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在中國,"拾金不昧"一直被當成文明故國的傳統美德來弘揚。七八十年代有一首兒歌,說的就是鼓勵人們在馬路邊撿到一分錢,也要把它交到警察叔叔的手裏麵。這撿一分錢交出去容易,可要是白檢一萬元,您還交嗎?
美國社會鮮少"拾金不昧"這樣的傳統美德教育,但"拾金不昧"的事例卻也是"層出不窮"。今日報端又有一件:
A 10-year-old boy picking up litter in New Hampshire found a charred backpack stuffed with more than $8,000 in cash.
Arie Johnston of Dover was helping his grandmother with her town's annual roadside cleanup when he spotted the backpack Saturday. He told Foster's Daily Democrat his first thought was that a person had been killed for the money.
Arie's grandmother called the Alton town clerk, who identified the bag's owner based on the passports and other documents found with the money. The owner was a woman who had lived across the street until a fire damaged her apartment last year.
Police say the woman has since moved to Maine and has asked that her belongings be given to her sister who lives in Alton. Arie's grandmother says a reward may be coming.
Arie Johnston現年十歲,住美國New Hampshire一個叫Alton的小鎮。星期六幫奶奶掃街時(也許是外婆,總之是grandmother),撿一破不溜丟沾滿油垢的書包(a charred backpack)。當小Arie發現包裏裝有八千美元時,還猜想沒準兒會有什麽命案牽扯在內。
奶奶給鎮管事打了電話,通過包裏的護照和其他證件找著了失主。失主已搬離小鎮,但她姐姐(也許是妹妹,總之是sister)還住該鎮。
在美國,這類"拾金不昧"的先進事跡,不過是平凡的一則報道,都上不了主流媒體"大雅之堂"。與類似事件在中國的頭版頭條,"鑼鼓喧天鞭炮齊鳴"鋪天蓋地造英雄的宣傳形成了對比。注意,這裏並非強調孰優孰劣的中美PK,更多的是一種文化的對比。美國人的道德教育多來自基督信仰,有句大家都知道的俗話是: Do onto others as you would wish them do onto you,有點像中國話的"己所不欲勿使於人",大白話就是,想要別人怎麽對你,你就怎麽對別人。這是基督教義裏的一條金律(Golden rule),理論上取名為the Ethics of Reciprocity。但這中美對比中有意思的是,美國話說的是"我想要別人對我怎麽做,我也應該對別人怎麽做",而中國話講的是"自己不想要別人對你做的事,你也不要對別人做"--一個銅板正反兩麵。
因此,如你自己丟了東西,你想要別人撿著時歸還給你,那你撿到別人丟失物時也該歸還失主。這是一種普通人之間的相互行為,也就用不著大張旗鼓,慶賀英雄降臨。
在中國,拾金不昧的事例,從古時候的"林積還珠、甄彬還金、樂羊子妻",到當代雷鋒,都是道德楷模社會英雄。從目的性上看,中國式道德有兩個層麵,一是對修身養性的個人追求 -- 修得正果延年益壽位列仙班;二是統治者用弘揚美德求社會和諧。百姓渴望道德榜樣,君王需要社稷安泰,所以,宣傳上就有了樹立雷鋒為典型的必要。
最後還有個經濟上的原因。曆史上中國經濟不富餘社會動亂時期居多,顛沛流離的人們對"夜不閉戶,路不拾遺"更多是一種向往而不是社會現實,即便是今日的中國處在曆史上最好的經濟時期,普通居民住家還是鐵窗鐵門層層防盜。因此,"弘揚人文道德,構建和諧社會"也就成了老百姓和領導人的一致訴求。
拾金不昧