衛靈公篇第十五
【原文】
15·1 衛靈公問陳(1)於孔子。孔子對曰:“俎豆(2)之事,則嚐聞之矣;軍旅之事,未之學也。”明日遂行。
【注釋】
(1)陳:音義皆同“陣”,軍隊作戰布列的陣勢。
(2)俎豆:俎,讀“舉”,古代盛食物的器皿,也被用作祭祀禮器。
【白話】
衛靈公向孔子問軍隊列陣法。孔子回答說:“祭祀禮儀方麵的事情,我還聽說過;用兵打仗的事,從來沒有學過。”第二天,孔子便離開了衛國。
【英譯】
Ling Gong, the lord of the country Wei, asked Confucius about battle array. Confucius replied: “As for sacrificial rites, I’ve heard something but I’ve never learned anything about troops commanding and battle fighting.” Confucius left the country Wei the next day.
【原文】
15·2 在陳絕糧,從者病,莫能興。子路慍(1)見曰:“君子亦有窮乎?”子曰:“君子固窮(2),小人窮斯濫矣。”
【注釋】
(1)慍:讀“運”,怒,怨恨。
(2)固窮:固守窮困,安貧守困。
【白話】
孔子在陳國斷糧時,跟隨的學生都餓得走不動路。子路埋怨地說:“難道君子也有窮困潦倒的時候嗎?”孔子說:“君子雖窮,但人窮誌不窮;小人一旦窮了,就自暴自棄。”
【英譯】
When Confucius and his students had run out of food in the country Chen, his students were too hungry to walk. Ztu Lu complained: “Could it be said that gentlemen also have days when they are poverty-stricken and frustrated?” Confucius said: “Sometimes gentlemen may be very poor but they can hold to their high aspirations in spite of poverty. Yet once vulgarians become poor, they will abandon themselves to despair.”
【原文】
15·3 子曰:“賜也!女以予為多學而識之者與?”對曰:“然,非與?”曰:“非也。予一以貫之。”
【注釋】
(1) 賜:即子貢。
(2) 女:音義皆同“汝”,你。
【白話】
孔子說:“子貢啊,你以為我是學得多才記得住的嗎?” 子貢答道:“對,難道不是嗎?”孔子說:“不對。那是因為我把學到的東西貫徹始終。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Ztu Gong, do you think that I can remember what I’ve learnt just because I’ve studied more?” Ztu Gong replied: “Yes I do. But could it be said that it isn’t like this?” Confucius said: “No. It is because that so long as I’ve learnt something I would put it into practice from beginning to end.”
【原文】
15·4 子曰:“由!知德者鮮矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“由啊!懂得德的人太少了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You, there are too little people who can well comprehend virtue.”
【原文】
15·5 子曰:“無為而治(1)者,其舜也與?夫(2)何為哉?恭己正南麵而已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)無為而治:國家的統治者不必有所作為便可以治理國家了。
(2)夫:代詞,他。
【白話】
孔子說:“能夠無所作為而治理天下的人,大概隻有舜吧?他做了些什麽呢?隻是莊嚴端正地坐在朝廷的王位上罷了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Probably it’s only the lord Shun who can well govern his country by doing nothing, isn’t it? What did he do? The only thing he did was to sit solemnly and uprightly in his throne.”
【原文】
15·6 子張問行(1)。子曰“言忠信,行篤敬,雖蠻貊(2)之邦,行矣。言不忠信,行不篤敬,雖州裏(3),行乎哉?立則見其參(4)於前也,在輿則見其倚於衡(5)也,夫然後行。”子張書諸紳(6)。
【注釋】
(1)行:通達。
(2)蠻貊:古人對少數民族的貶稱,南為蠻,北為貊。“貊”讀“墨”。 這裏可以理解為偏遠地區。
(3)州裏:五家為鄰,五鄰為裏。五黨為州,二千五百家。州裏指近處。此處可理解為家鄉。
(4)參:列,顯現。
(5)衡:車轅前麵的橫木。
(6)紳:貴族係在腰間的大帶。
【白話】
子張就正確的行為問題求教於孔子。孔子說:“說話要忠信,行為要誠實,即使到了偏遠地區,也能萬事亨通;否則,即使在家鄉,能順利嗎?站立的時候,忠信誠實這幾個字好象就顯現在眼前;坐車的時候,這幾個字好象就刻在車轅上。這樣你到哪都會暢通無阻。”子張於是就將這些話寫在腰帶上。
【英譯】
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about proper behavior. Confucius said: “What is said must be done and what is done must be honest. So long as you follow this principle, all business of yours will be fine even if you go to remote areas. Or nothing of yours will be going smoothly even in your hometown, won’t it? When you stand, the word ‘honesty’ seems to clearly appear in front of you; while you sit in a cart, this word seems to be carved on the shaft. If so, all your business will be doing well.” Hearing this, Ztu Zhang put these words on his waist belt.
【原文】
15·7 子曰:“直哉史魚(1)!邦有道,如矢(2);邦無道,如矢。君子哉蘧伯玉!邦有道,則仕;邦無道,則可卷(3)而懷之。”
【注釋】
(1)史魚:衛國大夫,名?,字子魚,他多次向衛靈公推薦蘧伯玉。
(2)如矢:矢,箭,形容其直。
(3)卷:同“捲”。
【白話】
孔子說:“史魚真是正直啊!國家政治清明時,他象箭一樣直,國家政治黑暗時,也象箭一樣直。蘧伯玉真是個君子!國家政治清明時,他就出來做官,國家政治黑暗時,他就藏而不露地隱居起來。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “How honesty Shi Yu was! When a healthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was upright as an arrow and when an unhealthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was also upright as an arrow. What a gentleman Ju Boyubo was! When a healthy political trend prevailed in his country he came out to be an official but when an unhealthy political trend prevailed in his country he secluded him from society.”
【原文】
15·8 子曰:“可與言而不與之言,失人;不可與言而與言,失言。知者不失人,亦不失言。”
【白話】
孔子說:“可以同他談的話,卻不同他談,這就是失掉了朋友;不可以同他談的話,卻同他談,這就是說錯了話。有智慧的人既不失去朋友,又不說錯話。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If you can speak to a person but you don’t do it then you will lose a friend; yet if you cannot speak to a person but you do it, then you will make a mistake. As for a man of wisdom, he neither loses friends nor makes mistakes.”
【原文】
15·9 子曰:“誌士仁人,無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁。”
【白話】
孔子說:“誌士仁人,沒有貪生怕死而損害仁的,隻有犧牲自己的性命來追求仁的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “There is no person of integrity who clings to life and fears death so that to harm humanity. There are only persons of integrity who are willing to die for a just cause.”
【原文】
15·10 子貢問為仁。子曰:“工欲善其事,必先利其器。居是邦也,事其大夫之賢者,友其士之仁者。”
【白話】
子貢問怎樣實行仁德。孔子說:“工人想把活兒做好,必須先把工具磨快。住在這個國家,就要追隨大夫中的賢者,結交士人中的仁者。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked about humanity. Confucius said: “If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first. Living in this country, you must follow the persons of integrity among scholar-bureaucrats and associate with the persons of humanity among intellectuals.”
【原文】
15·11 顏淵問為邦。子曰:“行夏之時(1),乘殷之輅(2),服周之冕(3),樂則韶舞(4)。放(5)鄭聲(6),遠(7)侫人。鄭聲淫,侫人殆(8)。”
【注釋】
(1)夏之時:夏代的曆法,便於農業生產。
(2)殷之輅:輅,讀“路”,天子所乘的車。殷代的車是木製成,比較樸實。
(3)周之冕:周代的帽子。
(4)韶舞:是舜時的舞樂,孔子認為是盡善盡美的。
(5)放:禁絕、排斥、拋棄。
(6)鄭聲:鄭國的樂曲,孔子認為是淫聲。
(7)遠:遠離。
(8)殆:危險。
【白話】
顏淵問怎樣治理國家。孔子說:“用夏代的曆法,乘殷代的車子,戴周代的禮帽,奏《韶》樂,禁絕鄭國的樂曲,疏遠能言善辯的人,鄭國樂曲是靡靡之音,侫人太危險。”
【英譯】
Yan Yuan asked how to govern a country. Confucius said: “Use Xia Dynasty’s calendar, take Yin Dynasty’s carts, wear Zhou Dynasty’ hats, play Shao music, forbid music of the country Zhen, to be estranged from persons with glib tongues. The music of the country Zhen is decadent and vulgarians are too dangerous.”
【原文】
15·12 子曰:“人無遠慮,必有近憂。”
【白話】
孔子說:“人沒有長遠的考慮,一定會有眼前的憂患。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “One has no foresight will have to face imminent dangers.”
【原文】
15·13 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未見好德如好色者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“這個社會完了! 我沒見過喜歡美德如同喜歡美色的人。
【英譯】
Confucius said: “This society is finished! I’ve never seen a man who loves morality as much as he loves sex.”
【原文】
15·14 子曰:“臧文仲其竊位(1)者與!知柳下惠(2)之賢而不與立也。”
【注釋】
(1)竊位:身居官位而不稱職。
(2)柳下惠:春秋中期魯國大夫,姓展名獲,又名禽,他受封的地名是柳下,惠是他的私諡,所以,人稱其為柳下惠。
【白話】
孔子說:“臧文仲是一個竊居官位的人吧!他明知道柳下惠是個賢人,卻不舉薦他一起做官。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong was a person who unjustly occupied a high position, isn’t he? He knew well that Liu Xiahui was a person of integrity but he refused to recommend him as a higher official.”
【原文】
15·15 子曰:“躬自厚而薄責於人,則遠怨矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“責己從嚴,責人從寬,就可避免別人的怨恨了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “So long as you are strict with yourself and lenient to others you can stay far away from resentment.”
【原文】
15·16 子曰:“不曰‘如之何(1),如之何’者,吾末(2)如之何也已矣。”
【注釋】
(1)如之何:怎麽辦。
(2)末:沒有辦法。
【白話】
孔子說:“有事從來不說‘怎麽辦,怎麽辦’的人,我對他也不知怎麽辦。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some people always say ‘What can I do? What can I do?’ when they have something to do. To these people, I also don’t know ‘What can I do’.”
【原文】
15·17 子曰:“群居終日,言不及義,好行小慧,難矣哉!”
【白話】
孔子說:“整天聚在一塊,張開嘴也不知在說什麽,專好賣弄小聰明,調教這種人可真難啊。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Some people like to gather, but their words fail to convey their idea and worse of all, they like to show off their cleverness. It’s rather difficult to discipline them.”
【原文】
15·18 子曰:“君子義以為質,禮以行之,孫以出之,信以成之。君子哉!”
【白話】
孔子說:“崇尚道義、遵紀守法、說話謙遜、做事守信。達到這樣的標準就是君子了!”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Uphold justice, observe discipline and abide by the law, speak modestly, be trustworthy in word and resolute in deed. Anyone up to this standard is a gentleman!”
【原文】
15·19 子曰:“君子病無能焉,不病人之不己知也。”
【注釋】
(1) 病:,擔心,怕。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子隻怕自己沒有才能,不怕別人不知道自己。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “A gentleman is only afraid he isn’t capable but don’t be afraid no one well knows him.”
【原文】
15·20 子曰:“君子疾沒世(1)而名不稱焉。”
【注釋】
(1)沒世:死亡之後。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子擔心死亡以後他的名字不為人們所稱讚。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are afraid that their names will not be praised after their death.”
【原文】
15·21 子曰:“君子求諸己,小人求諸人。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子求之於自己,小人求之於別人。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen ask for help from their own, while vulgarians from others.”
【原文】
15·22 子曰:“君子矜(1)而不爭,群而不黨。”
【注釋】
(1)矜:讀“進”,莊重的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子舉止莊重,與世無爭;團結他人,卻不結黨營私。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen bear themselves dignifiedly and get into no dispute with others; they unite with others but don’t form cliques to pursue selfish interests.”
【原文】
15·23 子曰:“君子不以言舉人,不以人廢言。”
【白話】
孔子說:“君子不會因為某人的花言巧語而舉薦他,也不會因為某人品德不好而不采納他的正確意見。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither recommend anyone because of his sweet words nor refuse anyone’s reasonable suggestions because of his bad character.”
【原文】
15·24 子貢問曰:“有一言而可以終身行之者乎?”子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施於人。”
【白話】
子貢問:“有沒有一個字可以終身奉行的呢?”孔子回答說:“那就是恕吧!自己不想要的,不要強加給別人。”
【英譯】
Ztu Gong asked: “Is there any one single word which we can follow the whole life?” Confucius said: “That’s the word ‘forgive’! Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you.”
【原文】
15·25 子曰:“吾之於人也,誰毀誰譽?如有所譽者,其有所試矣。斯民也,三代之所以直道而行也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我對於別人,詆毀過誰?讚譽過誰?如有讚譽過的,必然經過我的考驗。夏商周三代人都這樣做,所以辦事光明正大。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for others, is there anyone I once defamed? Is there anyone I once praised? If there is anyone I once praised, he must be the one I once put to my test. All people in the three dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou behaved like this so they could be fair and square in handling affairs.”
【原文】
15·26 子曰:“吾猶及史之闕文(1)也,有馬者借人乘之,今亡矣夫。”
【注釋】
(1)闕文:闕,讀“缺”,基本的意思是“缺少”。史官記史遇到疑難不決的問題便缺而不記,叫闕文。
【白話】
孔子說:“我還能夠看到史書裏有存疑不記的地方,有馬的人借給別人用,這種情況,現如今早已不存在啦。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I can still find historic books lack something because of outstanding questions. Some people have horses but they’re willing to lend them to others. This sort of case doesn’t exist any longer.”
【原文】
15·27 子曰:“巧言亂德。小不忍則亂大謀。”
【白話】
孔子說:“花言巧語能敗壞道德,小事不忍,就會耽誤大事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Honeyed words can make people demoralized. If a person cannot restrain himself when handling small things, he will spoil great things.”
【原文】
15·28 子曰:“眾惡之,必察焉;眾好之,必察焉。”
【白話】
孔子說:“眾人都厭惡的,我必須考察一下;眾人都喜歡的,我也必須考察一下。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I must investigate whatever people like and I must investigate whatever people dislike too.”
【原文】
15·29 子曰:“人能弘道,非道弘人。”
【白話】
孔子說:“是人能使道發揚光大,不是道使人增加才幹。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “It is human that carry forward and further develop Dao but it is not Dao that enhances people’s ability.”
【原文】
15·30 子曰:“過而不改,是謂過矣。”
【白話】
孔子說:“有錯不改,這才真叫錯呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “If a person has made mistakes but he refuses to correct them, this is really a mistake.”
【原文】
15·31 子曰:“吾嚐終日不食,終夜不寢,以思,無益,不如學也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“我曾經整天不吃飯,整夜不睡覺,思來想去,也沒有用,還不如加緊學習呢。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “I once ate nothing all day long and didn’t sleep through the night constantly thinking over and over again. Since it was useless I’d better make the best use of my time to study.”
【原文】
15·32 子曰:“君子謀道不謀食。耕也,餒(1)在其中矣;學也,祿(2)在其中矣。君子憂道不憂貧。”
【注釋】
(1)餒:讀“內”的第三聲,饑餓。
(2)祿:做官的俸祿。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子隻謀求治國之道,不謀求糊口之法。耕田,有時也難免要餓肚子;而學習,則可以使一個人得到高官厚祿。君子隻擔心學不好道,不擔心貧窮。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek only strategy to govern a country but not way to eke out a living. Sometimes even farming cannot avoid hunger. But study can help a person win exalted position and handsome pay. Therefore gentlemen worry only about being unable to well master strategy of country-governing but not poverty.”
【原文】
15·33 子曰:“知及之(1),仁不能守之;雖得之,必失之;知及之,仁能守之,不莊以涖(2)之,則民不敬。知及之,仁能守之,莊以涖之,動之不以禮,未善也。”
【注釋】
(1)知及之:知,同“智”。之,指下文的“民”,即百姓。
(2)涖:讀“力”,臨,到的意思。
【白話】
孔子說:“憑借聰明才智足以贏得百姓,但僅憑仁德卻不能留住百姓,即使得到,也一定會喪失。但即便憑借聰明才智足以贏得百姓,憑借仁德可以留住他們,如不用嚴肅態度來治理他們,也還是不會得到百姓的敬重;聰明才智足以贏得百姓,仁德可以留住百姓,能用嚴肅態度來治理百姓,但動員百姓時不照禮的要求,那也是依然是美中不足。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “You can win people by wisdom, but you cannot keep them only by humanity. Or else you will lose them though you have won them. Yet, if you cannot administer them seriously you still cannot win people’s respect even you can win people by wisdom and keep them by humanity. If you cannot mobilize them according to proprieties it cannot be thought perfect even you can win people by wisdom, keep them by humanity and administer them seriously.”
【原文】
15·34 子曰:“君子不可小知(1)而可大受(2)也,小人不可大受而可小知也。”
【注釋】
(1)小知:知,不是“知道”,是“做事”,“小知”就是做小事。
(2)大受:受,承受,受命,指責任,使命。“大受”就是承擔大任,肩負重責。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子不能讓他們做小事,但可讓他們承擔重大使命。小人不可讓他們承擔重大使命,但可以讓他們做小事。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen cannot be appointed to minor assignments but can be commissioned major tasks; and vulgarians cannot be designated to major tasks but can be appointed to trifles.
【原文】
15·35 子曰:“民之於仁也,甚於水火。水火,吾見蹈而死者矣,未見蹈仁而死者也。”
【白話】
孔子說:“百姓需要仁,比需要水火更迫切。我見過人跳進水火中死的,卻沒有見過有誰因為表現出仁而死的。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “People need humanity more eagerly than need water and fire. I’ve seen people died after falling into water or fire but haven’t seen anybody who died because of showing humanity.”
【原文】
15·36 子曰:“當仁,不讓於師。”
【白話】
孔子說:“在仁德的問題上,就是老師,也不同他謙讓。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “As for the problem of humanity, we shouldn’t modestly yield precedence even to a teacher.”
【原文】
15·37 子曰:“君子貞(1)而不諒(2)。”
【注釋】
(1)貞:大信。
(2)諒:小信。
【白話】
孔子說:“君子在大事上要講信用,但小事上則可不必如此。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen must keep their promises about big things but unnecessary about trifles.”
【原文】
15·38 子曰:“事君,敬其事而後其食(1)。”
【注釋】
(1)食:食祿,俸祿。
【白話】
孔子說:“事奉君主,要先把事情做好,然後再考慮報酬。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “When serving the lord, you must do a good job first and then consider reward.”
【原文】
15·39 子曰:“有教無類。”
【白話】
孔子說:“教育麵前人人平等。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Everyone is equal in education.”
【原文】
15·40 子曰:“道不同,不相為謀。”
【白話】
孔子說:“主張不同,無話可說。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “Have nothing to say to anyone who doesn’t share your opinions.”
【原文】
15·41 子曰:“辭達而已矣。”
【譯文】
孔子說:“隻要能把話說明白就行了。”
【英譯】
Confucius said: “So long as you can make yourself clear, that’s O.K.”
【原文】
15·42 師冕(1)見,及階,子曰:“階也。”及席,子曰:“席也。”皆坐,子告之曰:“某在斯,某在斯。”師冕出,子張問曰:“與師言之道與?”子曰:“然,固相(2)師之道也。”
【注釋】
(1)師冕:師,樂師。冕,樂師名叫冕。
(2)相:幫助。
【白話】
樂師冕來見孔子,走到台階前,孔子說:“這兒是台階。”走到坐席前,孔子說:“這是坐席。”等大家都坐下來,孔子告訴他:“某某在這裏,某某在這裏。”師冕走了以後,子張就問孔子:“這就是與樂師談話的道嗎?”孔子說:“這就是幫助樂師的道。”
【英譯】
Musician Mian came to see Confucius. Stepping up to front of steps, Confucius said: “This is a step.” Coming to front of a mat seat, Confucius said: “This is a mat” After sitting down, Confucius said: “Mr. so and so sits here. Mr. so and so sits there.” After the musician left, Ztu Zhang asked Confucius: “This is the way you speak to musicians?” Confucius said: “This is the way to help musicians.”