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莎士比亞的毒藥係列:它因誰而臭名昭著

(2022-11-26 13:53:42) 下一個

我在溫哥華戶外散步時,經常在公路邊、荒地裏見到野胡蘿卜(wild carrot,學名Daucus carota)和峨參(cow parsley),卻從未發現毒芹(poison hemlock,學名Conium maculatum)。網站上有不少熱心人士提醒:小心外表與前兩者相似的毒芹,千萬不要誤食了毒芹。

從歐洲引進北美大陸的毒芹已在多處歸化,甚至上了雜草清單。

我仔細閱讀了相關文章,總結出了幾條辨別毒芹的最佳方法。

首先觀莖,毒芹的空心莖是光滑的,上麵有紫色的斑點與條紋,揉碎了葉子,有一股類似死老鼠的腐臭味。開花時,植物被無數傘狀小花覆蓋,這些花蔟由五瓣白色小花組成。峨參的莖雖然也有淺紫色的斑塊,莖上卻有細毛,葉子揉碎了發出類似香菜和八角的混合香。野胡蘿卜最好認,莖被細毛,無紫色斑塊,葉子揉碎時散發出胡蘿卜味道。扁平的傘型花像個圓圓的扁盤,中心有一朵粉紅花,據傳是安妮女王在編織蕾絲時不小心刺破手指而留下的血滴,故又名“安妮女王的蕾絲”(Queen Ann’s Lace)。花期末季,傘形花序變成鳥巢的形狀,十分美麗。

(從其他網站下載的毒芹圖片)

(野胡蘿卜)

 

(峨參)

 

 

新鮮的野胡蘿卜花可生吃或拌著麵粉做花煎,味道可口,可是如果你誤把毒芹花當成野胡蘿卜花吃掉了,小命很可能就“掛掉”了。其實兩者的花期不一致,毒芹四月至七月開花,野胡蘿卜七、八月開花。毒芹植株可高達兩三米,分枝很多,而野胡蘿卜則比較秀氣,身高往往不超過一米,分枝較少。記住了兩種植物的花期,也就減少了犯錯的機會。

個別調皮的孩子不認得毒芹,摘了一節毒芹中空的莖當哨子吹,也導致中毒。

在曆史上,關於毒芹的最有名的故事是蘇格拉底之死。公元前399年蘇格拉底被判處死刑,他選擇了毒芹汁為死刑工具。他的學生柏拉圖記載了老師的死亡過程,“那個男人(給他毒藥的人)……把手放在他身上,過了一會兒檢查了他的腳和小腿,然後用力捏了捏他的腳,問他是否有感覺。他說‘沒有’;然後,他又按他的大腿,逐步往上移,向我們展示了蘇格拉底的身子變得越來越冷和僵硬。然後他又摸了一下,說等到冷抵達他的心髒時,他就走了。當蘇格拉底的腹股溝變冷時,他掀開了蒙著臉的蓋頭,說了最後的話。他說:“克裏托,我們欠阿斯克勒庇俄斯一隻公雞,別忘了還債。” 克裏托說:“我們會做的,但是您還有其他什麽話要說的。”蘇格拉底沒有回答,過了一會兒他動了一下。監刑人揭開他的蓋頭,他的眼睛不動了。克裏托看到這幅情形,閉上了嘴和眼睛。 ”("The man … laid his hands on him and after a while examined his feet and legs, then pinched his foot hard and asked if he felt it. He said ‘No’; then after that, his thighs; and passing upwards in this way he showed us that he was growing cold and rigid. And then again he touched him and said that when it reached his heart, he would be gone. The chill had now reached the region about the groin, and uncovering his face, which had been covered, he said—and these were his last words—'Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius. Pay it and do not neglect it.' 'That,' said Crito, 'shall be done; but see if you have anything else to say.' To this question he made no reply, but after a little while he moved; the attendant uncovered him; his eyes were fixed. And Crito when he saw it, closed his mouth and eyes." )

後世的專家普遍認為,柏拉圖把蘇格拉底的死浪漫化了,毒芹中毒的過程是很痛苦的。喝下大量的毒芹汁,會導致痙攣、血壓升高、呼吸加快,最後呼吸衰竭而亡。

毒芹也出現在基督教傳說中,耶穌受難時,他的血滴落於山坡上的毒芹叢,從此這種植物就永遠中毒了。某些基督教徒還認為毒芹莖上的紫斑就是上帝給該隱的記號(Cain’s mark)。古歐洲的女巫以毒芹為一道主要原料製成飛行藥膏(flying oinment),用於巫術,這一點在莎士比亞的《麥克白》中有所體現。第四幕第一場,女巫丙有一段獨白:“龍鱗,狼牙,木乃伊巫屍、海裏貪婪的鯊魚的食道和胃,在黑暗中挖出的毒芹根,褻瀆神明的猶太人的肝髒, 山羊膽和月食期間采集的紅豆杉樹枝, 土耳其人的鼻子和韃靼人的嘴唇,一個由妓女在溝裏產下後被勒死的嬰兒的手指,這些材料讓粥更加粘稠。再往我們的大鍋加入老虎的腑髒,作為食材。”這些包括毒芹在內的稀奇古怪的玩意都是女巫濃湯的素材。

(THIRD WITCH

Scale of dragon, tooth of wolf,

Witches’ mummy, maw and gulf

Of the ravined salt-sea shark,

 Root of hemlock digged i’ th’ dark,

Liver of blaspheming Jew,

Gall of goat and slips of yew

Slivered in the moon’s eclipse,

Nose of Turk and Tartar’s lips,

Finger of birth-strangled babe

Ditch-delivered by a drab,

Make the gruel thick and slab.

Add thereto a tiger’s chaudron,

For the ingredients of our cauldron. )

莎士比亞並未在他的作品裏描述毒芹的毒性,以下兩部戲劇中,他隻提及了毒芹的自然生長環境:

一:《亨利五世》第四幕第二場,亨利五世與幾位重臣來到法國王宮,與法國國王和王後進行和平談判。英國的勃艮第公爵(Duke of Burgundy)在英法兩國的國君麵前發表了一番感言:“為什麽可憐的、一絲不掛的、任人宰割的藝術女神,那位保佑藝術、豐衣足食和人丁興旺的親愛保姆,不應該呆在這個世界上最好的花園裏 — 我們肥沃的法蘭西,擺出她可愛的麵容?哎,她被驅逐出法蘭西很久很久了,她所有的莊稼堆積如山,全都腐爛。她的使人心靈快樂的葡萄藤,無人剪枝,全都死去。她的向來修剪整齊的樹籬,像披頭散發的囚犯,枝椏亂長。她的休耕草地上,毒麥、毒芹、惡臭的地煙草紮下了根,那本應用來鏟除這些惡草的犁刀卻生了鏽。那平坦的草地,從前長著芬芳的雀斑臉母牛唇報春花、地榆和綠三葉草,卻因為缺乏鐮刀的整頓,並疏於打理養護而荒蕪,可惡的酸模、粗糙的薊、野芹、牛蒡泛濫 – 失去了美感和實用性……”

(Why that the naked, poor, and mangled peace,

Dear nurse of arts, plenties, and joyful births,

Should not in this best garden of the world,

Our fertile France, put up her lovely visage?

Alas, she hath from France too long been chased,

And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps,

Corrupting in its own fertility.

Her vine, the merry cheerer of the heart,

Unprund, dies. Her hedges, even-pleached,

Like prisoners wildly overgrown with hair,

 Put forth disordered twigs. Her fallow leas

The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory

Doth root upon, while that the coulter rusts

That should deracinate such savagery.

The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth

The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover,

Wanting the scythe, withal uncorrected, rank,

Conceives by idleness, and nothing teems

But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burrs,

Losing both beauty and utility.)

二:《李爾王》第四幕第四場,李爾王的小女兒考狄利婭(Cordelia)帶著一群士兵在野外尋找父親。她說:“正是他。剛才還有人看見他,瘋狂得像怒海,大聲歌唱,頭上插滿了惡臭的地煙草和田間雜草,牛蒡、毒芹、蕁麻、布穀花、毒麥和各種生長在農田間的野草。”

(CORDELIA

Alack, ’tis he.

Why, he was met even now

 As mad as the vexed sea, singing aloud,

 Crowned with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds,

With burdocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers,

 Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow

 In our sustaining corn.)

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閱讀 ()評論 (3)
評論
南小鹿 回複 悄悄話 回複 '說誰誰' 的評論 : 接骨木是灌木,完全不像
說誰誰 回複 悄悄話 看照片像是歐洲很多的接骨草。有什麽區別嗎?在歐洲,接骨草是很popular的飲料
雪中梅 回複 悄悄話 博主對植物觀察很細,謝謝介紹,平安是福。
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