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子路篇第十三

(2008-08-25 19:46:39) 下一個

 

子路篇第十三

 

 

【原文】

13·1 子路問政。子曰:“先之勞之(1)。”請益(2)。曰:“無倦(3)。”

 

【注釋】

(1)先之勞之:先,引導,先導,即教化。之,指老百姓。

(2)益:請求增加。

(3)無倦:不厭倦,不鬆懈。

 

【白話】

子路問怎麽理政。孔子說:“身先士卒,激勵他人勤奮。”子路請多講一點。孔子說:“不要懈怠。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu asked the way to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Go ahead of your men and encourage others to be diligent." Ztu Lu asked his master to say more. Confucius said: “Don’t be slacking.”

 

【原文】

13·2 仲弓為季氏宰(1),問政。子曰:“先有司(2),赦小過,舉賢才。”曰:“焉知賢才而舉之?”曰:“舉爾所知。爾所不知,人其舍諸?”

 

【注釋】

(1)宰:總管。

(2)有司:古代負責具體事務的官吏。

 

【白話】

仲弓當了季氏的總管,問如何管理政事。孔子說:“使下屬各司其職,寬容小錯,提拔賢才。”仲弓問:“怎知誰是賢才而提拔?”孔子說:“提拔你所知道的,你不知道的,難道別人還會埋沒他?”

 

【英譯】

As a manager of Ji, Zhong Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Let each subordinate of yours take charge of his own job, bear with miner faults and promote talents.” Zhong Gong asked: “How to know who is a real talent?” Confucius said: “Promote whoever you know. As to the talents you don’t know, surely it doesn’t mean that they will be stifled.”

 

【原文】

13·3 子路曰:“衛君(1)待子為政,子將奚(2)先?”子曰:“必也正名(3)乎!”子路曰:“有是哉,子之迂(4)也!奚其正?”子曰:“野哉,由也!君子於其所不知,蓋闕(5)如也。名不正則言不順,言不順則事不成,事不成則禮樂(6)不興,禮樂不興則刑罰不中(7),刑罰不中,則民無所措手足。故君子名之必可言也,言之必可行也。君子於其言,無所苟(8)而已矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)衛君:衛出公,名輒,衛靈公之孫。其父蒯聵被衛靈公驅逐出國,衛靈公死後,蒯輒繼位。其父蒯聵不服,要回國與兒子爭奪君位,遭到蒯輒拒絕。這裏,孔子對此事提出了自己的看法。

(2)奚:讀“西”,什麽。

(3)正名:正名分。

(4)迂:迂腐。

(5)闕:音義皆同“缺”,此處實為“闕疑”,即存疑,把疑難問題暫時保留。

(6)禮樂:法律。

(7)中:讀“眾”,得當。

(8)苟:苟且,馬馬虎虎。

 

【白話】

子路對孔子說:“如果衛國君主等著您去協助執行,您將從哪裏著手呢?”孔子說:“一定先糾正名分呀!”子路說:“是嗎?您未免太迂腐了,糾正名分有什麽用?”孔子說:“你太淺薄了!君子對於不懂的事,一般都保留意見。名分不正當,說話就不合理;說話不合理,事情就辦不成。事情辦不成,法律就不能深入人心;法律不能深入人心,刑罰就不會公正;刑罰不公正,百姓就不知如何是好。因此君子做事必須說得通、說話必須行得通。君子說話,絕不能馬虎。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu aske Confucius: “If the lord of the country Wei is waiting for you to help him manage political affairs, what will you set about?” Confucius said: “I’ll make everything fully justified first.” Ztu Lu said: “Is it? I think you’re a bit too pedantic. What’s the use to make things full justified first?” Confucius said: “But your idea is rather superficial. General speaking, as for what they don’t understand, gentlemen usually reserve their views. If you don’t make things fully justified first, what you say will be unreasonable. If so, you’ll accomplish nothing. If so, you’ll be unable to make laws take root in the heart of the people. If so, penalty will be unfair. And if so, the people won’t know what to do. So, whatever they do, gentlemen must make them reasonable. And whatever they say, they make them workable. When speaking, gentlemen mustn’t be careless.”

 

 

【原文】

13·4 樊遲請學稼。子曰:“吾不如老農。”請學為圃(1)。曰:“吾不如老圃。”樊遲出。子曰:“小人(2)哉,樊須也!上(3)好禮,則民莫敢不敬,上好義,則民莫敢不服;上好信,則民莫敢不用情(4)。夫如是,則四方之民繈(5)負其子而至矣,焉用稼?”

 

【注釋】

(1)圃:園地,此處是菜地,引申為種菜。

(2)小人:此處並非指品質惡劣的卑鄙之徒,而是指目光短淺的人。

(3)上:上流,上層人物。即領導人。

(4)用情:情,情實。以真情對待。

(5)繈:讀“搶”,背嬰孩的背帶。

 

【白話】

樊遲向孔子請教如何種莊稼。孔子說:“我不如老農。”樊遲又請教如何種菜。孔子說:“我不如菜農。”樊遲退出以後,孔子說:“樊遲真是鼠目寸光。領導人隻要遵紀守法,老百姓就不敢不敬畏;領導人隻要重視義,老百姓就不敢不服從;領導人隻要重視信,老百姓就不敢不用真情來對待你。要是做到這樣,四麵八方的百姓就會扶老攜幼來投奔,哪裏用得著自己去做農活呢?“

 

【英譯】

Fan Chi asked Confucius how to grow crops. Confucius said: “I’m not so good as farmers.” Fan Chi asked how to grown vegetable. Confucius said: “I’m inferior to gardeners.” Fan Chi left and Confucius said: “Fan Chi is really as short-sighted as mice. So long as the leaders observe law and discipline, the people won’t dare not to stand in awe of them. So long as the leaders stand for justice, the people won’t dare not to follow you. So long as the leaders pay much attention to honesty, people won’t dare not to treat you wholeheartedly. If so, the people will come to you from far and near supporting the old and carrying the young. What’s the need for them to till land?”

 

 

【原文】

13·5 子曰:“誦詩三百,授之以政,不達(1);使於四方,不能專對(2)。雖多,亦奚以(3)為?”

 

【注釋】

(1)達:通達。這裏是會運用的意思。

(2)專對:獨立對答。

(3)以:用。

 

【譯文】

孔子說:“把《詩》三百篇背得很熟,讓他處理政務,卻不會辦;讓他公關,又不能獨立完成任務;即便背得再多,又有什麽用呢?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If someone is asked to manage government affairs but he cannot do it, if he is asked to deal with social activity but he cannot accomplish the task alone, then what’s the use even if he can skillfully recite the 300 poems of The Book of Odes?”

 

 

【原文】

13·6 子曰:“其身正,不令而行;其身不正,雖令不從。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“自身正了,即使不發布命令,老百姓也會去幹,自身不正,即使發布命令,老百姓也不會服從。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “So long as the leaders behave well, the people will follow you even if no orders are issued.

Otherwise, the people won’t follow you even if orders are given.”

 

【原文】

13·7 子曰:“魯衛之政,兄弟也。”

 

【注釋】

魯國是周公旦的封地,衛國是康叔的封地,周公旦和康叔是兄弟,當時兩國的政治情況有些相似。所以孔子說,魯國的國事和衛國的國事,就像兄弟一樣。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“魯和衛兩國的政事,就像兄弟之間的政事一樣。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “The government affairs between the two states of Lu and Wei are just like that between brothers.”

 

 

【原文】

13·8 子謂衛公子荊(1):“善居室(2)。始有,曰:‘苟(3)(4)矣’。少有,曰:‘苟完矣。’富有,曰:‘苟美矣。’”

 

【注釋】

(1)衛公子荊:衛國大夫,字南楚,衛獻公的兒子。

(2)善居室:善於居家過日子。

(3)苟:差不多。

(4)合:足夠。

 

【白話】

孔子談到衛國的公子荊時說:“他善於家庭理財。剛開始有一點,他說:‘差不多也就夠了。’稍為多一點時,他說:‘差不多就算錢多了。’更多一點時,他說:‘差不多算是完美了’。”

 

【英譯】

Talking about Jing, prince of the country Wei, Confucius said: “He’s good at managing family money matters. When there is a little bit of money at the beginning, he would say: ‘That’s enough.’  When there is a little bit more, he would say: ‘There is more money.’ When there is much money, he would say: ‘It’s nearly perfect.’”

 

【原文】

13·9 子適衛,冉有仆(1)。子曰:“庶矣哉!”冉有曰:“既庶(2)矣,又何加焉?”曰:“富之。”曰:“既富矣,又何加焉?”曰:“教之。”

 

【注釋】

(1)仆:駕車。

(2)庶:眾多,這裏指人口眾多。

 

【白話】

孔子前往衛國,冉有駕車。孔子說:“人真多呀!”冉有說:“人口夠多了,還做什麽?”孔子說:“使他們富起來。”冉有說:“富了還做什麽?”孔子說:“使他們受教育。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius went to the country Wei. Ran you drove the cart for him. Confucius said: “There are so many people!” Ran You said: “This country has enough people. What else has to be done?” Confucius said: “Make them rich.” Ran You said: “What else has to be done after getting rich?” Confucius said: “Make them educated.”

 

 

【原文】

13·10 子曰:“苟有用我者,期月(1)而已可也,三年有成。”

 

【注釋】

 (1)期月:一周年。期,讀“雞”。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“如果有人啟用我,一年初見成效,三年大見成效。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If someone starts using me, initial success will be won and a marked effect will be won.”

 

【原文】

13·11 子曰:“善人為邦百年,亦可以勝殘去殺矣。誠哉是言也!”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“能人治理國家,經過一百年,也就可以戰勝殘暴,免除殺戮了。這話真對呀!”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If a country is administered by capable men, it’ll spend a hundred years to surmount brutality and avoid killing. What wonderful remarks!”

 

【原文】

13·12 子曰:“如有王者,必世(1)而後仁。”

 

【注釋】

 (1)世:三十年。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“即便有王者出現,也一定要三十年才能實現仁政。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Thirty years are needed to realize administration by policy of benevolence even if a king turns up.”

 

【原文】

13·13 子曰:“苟正其身矣,於從政乎何有?不能正其身,如正人何?”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“如果端正了自身行為,管理政事還有什麽困難呢?如果不能端正自身行為,怎能使別人端正呢?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “What sorts of difficulties will crop up if you behave well? How can you ask others to behave well if you cannot set right your behavior?”

 

【原文】

13·14 冉子退朝。子曰:“何晏也?”對曰:“有政。”子曰:“其事也?如有政,雖不吾以,吾其與聞之。”

 

【白話】

冉求退朝回來,孔子說:“為什麽回來這麽晚呀?”冉求說:“有政事。”孔子說:“是私事吧?如果是公事,雖然國君不再任用我,那我也會知道的。”

 

【英譯】

Ran Ztu came back from the court. Confucius said: “Why are you so late?” Ran Qiu said: “We had government affairs to manage.” Confucius said: “I think they must be personal affairs. If they are government affairs, I’ll know even if the lord has no longer assigned me to any posts.”

 

 

【原文】

13·15 定公問:“一言而可以興邦,有諸?”孔子對曰:“言不可以若是其幾(1)也。人之言曰:‘為君難,為臣不易。’如知為君之難也,不幾乎一言而興邦乎?”曰:“一言而喪邦,有諸?”孔子對曰:“言不可以若是其幾也。人之言曰:‘予無樂乎為君,唯其言而莫予違也。’如其善而莫之違也,不亦善乎?如不善而莫之違也,不幾乎一言而喪邦乎?”

 

【注釋】

(1)幾:讀“基”,接近,差不多。下文中的“幾乎”,就是“錦湖”或“差不多”的意思。

 

【白話】

魯定公問:“一句話可以使國家興旺,有這樣的話嗎?”孔子答:“雖然不可以這樣說,但也有意思差不多的話。有人說:‘做君難,做臣不易。’如果知道做君難了,不就近似一句話可以使國家興旺嗎?”說:“一句話可以使國家滅亡,有這樣的話嗎?”孔子答:“雖然不可以這樣說,但也有意思差不多的話。有的君主說:‘我的樂趣不在於做君主,而在於沒人敢違抗我說的話。’如果他們的話正確,那很好;如果他們的話不對卻沒人敢反抗,這不近似一句話可以亡國嗎?” 

 

【英譯】

Mr. Ding, the lord of the country Lu, asked: “Only one single word can make a country flourishing. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. People say: ‘It’s hard to be a lord and it’s not easy to be a courtier.’ If the lord knows the difficulty to be a lord, isn’t it similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country flourishing?” Mr. Ding said: “Only one single word can make a country destroyed. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. Some lords say: ‘My pleasure doesn’t lie in being a lord but lie in that no one dare disobey my words.’ If their words are correct, it’s not so bad. Yet, if their words are wrong but no one dare resist, isn’t similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country destroyed?”

 

 

【原文】

13·16 葉公問政。子曰:“近者悅,遠者來。”

 

【白話】

葉公問孔子怎樣理政。孔子說:“使近處的人高興,使遠處的人來歸順。”

 

【英譯】

Mr. Ye asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Make the people nearby happy and make the people far away come and give allegiance to you.”

 

 

【原文】

13·17 子夏為莒父(1)宰,問政。子曰:“無欲速,無見小利。欲速則不達,見小利則大事不成。”

 

【注釋】

(1)莒父:莒,讀“舉”。魯國一城邑,在今山東省莒縣境內。

 

【白話】

子夏做莒父的總管,問孔子怎樣理政。孔子說:“不要隻求速度,不要貪圖小利。隻求速度,往往達不到目的;貪圖小利,就做不成大事。”

 

【英譯】

As a manager in Ju Fu, Ztu Xia asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Do not pursue speed only; do not seek small gains. If you pursue speed only, usually you cannot attain your objective. If you seek small gains, then you cannot do great things.”

 

 

 

【原文】

13·18 葉公語孔子曰:“吾黨(1)有直躬者(2),其父攘 (3) 羊,而子證(4)之。”孔子曰:“吾黨之直者異於是:父為子隱,子為父隱,直在其中矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)黨:鄉黨,古代以五百戶為一黨。

(2)直躬者:正直的人。

(3)攘:偷。

(4)證:告發。

 

【白話】

葉公對孔子說:“我老家有個正直的人,他老爹偷人家羊,他就把老爹告發了。”孔子說:“我老家正直的人和你講的不一樣:老爹為兒子隱瞞,兒子也為老爹隱瞞。正直的奧秘就在這裏。”

 

【英譯】

Mr. Ye said to Confucius: “There is an honest man in my hometown. His father stole a goat and he informed against his father.” Confucius said: “The honest men in my hometown are different to the ones in your hometown. Fathers conceal sons’ mistakes and vice versa. The secrets of honesty are right here.”

 

【原文】

13·19 樊遲問仁。子曰:“居處恭,執事敬,與人忠。雖之夷狄,不可棄也。”

 

【譯文】

樊遲問怎樣才是仁。孔子說:“在家規規矩矩,在外辦事認真,待人誠懇。即使到了外國,也不可背棄這些原則。”

 

【英譯】

Fan Chi asked about humanity. Confucius said: “Behave yourself properly at home and outside do things carefully and treat people honestly. You mustn’t abandon these principles even you go abroad.”

 

 

【原文】

13·20 子貢問曰:“何如斯可謂之士矣?”子曰:“行已有恥,使於四方,不辱君命,可謂士矣。”曰:“敢問其次。”曰:“宗族稱孝焉,鄉黨稱弟焉。” 曰“敢問其次。”曰:“言必信,行必果(1),硜硜(4)然小人哉!抑亦可以為次矣。”曰:“今之從政者何如?”子曰:“噫!鬥筲之人(3),何足算也?”

 

【注釋】

 (1)果:果斷、堅決。

(2)硜硜:讀“坑”,象聲詞,敲擊石頭的聲音。這裏引申為像石塊那樣堅硬。

(3)鬥筲之人:筲,讀“燒”,竹器,容一鬥二升。比喻器量狹小的人。

 

【白話】

子貢問:“怎樣做才能算士呢?”孔子說:“做事時,要有羞恥之心;出國訪問時,不辱使命。可算士了。”子貢問:“請問次一等的呢?”孔子說:“同宗族的人稱讚他孝順父母,同鄉的人稱讚他尊敬師長。”子貢問:“請問再次一等的呢?”孔子說:“說到做到,不問是非地固執己見,當然是小人!但也可以算最次的士了。”子貢問:“現在的官員怎樣?”孔子說:“唉!這些器量狹小的人,哪裏能數得上呢?”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Gong asked: “How can I be a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “You should have a sense of shame  when you do something. You should accomplish your mission when you go abroad for state visit. By doing this way, you can be a man of integrity.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about a man of second rank?” Confucius said: “Clansmen praise him for his filial devotion to his parents and respect for his teachers.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about the next rank?” Confucius said: “Put words into deeds. Stubbornly hold to one’s own opinion without asking right or wrong. They are naturally narrow-minded vulgarians. If they can be considered men of integrity, naturally they should be the last rank.” Zut Gong asked: “How about today’s officials? Confucius said: “Oh, these narrow-minded persons! How can they be considered men of integrity?”

 

【原文】

13·21 子曰:“不得中行(1)而與之,必也狂狷(2)乎!狂者進取,狷者有所不為也。”

 

【注釋】

(1)中行:行為合乎中庸。

(2)狷:讀“娟”,拘謹,有所不為。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“我找不到尊崇中庸之道的人和他交往,隻能與狂者、狷者相交往了。狂者敢作敢為,狷者對有些事是不肯幹的。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “I cannot find and associate with persons who worship the doctrine of the mean. Therefore I have to associate with frantic persons and cowards. Frantic person dare to do, but cowards often shrink back. There are something they don’t want to do.”

 

【原文】

13·22 子曰:“南人有言曰:‘人而無恒,不可以作巫醫(1)。’善夫!‘不恒 其德,或承之羞。’”(2)子曰:“不占(3)而已矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)巫醫:以卜筮為人治病的醫生。

(2)不恒其德,或承之羞:語出《易經·恒卦·爻辭》。

(3)占:占卜。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“南方人有句話:‘人無恒心,巫醫也當不好。’說得好啊!易經上說:‘不能堅守德操,就會蒙受羞辱。’這句話是說,沒恒心的人注定一事無成,即便求助於卜卦也無濟於事。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “The southerners have a common saying: ‘Without being perseverant, no one can be a witch doctor.’ What a wonderful remark! But there’s a saying in Yi Books: ‘Unable to keep standards of virtue, one will be subjected to humiliation.’ These words tell us that without being perseverant, one is doomed to get nowhere. It’s no use even if he resorts to fortune-telling.”

 

 

【原文】

13·23 子曰:“君子和(1)而不同(2),小人同而不和。”

 

【注釋】

(1)和:不同事物和諧配合。

(2)同:相同事物相加或與人相混同,叫做同。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“君子和睦相處而不同流合汙,小人同流合汙而不能和睦相處。” 

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Gentlemen live in harmony with others but don’t wallow in the mire with others. Yet vulgarians do exactly the opposite.”

【原文】

13·24 子貢問曰:“鄉人皆好之,何如?”子曰:“未可也。”“鄉人皆惡之,何如?”子曰:“未可也。不如鄉人之善者好之,其不善者惡之。”

 

【白話】

子貢問:“一個人如果全鄉人都喜歡,這個人怎麽樣?”孔子說:“這很難說不。”子貢又問孔子說:“一個人如果全鄉人都厭惡,這個人怎麽樣?”孔子說:“這也很難說。最好的人就是全鄉的好人都喜歡,全鄉的壞人都厭惡。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Gong asked: “As for a person, if all people in the town love him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say.” Ztu Gong asked: “As far as a person is concerned, if all people in the town detest him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say. I think the best person is a one who is loved by all good people in the town and detested by all bad people in the town.”

 

 

【原文】

13·25 子曰:“君子易事(1)而難說(2)也。說之不以道,不說也;及其使人也,器之(3)。小人難事而易說也。說之雖不以道,說也;及其使人也,求備焉。”

 

【注釋】

(1)易事:易於為人辦事。

(2)難說:難於令人高興。

(3)器之:量才而用。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“為君子做事容易,但使他高興卻很難。以邪門歪道討好他,他是不高興的;他用人時,總能量材而用。為小人做事難,但使他高興很容易。以邪門歪道討好他,他也高興;他用人時,總是求全責備。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “It’s easy to manage affairs for gentlemen, but it’s hard to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked ways, they cannot be happy. But they employ persons according to their ability. It’s hard to manage affairs for vulgarians, but it’s easy to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked way, they can be happy. But when they employ persons, they demand perfection.”

 

 

【原文】

13·26 子曰:“君子泰而不驕,小人驕而不泰。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“君子坦然而不傲慢,小人傲慢而不坦然。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Gentlemen are calm but not arrogant, yet vulgarians are arrogant but not calm.”

 

 

【原文】

13·27 子曰:“剛、毅、木、訥(1)近仁。”

 

【注釋】

(1) 訥:說話簡潔。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“剛強、果敢、樸實、寡言,這四種品德接近仁。”

 

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Resolution, braveness, honesty and taciturnity. These four fine qualities are near humanity.”

 

【原文】

13·28 子路問曰:“何如斯可謂之士矣?”子曰:“切切偲偲(1),怡怡(2)如也,可謂士矣。朋友切切偲偲,兄弟怡怡。

 

【注釋】

(1)偲偲:讀“四”,誠懇地勉勵督促。

(2)怡怡:讀“伊”,和氣、親切、順從、快樂。

 

【白話】

子路問:“怎樣才可稱為士?”孔子說:“對人誠懇勉勵,與人和睦相處,就可稱為士。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu asked: “How to become a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “Honestly encourage others and live in amity with others. This sort of persons can be considered men of integrity.”

 

 

【原文】

13·29 子曰:“善人(1)教民七年,亦可以即戎(2)矣。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“如果是能人,他教練百姓七年,也可以叫他們去從軍了。”

 

【譯注】

(1) 善人:好人。這裏指善於做某事的人。即“能人”。

(2)  戎:軍事,軍隊。即戎,從軍。

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “So long as people are trained by a capable man, it only spends seven years that they can join the army.”

 

 

【原文】

13·30 子曰:“以不教民戰,是謂棄之。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“如果不訓練百姓作戰,這就意味著拋棄他們。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Not to train people to fight means to abandon them.”

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