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(原創)寶押對了:戈爾的新書《攻擊理性》—電視損害美國的民主?

(2007-10-14 15:54:22) 下一個
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        如果美國的總統大選結果由候選人懂得引用的名人名言多少來決定,那麽從2001年1月20日到今天,在白宮當家作主的應該是戈爾。在一本不算厚、300來頁的新書《攻擊理性》(The Assault on Reason)中,他旁征博引,時間跨度遠遠超過230年的美國曆史,視點則自由地在新舊大陸之間來回跳躍。比如,剛說完美國的建國之父傑斐遜、麥迪遜,接著神遊到德國當代哲學家哈貝馬斯那裏,過一小會再回到美國最高法院大法官布蘭迪斯。此時還沒完,意大利戰略家馬基雅維利也有話要說。與戈爾比較,布什簡潔得多,他給人的印象是特別看重《聖經》,對他影響最大的哲學家要數耶穌基督。
  
  戈爾顯然對傳媒也深有研究。傳媒業諸多人物,從第一個大規模印刷《聖經》的古登堡到托馬斯·潘恩,從李普曼到喬姆斯基,戈爾也都能順手拈來。他的這本書強調,美國的民主正在空洞化,老百姓與民主的聯係越來越弱。全社會範圍內,理性成份日益淡化。按照他的觀點,保守派當然要負主要責任。我欣然接受這個結論不難,但另一個結論卻不太願意麵對。戈爾斷定,美國社會出問題的另一個原因是電視。
  
  美國人每天看電視的時間平均達到4個小時,其他國家的人民恐怕難以望其項背。麵對同樣數據,樂觀派可能會認為這是因為美國的電視好看:《越獄》、《超級英雄》、《絕望的主婦》、《24小時》…4個小時一眨眼就過去。戈爾比較悲觀,他幾乎要認定,電視如果這麽看下去,國將不國。坐在電視機前,人們主要在吸收,而不是表達。長此以往,理性思考的能力就會在這種被動接收的過程中逐漸喪失。
  
  自李普曼以來,manufacturing demand和manufacturing consensus等公關戰略就已經為傳播界熟練掌握。公關戰役過後,那些原本不需要某種產品的人開始有了購買衝動,那些原本不這麽看問題的人開始改變觀點。市場主導一切,受眾成為產品推廣對象。如果不具備主動思考和選擇的能力,他們將淪落到被操縱的境地。在一個民主國家,隻有依靠公眾在全麵掌握信息的基礎上作出理性思考和決策,才能保證社會正常運轉。戈爾總結說,電視從根本上破壞了這種機製。
  
  我知道電視業遲早會有麻煩,但不知道麻煩這麽大。在數字錄像技術普及以後,我已經極少按照播出時間收看電視,基本上隻有體育比賽才算例外。錄在硬盤上的節目幾乎沒有質量損失,收看的時候,我一般會以15倍甚至60倍的速度跳過不感興趣的部分。更重要的是,可以跳過所有廣告。仔細想來,我經常陷入迷惘。作為電視從業人員,我個人時間上的收益竟然會換來電視業大廈將傾...電視如果不再是有效的廣告投放平台,以後還能怎麽玩?
  
  美國電視業為觀眾提供了大量精良的節目,與此同時,他們也生產出不少垃圾。如果觀眾缺少鑒別力,其實也很容易陷入低俗而不能自拔。當有線電視網成天關心那些年輕又缺少自律的女明星們是否吸毒、酗酒、開車撞人,或者穿沒穿內褲的時候,我會突發奇想,宣傳部的統一領導有時候可能真管用。假如有共和黨紐約市委宣傳部或者民主黨華盛頓市委宣傳部這樣的機構,美國電視也許會更好。
  
  戈爾站的位置到底跟我大不一樣,他不會動用自己的影響力去促成宣傳部的設立。戈爾解決問題的方案在互聯網。


maomao2007年10月12日 13:32
哈哈,該拿諾貝爾運氣獎, 獎金100萬美金!!

水無憂
  2007-10-05 11:34:40
  不一樣就是不一樣哦,專業的電視人視野就是不同凡響,寫的有理有力有節的。
  很多像你一樣的人,在獲得時間上的收益的同時,卻造成了電視大廈的將傾,嗬嗬,“罪魁禍首”了。
  對於電視節目的製作也是迎合不同人的口味,有些人就是希望關心八卦新聞的,關鍵在於人的選擇。美國電視劇的確很吸引人,這也是人喜歡花費很多時間在電視機前麵的原因。
  
  我昨天剛剛在網上把在國內時看了一半的《新結婚時代》看完了,前麵挺好的,後麵的結尾真惡心,惡俗!
  
   艾小柯
  2007-10-05 13:32:07
  hehe,我以前一個朋友就說,美國人都看fox,能不都被洗腦嗎?
  
  其實我覺得從體製上看,電視之所以被戈爾blame,主要還是管製——未必是直接的政治管製,自發的“經濟管製”的結果也是類似的。比如以前的radio吧,貌似是很自由很民主的,那麽多電台,但其實90%已上的電台都是clear channel的下屬,放什麽音樂,能說什麽政治言論其實是相當程式化的。電視台現在也差不多——美國有幾個真正獨立的電視台呢?當整個社會都是賣方市場的時候,消費者很難think outside the box。啊,寫到這我想起來奇科夫的《套子裏的人》,嗬嗬,未來的社會製度變化在我看來並不是越來越民主,集中的勢頭更為強勁。
  
  互聯網之所以是最被看好的substitute,那是因為目前還沒有什麽簡單經濟控製網絡的技術,網絡還沒被管製,自由的成本相對低廉。我希望這種自由能夠持續時間長些,但我個人其實蠻擔心互聯網作為心的一種社會平台,也會按照真是社會的發展方式,即使沒有政治管製,經濟管製的力量也越來越強。
  
   underbaby
  2007-10-06 01:22:20
  Micheal Moore那些極端人士不也這麽說過,隻是他們矛頭直接指向各大公司(煙,酒,藥等)和猶太組織控製傳媒,而影響大眾的思考觀點。
  
   jj
  2007-10-06 12:03:25
  很好。。。剛看新聞說戈爾可能會得諾貝爾和平獎。
  
   易速利
  2007-10-07 07:41:30
  水無憂,我來美國以後看電視比在國內多很多,節目質量確實很好。中國的電視劇除了朋友做的,其他我都不怎麽看。
  艾小柯說的互聯網前途問題,戈爾在書中提到過,比如internet neutrality。互聯網在政治觀點和經濟利益的複雜交織中保持中立最好,時間越長越好。
  underbaby,你要問michael moore誰當總統最好,他一定說戈。 



 諾貝爾和平獎戈爾Gore and U.N. Panel Win Peace Prize

諾貝爾和平獎戈爾Gore and U.N. Panel Win Peace Prize

Al Gore, who won an Academy Award this year for his documentary "An Inconvenient Truth," had been widely expected to win the prize.

OSLO, Oct. 12 — The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded today to Al Gore, the former American vice president, and to the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their work to alert the world to the threat of climate change.

Mr. Gore, who lost the 2000 presidential election to George W. Bush, "is probably the single individual who has done most to create greater worldwide understanding of the measures that need to be adopted,” the Nobel citation said.

The United Nations committee, a network of 2,000 scientists, has produced two decades of scientific reports that have "created an ever-broader informed consensus about the connection between human activities and global warming," it said.

Mr. Gore, who was traveling in San Francisco, said in a statement that he was deeply honored to receive the prize. "I am deeply honored to receive the Nobel Peace Prize," he said in the statement, Reuters reported.

"This award is even more meaningful because I have the honor of sharing it with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — the world’s pre-eminent scientific body devoted to improving our understanding of the climate crisis — a group whose members have worked tirelessly and selflessly for many years," he said, according to Reuters.

"My wife, Tipper, and I will donate 100 percent of the proceeds of the award to the Alliance for Climate Protection, a bipartisan non-profit organization that is devoted to changing public opinion in the U.S. and around the world about the urgency of solving the climate crisis."

The Nobel award carries political ramifications in the United States, which the Nobel committed tried to minimize after its announcement today. The chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Ole Danbolt Mjoes, addressed reporters after the awards were announced and tried to dismiss repeated questions asking whether the awards were a criticism — direct or indirect — of the Bush administration.

He said the committee was making an appeal to the entire world to unite against the threat of global warming.

"We would encourage all countries, including the big countries, to challenge, all of them, to think again and to say what can they do to conquer global warming. The bigger the powers, the better that they come in front of this.”

He said the peace prize is only a message of encouragement, adding, "the Nobel committee has never given a kick in the leg to anyone."

In this decade the Nobel Peace Prize has been given to prominent people and agencies who differ on a range of issues with the Bush administration, including Jimmy Carter and Mohamed ElBaradei, the director of the United Nations’ nuclear monitoring agency in Vienna.

Global warming has been a powerful issue all this year, attracting more and more public attention.

Mr. Gore’s film "An Inconvenient Truth," a documentary about global warming, won an Academy Award this year. The United Nations committee has issued repeated reports and held successive conferences to highlight the growing scientific understanding of the problem. At the same time, signs of global warming are more and more apparent, even in the melting Arctic.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee said global warming "may induce large-scale migration and lead to greater competition for the earth’s resources. Such changes will place particularly heavy burdens on the world’s most vulnerable countries. There may be increased danger of violent conflicts and wars, within and between states."

Jan Egeland, a Norwegian peace mediator and former senior United Nations official for humanitarian affairs, called climate change more than an environmental issue.

"It is a question of war and peace," Mr. Egeland, now director of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs in Oslo, told the Associated Press. "We’re already seeing the first climate wars, in the Sahel belt of Africa." He said nomads and herders are in conflict with farmers because the changing climate has brought drought and a shortage of fertile lands.

The Associated Press contributed to this article.



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