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陽貨篇第十七

(2008-08-25 19:33:28) 下一個

 

陽貨篇第十七

 

 

【原文】

17·1 陽貨(1)欲見孔子,孔子不見,歸孔子豚(2)。孔子時其亡(3)也,而往拜之,遇諸塗(4)。謂孔子曰:“來!予與爾言。”曰:“懷其寶而迷其邦(5),可謂仁乎?”曰:“不可。”“好從事而亟(6)失時,可謂知乎?”曰:“不可。”“日月逝矣,歲不我與(7)。”孔子曰:“諾,吾將仕矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)陽貨:又叫陽虎,季氏的家臣。

(2)歸孔子豚:歸,讀“愧”,同“饋”,贈送。豚,讀“屯”,小豬。

(3)亡:外出。

(4)塗:塗,同“途”,道路。

(5)迷:迷亂。

(6)亟:屢次。

(7)與:在一起,此處是等待的意思。

 

【白話】

陽貨想見孔子,孔子不見,他就給孔子送了一隻烤乳豬,目的在於迫使孔子去他家致謝。孔子乘他不在家時去拜謝,可不料卻在半路上遇見了。陽貨對孔子說 :“來,我有話要跟你說。”孔子走過去,陽貨說:“有本領卻藏起來而聽任國家大亂,這能叫仁嗎?”孔子說:“不能。”陽貨說:“總想幹大事而又屢次錯過機會,這能叫明智嗎?”孔子說:“不能。”陽貨說:“時間一天天過去了,年歲是不等人的。”孔子說:“好吧,那我就去做官吧。”

 

【英譯】

Yang Huo wanted to visit Confucius but Confucius refused.  He gave Confucius a roasted sucking pig aiming to force Confucius to visit him expressing thanks. Confucius deliberately went to visit him when Yang Huo was out but unexpectedly he met with him on the way. Yang Huo said to Confucius: “Come on! I have something to talk with you.” Confucius stepped up and Yang Huo said: “You’re a man of ability but you live a secluded life and let the coutry suffer from a great disorder. Can it be called humanity?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said continuously: “You always want to do big things but you have missed chances again and again.  Can it be called wisdom?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said: “Time passed day by day. Age doesn’t wait for anyone.” Confucius said: “All right. I’ll be out and  seek a post then.”

 

【原文】

17·2 子曰:“性相近也,習相遠也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“人的本性相近,但習慣卻會相差很遠。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “All people’s nature is nearly the same, but their habits can be quite differenct.”

 

【原文】

17·3 子曰:“唯上知與下愚不移。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“隻有上等的智者與下等的愚者是無法改變的。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “It is the wise men of upper class and the stupid men of grass-root class that cannot be changed.”

 

【原文】

17·4 子之武城(1),聞弦歌(2)之聲。夫子莞爾而笑,曰:“割雞焉用牛刀?”子遊對曰:“昔者偃也聞諸夫子曰:‘君子學道則愛人,小人學道則易使也。’”子曰:“二三子!偃之言是也。前言戲之耳。”

 

【注釋】

(1)武城:魯國小城,當時子遊為武城宰。

(2)弦歌:弦,指琴瑟。以琴瑟伴奏歌唱。

 

【白話】

孔子到武城,聽見彈琴唱歌的聲音。孔子微笑著說:“殺雞何必用宰牛的刀呢?”子遊回答說:“以前我聽先生說過,‘君子學習了禮樂就能愛人,小人學習了禮樂就容易受指使。’”孔子說:“同學們,言偃的話是對的。我剛才說的話,隻是開個玩笑而已。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius came to Wu Cheng City and heard the sound interspersed with singning and accompanied with plucked instruments. Smiling, Confucius said: “ What’s the necessacity to kill a chicken with a butcher’ knife for ox-killing?” Ztu You replied: “Before I once heard you say: ‘After learning propieties and music, gentlemen will love people; after learning propieties and music, vulgarians will be easily incited.’” Confucius said: “My dear student, what Yan Yan said is correct. And what I said just now is only for fun.”

 

 

【原文】

17·5 公山弗擾(1)(2)費畔(3),召,子欲往。子路不悅,曰:“末之也已(4),何必公山氏之之也(5)。”子曰:“夫召我者,而豈徒(6)哉?如有用我者,吾其為東周乎(7)?”

 

【注釋】

(1)公山弗擾:人名,又稱公山不狃,字子洩,季氏的家臣。

(2) 以:占據,以某地為據點。

(3)畔:同“叛”。

(4)末之也已:之,前往,此處是前往的地點。已,止,罷了,算了。

(5)之之也:第一個“之”字是助詞,第二個“之”字是動詞,前往。

(6)徒:徒然,白白地,平白無故。

(7)吾其為東周乎:為東周,建造東方的周朝。

 

【白話】

公山弗擾以費邑為據點叛亂,招納孔子,孔子想去。子路不高興地說:“沒地方去也就罷了,何必非要到公山弗擾那裏去呢?”孔子說:“他來召我,難道沒有原因嗎?如果有人用我,我就不能在東方重建周朝嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Taking Fei County as a stronghold, Gongshan Furao rose in rebellion and invited Confucius. Confucius wanted to go. Ztu Lu said unhappily: “If there is nowhere for you to go, let it go at that. What’s the need to accept the invitation of Gongshan Furao?” Confucius said: “Could it be said that there is no reason for him to invite me? If someone wants to use me, surely it doesn’t mean that I cannot rebuild a new Zhou Dynasty in the east.”

 

 

【原文】

17·6 子張問仁於孔子。孔子曰:“能行五者於天下為仁矣。” 問:“請問之。”曰:“恭、寬、信、敏、惠。恭則不侮,寬則得眾,信則人任焉,敏則有功,惠則足以使人。”

 

【白話】

子張問孔子什麽叫仁。孔子說:“能夠處處做到五點就是達到仁了。”子張說:“請問哪五種。”孔子說:“莊重、寬厚、誠實、勤敏、慈惠。莊重能免遭侮辱,寬厚能得民心,誠信能受重用,勤敏能獲成功,慈惠能善用人。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “If you can do five things then you can be considered man of humanity.” Ztu Zhang said: “What are they?” Confucius said: “Seriousness, generosity, honesty, diligence and kindness. Seriousness can help you avoid being insulted; generosity can help you win supports of the people; honesty can help you win important positions; diligence can help you to be crowned with success; kindness can help you properly use persons of talent.”

 

 

【原文】

17·7 佛肸(1)召,子欲往。子路曰:昔者由也聞諸夫子曰:‘親於其身為不善者,君子不入也。’佛肸以中牟(2)畔,子之往也,如之何?”子曰:“然,有是言也。不曰堅乎,磨而不磷(3);不曰白乎,涅(4)而不緇(5)。吾豈匏瓜(6)也哉?焉能係(7)而不食?”

 

【注釋】

(1)佛肸:讀“必西”,晉國大夫範氏家臣,中牟城地方官。

(2)中牟:地名,在晉國,約在今河北邢台與邯鄲之間。

(3)磷:損傷。

(4)涅:一種礦物質,可用作顏料染衣服。

(5)緇:讀“資”,黑色。

(6)匏瓜:匏讀“袍”, 葫蘆中的一種,比一般葫蘆大,味苦不能吃,可做瓢。

(7)係:讀“記”,拴。

 

【白話】

佛肸召孔子去,孔子打算前往。子路說:“從前我聽先生說過:‘親手做壞事的人那裏,君子是不去的。’現在佛肸據中牟反叛,你卻要去,這如何解釋呢?”孔子說:“是的,我有過這樣的話。不是說硬東西磨不壞嗎?不是說白東西染不黑嗎?難道我就是個苦葫蘆嗎?怎麽能隻掛不能吃呢?”

 

【英譯】

Bixi invited Confucius and he wanted to go. But Ztu Lu said: “I heard you said before: ‘Gentlemen don’t go to persons who do bad things personally.’ Now Bixi takes Zhong Mou as a stronghold and has risen in rebellion. But you want to go there. How can you explain it?” Confucius said: “Yes, I once said this. But do you know that hard thing cannot be worn out by rubbing and white thing cannot be blackened with dyestuff? Could it be said I’m a bitter gourd which can just be hung there but cannot be eaten?”

 

【原文】

17·8 子曰:“由也,女(1)聞六言六蔽矣乎?”對曰:“未也。”“居(2),吾語女。好仁不好學,其蔽也愚(3);好知不好學,其蔽也蕩(4);好信不好學,其蔽也賊(5);好直不好學,其蔽也絞(6);好勇不好學,其蔽也亂;好剛不好學,其蔽也狂。”

 

【注釋】

(1) 女:音義皆同“汝”,你。

(2)居:坐。

(3)愚:受人愚弄。

(4)蕩:放蕩。

(5)賊:危害,耽誤,誤人子弟。

(6)絞:說話尖刻。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“仲由啊,你聽說過六種品德六種弊病嗎?”仲由說:“沒有。”孔子說:“坐下,我對你說。好仁不好學,弊病是愚蠢;好智不好學,弊病是放蕩;好信不好學,弊病是誤人;好直不好學,弊病是刻薄;好勇不好學,弊病是作亂;好剛不好學,弊病是狂妄。” 

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Zhong You, have you ever heard of six virtues and six defects?” Zhong You said: “No.” Confucius said: “Sit down. Let me tell you. Lay stress on humanity but not on study, its defect is stupidity; lay stress on wisdom but not on study, its defect is loose; lay stress on honesty but not on study, its defect is misleading people; lay stress on straightforwardness but not on study, its defect is causticity; lay stress on braveness but not on study, its defect is to rise in revolt; lay stress on firmness and unyieldingness but not on study, its defect is franticness.”

 

【原文】

17·9 子曰:“小子何莫學夫詩。詩,可以興(1),可以觀(2),可以群(3),可以怨(4)。邇(5)之事父,遠之事君;多識於鳥獸草木之名。”

 

【注釋】

(1)興:激發興致。

(2)觀:達觀,即心胸豁達,遇事想得開。

 (3)群:合群。

(4)怨:招怨。

(5)邇:讀“耳”,近。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“學生們為什麽不學習《詩》呢?學《詩》可以激發情致,可以心胸達觀,可以與人合群,可以抒發怨怒。近可孝敬父母,遠可事奉君主;還可以多知道一些鳥獸草木的名字。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “My students, why don’t you study The Book of Odes》?Through the study of The Book of Odes,  you can arouse delights of life, you can be broad-minded, you can get on well with others, you can express resentment. Near, you can well show filial devotion to your parents and far you can well serve the lord. Moreover, you can also learn some names of birds, animals, plants and trees.”

 

 

【原文】

17·10 子謂伯魚曰:“女為《周南》、《召南》(1)矣乎?人而不為《周南》、《召南》,其猶正牆麵而立(2)也與?”

 

【注釋】

(1)《周南》、《召南》:《詩經·國風》中的第一、二兩部分篇名。周南和召南都是地名。這是當地的民歌。

(2)正牆麵而立:麵向牆壁站立著。

 

【白話】

孔子對伯魚說:“你學習《周南》、《召南》了嗎?一個人如果不學習《周南》、《召南》,那不就像麵對牆壁而站著嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said to Bo Yu: “Have you learned ZhounanandZhaonan? If a man doesn’t learnZhounanandZhaonan,  isn’t it like to sand facing a wall?”

 

【原文】

17·11 子曰:“禮雲禮雲,玉帛雲乎哉?樂雲樂雲,鍾鼓雲乎哉?”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“禮呀禮呀,說的是玉帛嗎?樂呀樂呀,說的是鍾鼓嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Gifts and gifts, do they mean jade and silk? Music and music, does it mean bell and drum?”

 

【原文】

17·12 子曰:“色厲而內荏(1),譬諸小人,其猶穿窬(2)之盜也與?”

 

【注釋】

(1)色厲內荏:厲,威嚴,荏,讀“忍”,虛弱。外表嚴厲而內心虛弱。

(2)窬:讀“魚”,洞。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“外表嚴厲而內心虛弱,用這句話比喻小人,就像是挖牆洞的盜賊吧?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “A fierce look covers a coward heart. If we use this sentence to draw an analogy to vulgarians, aren’t they like thieves who commit theft by boring holes in the wall?”

 

 

【原文】

17·13 子曰:“鄉願,德之賊也。”

 

【注釋】

(1) 鄉願:老好人。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“老好人,就是破壞道德的人。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Men of no principle are demoralized persons.”

 

【原文】

17·14 子曰:“道聽而塗說,德之棄也。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“路上聽到就到處傳播,這與道德背道而馳。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Hearsay runs counter to morality.”

 

 

【原文】

17·15 子曰:“鄙夫可與事君也與哉?其未得之也,患得之。既得之,患失之。苟患失之,無所不至矣。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“可以和小人一起共同事奉君主嗎?這種人在沒當官時,總怕當不上。當上了,又怕丟官。如果他們總怕丟烏紗帽,那就什麽事都幹得出來了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Can we work together with vulgarians at serving the lord? When they’ve got no official posts, they are always afraid of being unable to get. But when they’ve got one, they are afraid of losing it. If what they always worry about is just losing office posts, then there is nothing they cannot do.”

 

 

【原文】

17·16 子曰:“古者民有三疾,今也或是之亡也。古之狂(1)也肆(2),今之狂也蕩(3);古之矜也廉(4),今之矜也忿戾(5);古之愚也直,今之愚也詐而已矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)狂:狂妄自大。

(2)肆:放肆。

(3)蕩:放蕩。

(4)廉:說一不二。

(5)戾:蠻橫無理。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“古人有三種毛病,而今人這三種毛病恐怕已變本加厲了。古代狂妄的人者不過是自高自大,而現在狂妄的人卻是放蕩無羈;古代驕傲的人不過是說一不二,現在驕傲的人卻是蠻橫凶殘;古代愚笨的人不過是直來直去,現在的愚笨的人卻是狡猾奸詐。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “The ancient people had three weakpoints but what the present people do is probably to make them intensified. What the ancient frantic persons did was only to show self-importantance, but what the present frantic persons do is to lead a loose life; what the ancient arrogant persons did was only never to go back on their words, but what the present arrogant persons do is to be arbitrary and cruel; what the ancient stupid persons did was only to be straightforward, but what the present stupid persons do is to be sly and fraudulent.”

 

 

【原文】

1717 子曰:“巧言令色(1),鮮(2)仁矣。”

 

【注釋】

(1)巧言令色:朱熹注曰:“好其言,善其色,致飾於外,務以說人。”巧和令都是美好的意思。但此處應釋為裝出和顏悅色的樣子。

(2)鮮:讀“顯”,少的意思。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“花言巧語,裝出和顏悅色的樣子,這種人的仁心就很少了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Talking plausibly with feign amialble looks, people of this sort are scarely benevolent.”

 

【原文】

17·18 子曰:“惡紫之奪朱也,惡鄭聲之亂雅樂也,惡利口之覆邦家者。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“我厭惡用紫色代替紅色,厭惡用鄭聲擾亂雅樂,厭惡用妖言顛覆國家的人。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “I hate people who replace red with purple, disturb refined music with popular music and subvert a government with fallacies.”

 

【原文】

17·19 子曰:“予欲無言。”子貢曰:“子如不言,則小子何述焉?”子曰:“天何言哉?四時行焉,百物生焉,天何言哉?”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“我想不再說話了。”子貢說:“你如果不說話,那我們這些學生還有什麽可說呢?”孔子說:“天何嚐說話呢?天雖然沒說話,可四季照常運行,百物照樣生長。天說過什麽話呢?”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “I don’t want to say anymore.” Ztu Gong said: “If you don’t want to say anymore, then what can we students say?” Confucius said: “Has Heaven ever said anything? No. Yet even Heaven has said nothing, the four seasons move regularly and everything in the world grows as uasual. Has Heaven said anything?”

 

【原文】

17·20 孺悲(1)欲見孔子,孔子辭以疾。將命者出戶,取瑟而歌,使之聞之。

 

【注釋】

(1)孺悲:魯國人,魯哀公曾派他向孔子學禮。

 

【白話】

孺悲想見孔子,孔子以有病為由推辭不見。傳話的人剛出門,孔子就取出瑟邊彈邊唱,故意讓孺悲聽到。

 

【英譯】

Ru Bei wanted to see Confucius but Confucius delined to see him on the pretext of illness. Yet as soon as the man who sent words walked out, taking out a Se ( a music instrument),  Confucius sang as he played it. On purpose, he wanted to let Ru Bei hear it.”

 

 

【原文】

17·21 宰我問:“三年之喪,期已久矣。君子三年不為禮,禮必壞;三年不為樂,樂必崩。舊穀既沒,新穀既升,鑽燧改火(1),期(2)可已矣。”子曰:“食夫稻(3),衣夫錦,於女安乎?”曰:“安。”“女安則為之。夫君子之居喪,食旨(4)不甘,聞樂不樂,居處不安,故不為也。今女安,則為之!”宰我出,子曰:“予之不仁也!子生三年,然後免於父母之懷,夫三年之喪,天下之通喪也。予也有三年之愛於其父母乎?”

 

【注釋】

(1)鑽燧改火:古人鑽木取火,四季所用木頭不同,每年輪一遍,叫改火。

(2)期:讀“雞”,一年。

(3)食夫稻:古代北方少種稻米,故大米很珍貴。這裏是說吃好的。

(4)旨:甜美,指吃好的食物。

 

【譯文】

宰我問:“三年服喪期,太長了。君子三年不講究禮儀,禮儀必然敗壞;三年不演奏音樂,音樂必然會荒廢。舊穀吃完,新穀登場,鑽木取火也該改一改,因此喪期有一年就可以了。”孔子說:“才一年你就吃開了大米飯,穿起了錦緞衣,你心安理得嗎?”宰我說:“我心安理得。”孔子說:“你心安理得,那你就那樣去做吧!君子守喪,吃美味不覺得香甜,聽音樂不覺得快樂,住在家裏不覺得舒服,所以不那樣做。如今你既覺得心安理得,那你就那樣去做吧!”宰我出去後,孔子說:“宰予真是不仁啊!小孩生下來,到三歲時才能離開父母的懷抱。服喪三年,這是天下通行的喪禮。宰子也從父母那裏得到過三年的愛嗎?”

 

【英譯】

Zai Wo said: “The three-year-funeral-period is too long. If gentlemen do not study proprieties three years, proprieties will be ruined; if gentlemen do not play music three years, music will be neglected. Old grain is run out,  new one will come out. And the method of making fire by drilling wood should be changed. Therefore, one year is enough for a funeral-period.” Confucius said: “Only one year passed, you do begin eating rice and wearing silk. Do you feel quite at ease?”Zai Wo said: “Yes, I do.” Confucius said: “Since you feel quite at ease, you can do that way. During funeral period, gentlemen do not feel tasty when eating delicious food, do not feel happly when listening music, do not feel comfortable when living at home. So gentlemen do not do like that. Since you feel quite at ease, then you can do that way.” After Zai Wo left, Confucius said: “Zai Wo is really lack of humanity! After being born, a little baby does not leave his mother’s embrance until he is three years old. Keeping a three-year-funeral-period is the usual funeral propriety. Could it be said that Zai Wo have got no three-year-love at all from his parents?”

 

【原文】

17·22 子路曰:“飽食終日,無所用心,難矣哉!不有博奕者乎?為之,猶賢乎已。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“一天到晚除了吃飽飯,別的什麽心思也不走,實在太難了!不是還有下棋的遊戲嗎?幹這個,也比閑著強。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “It’s really too difficult to loaf through the day well-fed and taking nothing seriously! There is a chess game, isn’t there? Playing chess is much better than living in idleness.”

 

 

【原文】

17·23 子路曰:“君子尚勇乎?”子曰:“君子義以為上。君子有勇而無義為亂,小人有勇而無義為盜。”

 

【白話】

子路說:“君子崇尚勇敢嗎?”孔子說:“君子把道義看作至高無上的品德,君子勇敢但不講道義就會作亂,小人勇敢但不講道義就會行竊。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Lu asked: “Do gentlmen uphold braveness?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen consider justice as the best morality. If a gentleman is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will make troubles. If a vulagarin is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will commit theft.”

 

【原文】

17·24 子貢曰:“君子亦有惡(1)乎?”子曰:“有惡。惡稱人之惡者,惡居下流(2)而訕(3)上者,惡勇而無禮者,惡果敢而窒(4)者。”曰:“賜也亦有惡乎?”“惡徼(5)以為知(6)者,惡不孫(7)以為勇者,惡訐(8)以為直者。”

 

【注釋】

(1)惡:讀“物”,厭惡。

(2)下流:下等的,在下的。

(3)訕:讀“善”,誹謗。

(4)窒:阻塞,不通事理,頑固不化。

(5)徼:讀“腳”,竊取,抄襲。

(6)知:同“智”。

(7)孫:同“遜”。

(8)訐:讀“傑”,攻擊、揭發別人,多因個人恩怨而為。

 

【白話】

子貢說:“君子也有厭惡的人嗎?”孔子說:“有。厭惡張揚別人短處的人,厭惡身居下位而誹謗位居高位者的人,厭惡勇敢而不講禮節的人,厭惡固執而不通情達理的人。”孔子又說:“賜,你也有厭惡的人嗎?”子貢說:“厭惡剽竊他人卻說自己聰明的人,厭惡把不謙虛當做勇敢的人,厭惡把揭別人短處當作直率的人。”

 

【英譯】

Ztu Gong asked: “Do gentlemen detest anyone?” Confucius said: “Yes, of course. They detest persons who publicize others’ weak points, detest persons who are in lower positions but defame persons in higher posions, detest persons who are brave but don’t pay attention to proprieties, detest persons who are stubbon but don’t make any exceptions.” Confucius said: “Ci, do you detest anyone?” Ztu Gong said: “Yes. I detest persons who plagiarize others’ works but praise themselves, detest persons who consider un-modesty as braveness, detest persons who take disclosing others’ faults as straightforwardness.”

 

 

【原文】

17·25 子曰:“唯女子與小人為難養也,近之則不孫,遠之則怨。”

 

【白話】

孔子說:“隻有女子和小人是最難對付的,親近他們,他們就會無禮,疏遠他們,他們就會報怨。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “Women and vulgarians are the only ones who are difficult to be dealt. If you are on intimate terms with them, they will neglect proprieties. But if you keep them at a distance, they will complain.”

 

 

【原文】

17·26 子曰:“年四十而見(1)惡焉,其終也已。”

 

【注釋】

(1)見:被。類似的例子如:見笑,被笑話。“見笑”一詞十分常用。但一定注意用法。大概經常是發表意見之後的謙虛語,意思請求對方不要笑話,因此常會說出“請勿見笑”的句子。其實並不恰當,因為照這樣的說法說通俗一點就是“請別被笑”,顯然欠妥。所以還不如就說“請別笑話”。但如果說“唯恐見笑”就可以,因為說通俗一點就是“恐怕被他人笑話”。

 

【白話】

孔子說:“到四十歲還被人所厭惡,他這輩子也就算完了。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If a person is still detested by others at the age of forty, then his whole life is over.”

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