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Therapeutic effects of vinegar: a review

(2023-01-14 16:41:59) 下一個

Therapeutic effects of vinegar: a review

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214799316300479?

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2016.03.001Get rights and content
Vinegar is a natural product derived from a process of fermentation. Carbohydrates-rich foods are excellent sources of substrate to produce vinegar. Vinegar is mainly used as an ingredient in food preparation due to its taste and aroma. It is one of the most famous folk medicines used to fight infections. Several studies have showed vinegar has a potential to ameliorate obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, cancer and microbial infections. Daily intake of a drink containing 15 mL vinegar (750 mg of acetic acid) was reported to improve lifestyle-related diseases, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. The presence of acetic acid and other components in vinegar could be responsible for its therapeutic effect. This paper reviews recent studies on therapeutic values of vinegar derived from different food sources. Possible mechanisms of therapeutic action of vinegar are also discussed.
 

Introduction

Vinegar is a natural food product derived from fermentation processes (alcoholic and subsequently acetous fermentation) that involve fermentable glucose in apple, dates, grape, fig, and many other carbohydrate-rich food products [1]. Historically, the production of vinegar is for medicinal purposes due to its therapeutic values. Health-promoting properties of vinegar have been traditionally known to include as an antimicrobial agent and in preventing negative health outcomes [2].

Vinegar has been used as a therapeutic agent to attenuate obesity since late 18th century. Post World War 1, antiobesity drugs such as dinitrophenol, amphetamine, and fenfluramine started to be used but caused many health complications and side effects [3]. Thus, scientists have investigated the effectiveness of vinegar as an alternative medicine for obesity. Several studies have reported acetic acid is a bioactive compound present in vinegar that exhibits various therapeutic values. Furthermore, Cho et al. [4] reported that phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid and caffeic acid) in vinegar could improve lipid metabolism and have antiobesity effect in obese rats. Up to date, vinegar has been reported not only for attenuating obesity [5], but also shown to exhibit therapeutic effects on diabetes [2, 6], cardiovascular disorders [7] and cancer [8, 9] as shown in Table 1.

One of the main ingredients in the Mediterranean diet is vinegar, and vinegar was believed to play crucial role in impeding cardiovascular disease as vinegar ingestion may diminish blood pressure [10, 11, 12, 13]. In exerting its hypotensive action, taking vinegar may prevent the bradyarrhythmia effect, a slow heart rate symptom that can lead to fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and loss of consciousness [14]. Vinegar also possesses antioxidant capacity that may be a reliable health-promoting activity [15]. Moreover, it has been recommended that daily vinegar supplements could increase HDL-cholesterol and diminish LDL-cholesterol levels [16].

In the other case, vinegar (5%, v/v) or acetic acid (0.3%, w/v) were used in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) due to its ability in hindering inflammation through suppressing T helper 17 (Th17) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the pivotal signaling in pathway of UC. Supplementation of vinegar and acetic acid to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice reported effectively ameliorate body weight loss, shorten the colon length in a murine experimental colitis, reduce disease activity index (DAI), and histopathological scores [17].

 

Section snippets

Vinegar improves lipid profiles and suppresses fat accumulation

High dietary cholesterol will induce significant increases in liver cholesterol and triacylglyceride concentrations [18] which can lead to health complication such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Intriguingly, vinegar supplementation is one of effective and low cost medications suggested to reduce the formation of triacylglycerides in the liver [19] by elevating hepatic glutathione (GSH) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) levels, as well as catalase (CAT) and glutathione

Vinegar reduces hyperglycaemia and improves insulin secretion

Many types of vinegars namely, apple cider vinegar [32], ginsam vinegar [15], and TV [24••] are capable of reducing postprandial blood glucose [33, 34, 35] and alleviating insulin resistance [2, 35] as well as increase insulin production [26]. As shown in Table 1, Yusoff et al. [6] reported that an aqueous extract of nypa palm vinegar (NPV) significantly increased insulin serum concentration by enhancing production in beta-cells and also boosted beta-cells differentiation. Vinegar could

Vinegar inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells

As shown in Table 1, vinegar derived from sugar cane (known as ‘Kibizu’), Kurosu, vinegar derived from rice, and Izumi, a Japanese black vinegar made from unpolished rice showed anticancer properties by hindering the differentiation of human cancer cells via necroptosis and promoting apoptosis [7, 8, 12]. Budak et al. [1] reported that Kurosu treatment for various cancer cells (colon adenocarcinoma, lung carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, bladder carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma cells) might

Vinegar as a natural disinfectant

Since Ancient Greece era, vinegar has been used generously as an antifungal and anti microbacterial due to its extreme low-pH in presence of acetic acid as main constituent [12]. Entry of acetic acid into cell membranes of microorganism leads to bacteria cell fatality. Antibacterial activity of vinegar depends on several factors including bacterial strain, temperature, pH, acetic acid concentration, and ionic strength. Acetic also was recognized as the best organic acid in eradicating 

Conclusion

Vinegar is a natural food which has several potential therapeutic benefits. The health-promoting components that contribute towards vinegar's health benefits could be acetic acid and other bioactive compounds. Various sources of vinegar (apple cider vinegar, PV, TV and others vinegar) have been shown to potentially alleviate obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular, cancer and other health complications. The therapeutic effect of vinegar could be due to several mechanisms of actions. Further research

References and recommended reading

Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as:

• of special interest

•• of outstanding interest

 

 
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