如有循(4)。享禮(5)，有容色。私覿(6)，愉愉如也。
【注釋】
(1)圭：一種上圓下方的玉器，舉行典禮時，不同身份的人拿著不同的圭。出使鄰國，大夫拿著圭作為代表君主的憑信。
(2)戰色：戰戰兢兢的樣子。
(3)蹜蹜：讀“訴”，小步走路。
(4)如有循：循，沿著。好像沿著一條直線往前走一樣。
(5)享禮：享，獻上。獻禮儀式。
(6)覿：讀“敵”，會見。
【白話】
拿著圭，像對國君鞠躬，好像拿不動。向上舉，像作揖，放下來，像遞交。臉色凝重，戰戰兢兢，腳步細碎，像沿著一條直線走路。獻禮時，和顏悅色。與國君會麵，則輕鬆愉快。
【英譯】
Confucius held a jade “Gui” in hand as if bowing to the lord and being unable to hold it. He raised it as if he made a bow with hands folded in front. Putting it down as if he presented it. When he walked with light and quick steps as if following a straight line, he showed a severe look and trembled with fear. Yet when presenting gifts, he showed an amiable look. While having a private interview with the lord, he looked rather relaxed and happy.
【原文】
10·6 君子不以紺緅飾(1)，紅紫不以為褻服(2)。當暑，袗絺綌(3)，必表而出之(4)。緇衣(5)，羔裘(6)；素衣，麑(7)裘；黃衣，狐裘。褻裘長，短右袂(8)。必有寢衣(9)，長一身有半。狐貉之厚以居(10)。去喪，無所不佩。非帷裳(11)，必殺之(12)。羔裘玄冠(13)不以吊(14)。吉月(15)，必朝服而朝。
【注釋】
(1)不以紺緅飾：紺，讀“敢”第四聲，深青透紅，齋戒服裝顏色。緅，讀“鄒”，黑中透紅，喪服顏色。這裏是說，不以這兩種顏色布料給便服做鑲邊飾物。
(2)紅紫不以為褻服：褻服，家用便服。古人認為，紅紫不是正色，便服不宜用。
(3)袗絺綌：袗，讀“枕”，單衣。絺，讀“吃”，細葛布。綌，讀“細”，粗葛布。這裏是說，穿粗葛布或細葛布單衣。
(4)必表而出之：把麻布單衣穿在外麵，裏麵還要襯有內衣。
(5)緇：黑色。
(6)羔裘：羔皮衣。古代的羔裘就是翻毛黑羊皮衣。
(7)麑：讀“尼”，小白鹿。
(8)短右袂：袂，讀“妹”，袖子。右袖短，便於做事。
(9)寢衣：睡衣。
(10)狐貉之厚以居：狐貉之厚，厚毛的狐貉皮。居，坐。
(11)帷裳：朝服和祭祀服，用整幅布，不加裁剪，折疊縫製。
(12)殺之：裁去多餘的布。殺，裁。
(13)玄冠：黑帽。
(14)吊：喪事。
(15)吉月：每月初一。一說正月初一。
【白話】
君子不用深紅色做衣邊，紅色紫色不可做內衣。夏天，穿粗布單衣，外出必穿外衣。黑色內衣，配黑色外衣；白色內衣，配黃色外衣；黃色內衣，配黃色外衣。內衣較長，右袖較短。一定要有睡衣，長一身半。坐墊要厚。喪事結束後，佩飾沒有限製。非正式場合的衣服，一定要裁邊。吊喪不穿黑衣、不戴黑帽。每月初一，必穿朝服去朝見。
【英譯】
Gentlemen neither use dark red material to make hems nor use red or purple material to make underwear. In summer, they wear coarse unlined clothes and must wear outer garment when away from home. They should pay attention to match: match black underwear with black outer garment, white underwear with yellow outer garment, yellow underwear with yellow outer garment. Underwear should be long with right sleeve relatively short. Pajamas must be used and should be one and half time the length of one’s height. Seat cushions must be thick. After funeral, there’re no restrictions on ornaments. As for clothes used on formal occasions, they must have hems cut. During funeral, black dress and hats are unadvisable. One the first day of every January, they must wear audience dress to have their audience with the sovereign ruler.
【原文】10·7 齊(1)，必有明衣(2)，布。齊必變食(3)，居必遷坐(4)。
【注釋】
(1)齊：古時音義皆同齋。
(2)明衣：齋前沐浴後穿的浴衣。
(3)變食：改變平常的飲食。指不飲酒，不吃蔥、蒜等有刺激味的東西。
(4)居必遷坐：指從內室遷到外室居住，不和妻妾同房。
【白話】
齋戒沐浴，必備浴衣，用布縫製。齋戒飲食必改，住處也必遷移。
【英譯】
On fast days, one must wear bathrobe after bath, which is made of cloth. During fast period, one should change diet and residence.
【原文】
10·8 食不厭精，膾(1)不厭細。食饐(2)而餲(3)，魚餒(4)而肉敗(5)，不食。色惡，不食。臭惡，不食。失飪(6)，不食。不時(7)，不食，割不正(8)，不食。不得其醬，不食。肉雖多，不使勝食氣(9)。唯酒無量，不及亂(10)。沽酒市脯(11)，不食。不撤薑食，不多食。
【注釋】
(1)膾：讀“快”，切細的肉。
(2)饐：讀“義”，食物腐敗變質。
(3)餲：讀“愛”，變質。
(4)餒：魚腐爛。
(5)敗：肉腐爛，這裏指肉不新鮮。
(6)飪：烹調製作飯菜。
(7)不時：應時，合時令，時鮮。
(8)割不正：肉切得不方正。
(9)氣：同“餼”，讀“細”，穀物。
(10)亂：醉酒。
(11)脯：讀“腐“，熟肉幹。
【白話】
糧食舂得越精越好，魚和肉切得越細越好。糧食陳舊變質，魚和肉腐爛，都不吃。食物的顏色不好，不吃。氣味不好，不吃。烹調不當，不吃。不時鮮，不吃。肉切得不方正，不吃。佐料不當，不吃。肉雖多，但食量不超過糧食。隻有酒不限量，但不要喝醉。買的肉幹和酒，不吃。每餐必吃薑，但不多用。
【英譯】
When you pestle grain, the more delicate the better; while fish and meat to be cut, the finest the better. Neither moldy grain nor rotten fish and meat are eatable. Do not eat food with bad colors. Do not eat food with bad smell. Do not eat food improperly cooked. Do not eat food unseasonable. Do not eat meat without being cut into square pieces. Do not eat food improperly flavored. While eating meat, do not take more than rice though plenty. Only wine is unlimited, yet do not get drunk. Do not eat dried meat and wine bought from market. Ginger must be taken during each meal, but not too much.
【原文】
10·9 祭於公，不宿肉(1)，祭肉(2)不出三日。出三日，不食之矣。
【注釋】
(1)不宿肉：不使肉過夜。
(2)祭肉：祭祀用的供品肉。
【白話】
孔子參加國君祭祀典禮後分到的祭肉，不隔夜吃。祭肉不超過三天。超過三天，就不吃了。
【英譯】
Confucius didn’t eat overnight sacrificial meat allotted to him after participating in sacrificial rites held by lord. Sacrificial meat couldn’t be kept over three days. Otherwise, he didn’t eat it at all.
【原文】
10·10 食不語，寢不言。
【白話】
吃飯時不說話，睡覺時候也不說話。
【英譯】
Confucius didn’t speak during eating or sleeping.
【原文】
10·11 雖疏食菜羹(1)，瓜祭(2)，必齊(3)如也。
【注釋】
(1)菜羹：菜湯。
(2)瓜祭：古人飯前把食品分出一些，放在食具裏祭祖。 瓜，葫蘆瓜。古人以葫蘆瓢為食具，把食品放在瓢裏祭祀，故稱瓜祭。
(3)齊：音以皆同“齋”。
【白話】
即使粗飯菜湯，吃飯前也留出一些來祭祖，而且像齋戒時那樣畢恭畢敬。
【英譯】
Even if coarse rice and vegetable soup, Confucius was certain to put some aside before dinner as sacrificial offerings to his ancestors. He did it with all courtesy and respect as if during fast days.
【原文】
10·12 席(1)不正，不坐。
【注釋】
(1)席：古代沒有桌椅，要把席子鋪在地上坐。
【白話】
席放得不正，不坐。
【英譯】
Confucius didn’t sit on mat which wasn’t put properly.
【原文】
10·13 鄉人飲酒(1)，杖者(2)出，斯出矣。
【注釋】
(1)鄉人飲酒：指當時的鄉飲酒禮。
(2)杖者：柱拐杖的人，指老年人。
【白話】
鄉親們的飲酒儀式結束後，孔子一定要等老人先出去，然後自己才出去。
【英譯】
After ending country wine rites, Confucius would certainly let old people walk out before him.
【原文】
10·14 鄉人儺(1)，朝服而立於阼階(2)。
【注釋】
(1)儺：讀“挪”，迎神驅鬼儀式。
(2)阼階：阼，讀“做”，東麵的台階。主人迎客要站在大堂東麵的台階上。
【白話】
鄉人舉行驅鬼儀式時，孔子總是穿著朝服站在東邊的台階上。
【英譯】
During country ghost-expelling-rites, Confucius usually had his official garment on and stood on the eastern step.
【原文】
10·15 問(1)人於他邦，再拜而送之(2)。
【注釋】
(1)問：問候。古代人在問候時往往要致送禮物。
(2)再拜而送之：在送別客人時，兩次拜別。
【白話】
托人向在外國朋友問候送禮，一定拜見兩次送行。
【英譯】
When asking someone to send regards or gifts to foreign friends, it was definite that Confucius saw him off by making two respectful calls on him
【原文】
10·16 康子饋藥，拜而受之。曰：“丘未達，不敢嚐。”
【白話】
季康子給孔子贈送藥品，孔子拜謝接受之後說：“我對藥性不了解，不敢嚐。”
【英譯】
Accepting some medicine given by Ji Kangtzu, Confucius said: “I’m not familiar with its property so I dare not have a taste.”
【原文】
10·17 廄焚。子退朝，曰：“傷人乎？”不問馬。
【白話】
馬棚被大火焚毀。孔子退朝回來，說：“傷人了嗎？”不問馬的情況。
【英譯】
Confucius’ stable was destroyed by a fire. Back from his audience with the sovereign ruler, he said: “Are there anyone wounded?” But he asked nothing about his horse.
【原文】
10·18 君賜食，必正席先嚐之。君賜腥(1)，必熟而薦(2)之。君賜生，必畜之。侍食於君，君祭，先飯。
【注釋】
(1)腥：帶腥味的鮮肉。
(2)薦：供奉。
【白話】
君主賞賜食物，孔子一定要擺正先嚐；君主賞賜鮮肉，一定要煮熟供奉祖先；君主賞賜活物，一定要養起來。陪君主吃飯，君主祭祀時，自己先嚐。
【英譯】
Given food by the lord, Confucius definitely put it properly and then had a taste. Given raw meat, he definitely had it cooked and then offered it as sacrifices to ancestors. Given something alive, he definitely accepted and raised it. Accompanying the lord to have a meal, he definitely had a taste before the lord began offering sacrifice.
【原文】
10·19 疾，君視之，東首(1)，加朝服，拖紳(2)。
【注釋】
(1)東首：頭朝東。
(2)紳：腰帶。 孔子患病，臥床不起，國君探視，他無法起身穿朝服，顯得對國君失禮，就把朝服蓋在身上，手裏還拿著腰帶。
【白話】
孔子病了，君主來探視，他便頭朝東躺著，身上蓋上朝服，拖著腰帶。
【英譯】
Confucius was ill. The lord went to see him. Lying in bed, he had his head eastward with official garment covering his body and waistband in his hand.
【原文】
10·20 君命召，不俟駕行矣。
【白話】
君主召見，孔子不等車備好就先步行走去了。
【英譯】
Whenever called in by the lord, Confucius would usually go by foot without waiting to prepare carriage and horse ready.
【原文】
10·21 入太廟，每事問(1)。
【白話】
孔子進入太廟，每件事都問。
【英譯】
Entering the temple which was built for offering sacrifice to the lord’s ancestors, Confucius asked about everything.
【原文】
10·22 朋友死，無所歸，曰：“於我殯(1)。”
【注釋】
(1)殯：停放靈柩和埋葬都可以叫殯，這裏是泛指喪葬事務。
【白話】
朋友死了，沒有人辦喪事，孔子說：“喪事由我來辦吧。”
【英譯】
A friend died but no one made arrangements for funeral affairs. Confucius said: “Let me do it.”
【原文】
10·23 朋友之饋，雖車馬，非祭肉，不拜(1)。
【注釋】
(1) 拜：拜領，即接受。
【白話】
朋友饋贈物品，如果不是祭肉，即便是車馬，也不接受。
【英譯】
As for gifts given by friends, Confucius refused anything other than sacrifice meat. If no sacrifice meat, he accepted nothing even if there were horses or carts.
【原文】
10·24 寢不屍，居不客。
【白話】
睡覺不像挺屍那樣僵直，居家不像客人那樣拘謹。
【原文】
When sleeping, Confucius wasn’t as stiff and rigid as a corpse. While staying at home, he wasn’t as overcautious as a visitor.
【原文】
10·25 見齊衰(1)者，雖狎(2)，必變。見冕者與瞽者(3)，雖褻(4)，必以貌。凶服(5)者式(6)之。式負版者(7)。有盛饌(8)，必變色而作(9)。迅雷風烈必變。
【注釋】
(1)齊衰：讀“資崔”，喪服。
(2)狎：讀“霞”，親近。
(3)瞽者：盲人，有時指樂師。
(4)褻：讀“謝”，熟悉。
(5)凶服：喪服。
(6)式：音義皆同“軾”，古代車前的橫木。這裏作動詞用。遇見地位高的人或其他可敬重可同情的人，車把式要略微向前傾身，伏在橫木上，以示尊敬或者同情。這是當時的禮節。
(7)負版者：背著木簡的人。版，木簡，就是木板，當時無紙，用木版書寫，因此“版”就相當於今天的書。
(8)饌：讀“賺”，飲食。盛饌，盛大的宴席。
(9)作：站起來。
【白話】
見穿喪服的人，即使再親密，也一定要變得嚴肅起來；見穿官服的和盲人，即使再熟悉，也一定要有禮貌；坐車遇到送殯的，一定傾身以示同情，見背著版圖的也一樣；在盛大宴席上，要變得恭敬並起立致謝；遇到響雷大風，一定變得敬畏起來。
【英譯】
When seeing people in mourning apparel, Confucius definitely changed his usual look into a severe one even if they were near and dear to him. When seeing officials or blind musicians, he definitely showed respects even if they were well acquainted with each other. While seating in a cart and seeing people attending a funeral, he definitely bent his body to show sympathy. Seeing people carrying inscribed wooden slips, he did the same. Attending a grand banquet, he definitely changed his usual countenance into a thankful look and stood up to show gratitude. When bad weather came about with sound thunders and strong wind, he definitely showed a respectful and awesome expression to the heaven.
【原文】
10·26 升車，必正立，執綏(1)。車中，不內顧(2)，不疾言(3)，不親指(4)。
【注釋】
(1)綏：上車時扶手用的索帶。
(2)內顧：回頭看。
(3)疾言：大聲說話。
(4)不親指：不用自己的手指劃。
【白話】
上車時要先直立站好，然後拉著扶手帶上車。在車裏，不東張西望，不高聲說話，不用手指畫腳。
【英譯】
When boarding a cart, Confucius definitely stood straight first and then grasped the supporting belt to help him climb up. In the cart, he neither peeped here and there nor spoke aloud and gesticulated wildly.
【原文】
10·27 色斯舉矣(1)，翔而後集(2)。曰：“山梁雌雉(3)，時哉時哉！(4)”子路共(5)之，三戛(6)而作(7)。。
【注釋】
(1)色斯舉矣：色，臉色。舉，鳥飛起來。
(2)翔而後集：飛翔一陣，然後落到樹上。鳥群停在樹上叫“集”。
(3)山梁雌雉：聚集在山梁上的母野雞。
(4)時哉時哉：得其時呀！得其時呀！這是說野雞時運好，能自由飛翔，自由落下。
(5)共：同“拱”。
(6)戛：鳥的長叫聲。
(7) 作：飛。
【白話】
孔子郊遊，看見野雞飛翔一陣後聚集在樹上，孔子神情一變，說：“山脊上的野雞啊，時運好啊！時運好！”子路向它們拱拱手，野雞長叫幾聲飛走了。
【英譯】
Seeing some pheasants flying and then gathering in a tree during an outing, Confucius suddenly changed his expression and said: “These she-pheasants on the hill. How lucky they are! How lucky they are!” Ztu Lu bowed to the birds cupping one hand in the other before his chest. And the birds gave out several cries and flew away.
