堯曰篇第二十

 

堯曰篇第二十 

 

【原文】

20·1 堯曰(1)：“谘(2)！爾舜！天之曆數在爾躬，允(3)執其中。四海困窮，天祿永終。”舜亦以命禹。曰：“予小子履(4)，敢用玄牡(5)，敢昭告於皇皇後帝：有罪不敢赦。帝臣不蔽，簡(6)在帝心。朕(7)躬有罪，無以萬方；萬方有罪，罪在朕躬。”周有大賚(8)，善人是富。“雖有周親(9)，不如仁人。百姓有過，在予一人。”謹權量(10)，審法度(11)，修廢官，四方之政行焉。興滅國，繼絕世，舉逸民，天下之民歸心焉。所重：民、食、喪、祭。寬則得眾，信則民任焉。敏則有功，公則說。

 

【注釋】

(1)堯曰：下麵引號內的話是堯在禪讓帝位時給舜說的話。

(2)谘：即“嘖”，感歎詞，表示讚譽。

(3)允：真誠：誠信。

(4)履：這是商湯的名字。 商湯，又稱成湯，原為商部落首領，居商。夏朝時，商是夏統治下的小國。商湯處處對人民施仁政，很快有40多個小國歸順於他。而夏桀隻顧奢侈荒淫，致使眾叛親離。後商湯經過十一次出征，在公元前十六世紀，致使眾叛親離。後商湯經過十一次出征，在公元前十六世紀，伐桀滅夏。夏朝滅亡後，商湯在亳（今商丘）建立商朝。 

(5)玄牡：玄，黑色謂玄。牡，公牛。

(6)簡：閱，這裏是知道的意思。

(7)朕：我。從秦始皇起，專用作帝王自稱。

(8)賚：音ｌàｉ，賞賜。下麵幾句是說周武王。

(9)周親：至親。

(10)權量：權，秤錘。指量輕重的標準。量，鬥斛。指量容積的標準。

(11)法度：指量長度的標準。

 

【白話】  

 堯說：“好啊！你這個舜。天命降臨到你的身上，讓你繼承帝位。如果天下都很窮困，你的帝位也就永遠結束了。”舜也這樣告誡過禹。商湯說：“至高無上的上帝啊，你在人間的兒子--我--謹用黑牛來祭祀您，向您禱告：有罪的人我絕不敢赦免。一切善惡，我都不敢隱瞞，您無所不知，自然心中有數。如果我有罪，請不要牽連天下百姓；如果百姓有罪，罪都應歸結到我身上。”周朝恩賜天下，使好人都富了。武王說：“我雖有至親，都不如有仁人。百姓有錯，在我一人。”孔子說：“謹慎地審查計量，周密地製定法度，建立公正的人事製度，讓國家的法令暢通無阻，複興滅絕的國家，承繼斷絕的世族，提拔埋沒的人才，天下民心都會真心歸服。掌權者應該重視人民、糧食、喪葬、祭祀。寬容就能得到人民的擁護，誠信就能使人民的信服。勤敏就能取得功績，公正就能使人民幸福。”

 

【英譯】 

Yao said: “Good! You Shun. Heaven has already issued an order to let you succeed to the throne. If people are poor, your ruling position as a sovereign will be ended for ever.” Shun also exhorted Yu this way. Shang Tang said: “My supreme Heaven, I - your sun on earth – would like to present you a black calf as a piece of sacrificial offerings. I pray for myself: I absolutely do not dare to pardon any guilty persons. I dare to conceal neither good nor evil. You’re omniscient so you naturally know how things stand. If I’m guilty, please don’t drag the broad masses in; if the masses are guilty, to lay all the blame on me.”  Zhou Dynasty granted favors to the masses and let good people become rich. The lord Wu said: “I have nearest relatives but it’s not so good as to have people of humanity. If the broad masses commit errors, all blame should be put on me only.” Confucius said: “Cautiously examine measurement, carefully lay down laws, establish just personnel system; let government ordinances carried out smoothly; revive perished countries; succeed to severed clans; promote stifled real talents. If  all these are well done, the broad masses will come over  and give all allegiance to you wholeheartedly. Governors should pay attention to people, grains, funeral affairs and sacrificial rites. Tolerance wins support; credit gets confidence from others; diligence wins success; justice makes people happy.”

 

【原文】

20·2 子張問孔子曰：“何如斯可以從政矣？”子曰：“尊五美，屏四惡，斯可以從政矣。”子張曰：“何謂五美？”子曰：“君子惠而不費，勞而不怨，欲而不貪，泰而不驕，威而不猛。”子張曰：“何謂惠而不費？”子曰：“因民之所利而利之，斯不亦惠而不費乎？擇可勞而勞之，又誰怨？欲仁而得仁，又焉貪？君子無眾寡，無大小，無敢慢，斯不亦泰而不驕乎？君子正其衣冠，尊其瞻視，儼然人望而畏之，斯不亦威而不猛乎？”子張曰：“何謂四惡？”子曰：“不教而殺謂之虐；不戒視成謂之暴；慢令致期謂之賊；猶之與人也，出納之吝謂之有司。”

 

【白話】

子張問孔子：“怎樣才能從政呢？”孔子說：“尊五美，去四惡，就可以從政了。”子張說：“什麽是五美？”孔子說：“君子給人實惠而不浪費，讓人做到勞而無怨，為他人富足著想而不貪圖私利，平易近人而不驕傲自大，威武嚴肅而不凶猛可怕。”子張說：“怎樣才能給人實惠而不浪費？”孔子說：“根據民眾所需做有益於他們的事，不就是給人實惠而不浪費嗎？讓人們各盡所能誰還會怨恨？想施仁政而如願以償，還有什麽可貪的呢？君子不管人口多少、不管年齡小大、都尊重他們，這不就是平易近人而不驕傲自大嗎？君子衣冠整齊，注重儀表，莊重嚴肅，人人見了都很敬畏，不就是威武嚴肅而不凶猛可怕？”子張說：“什麽是四惡？”孔子說：“不重教育重殺頭叫虐待；不重教誨重成敗叫暴戾；頒布命令遲緩卻急於求成叫害人；想獎勵他人卻吝嗇叫做小氣。”

 

【英譯】

Zue Zhang asked Confucius: “How to deal with politics?” Confucius said: “Observe five fine characters and eliminate four bad habits. By doing so, you can deal with politics.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those five good characters?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen can grant favors to others without wasting anything and make people bear responsibilities without grudge. They consider others’ richness without seeking personal interests. They are easy to approach without arrogance and look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “How to grant favors to others without wasting anything?” Confucius said: “Do anything beneficial to people according to their need. Isn’t it ‘granting favors to others without wasting anything’? If you can make people do whatever they can, they will have nothing to complain about. If you want to carry out policies of benevolence and you can obtain what you wish, then you will have no reasons to seek personal interests. Gentlemen respect all people without considering their population’s number and age. Surely it could be said that you are easy to approach without arrogance. Always well dressed, gentlemen pay much attention to their appearance. They look solemn and dignified so that others stand in awe of them. Surely it could be considered that you look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those four bad habits?” Confucius said: “Paying no attention to education but putting stress on killing is called ill treatment; paying no attention to instruction but only considering about success or failure is called savage; being tardy in issuing orders but impatient for success is called doing harm to people; wanting to award people but giving little is called stinginess.”

 

【原文】

20·3 孔子曰：“不知命，無以為君子也；不知禮，無以立也；不知信，無以知人也。”

 

【譯文】

孔子說：“不懂得客觀規律，就不能做君子；不懂得道德規範，就無法立身處世；不懂得明辨是非，就不能了解人。”

 

【英譯】

Confucius said: “If you don’t understand objective laws, you cannot be a gentleman; if you don’t understand moral norms, you cannot conduct yourself well in society; if you don’t understand how to distinguish between truth and falsehood, you cannot know people well.”

 

 

 

2008年8月10日  21點24分  新澤西/紐約

 

 

 

[一語湖邊_lakeshore]

一股氣連此章，也讀了方才痛快！好！待小弟沽得幾碗來，來斤把肉，
。。。便衝店小二叫道：取上好酒，便請了宋教頭入了上坐，。。。
不覺天色已暗。。。