有人做了統計,發現莎士比亞(1564-1616)作品裏總共有21處出現了“Balm”、“Balsam”或“Balsamum”,幾乎所有的中文版本都譯成“香脂”、“香膏”或“膏油”。這種翻譯值得商榷。
我查閱了某些西方植物學家的注解,發現至少兩部作品裏的“Balm”指的是伊麗莎白時期流行於英國花園裏的甜香脂草(Sweet Balm,學名Melissa officinalis)。
香脂草並非英國本土植物,它原產於地中海地區,外表酷似薄荷,莖杆呈四棱形並具分枝,極易形成叢生。株高約1米左右,寬卵形葉片,邊緣有細齒,葉脈明顯,莖與葉密布細毛。每年7月至10月,白色的唇形花繞著葉腋盛開,葉片搗碎時散發出溫潤的芬芳。
雖然北美的超市和苗圃裏均有出售薄荷和香脂草,但香脂草遠不如薄荷普及,兩者的外表比較難區分。如果你到野外尋芳草,就會發現薄荷長在陰涼濕潤的地方,而香脂草則出現在陽光明媚的田野和路邊,喜歡肥沃多沙的土壤。
現將兩處出現甜香脂草的戲劇段落翻譯如下:
第一處:莎士比亞於1607年左右編寫的悲劇《安東尼與克莉奧佩特拉》(Antony and Cleopatra ),第五幕第二場講述了埃及豔後克莉奧佩特拉臨死前的情形:
克莉奧佩特拉:
“把我的長袍給我,替我戴上王冠。我心裏多麽希望永生,埃及葡萄的芳釀從此再也不能濡濕我的嘴唇。快點,快點,好伊拉絲;快點。我好像聽見安東尼在呼喚我;我看見他醒過來,誇獎我的崇高的舉動;我聽見他在嘲笑凱撒的幸運,那幸運是眾神賜予人類用來平息他們隨後的憤怒的。- 我的夫,我來了。現在讓我的勇氣來證明我是當之無愧的妻!我是火,我是風;我把身上的其他元素都留給了汙濁的塵世。— 那麽,你們好了嗎?那就來吧,從我的嘴唇上汲取最後的溫暖。再會,善良的查米恩、伊拉絲,永別了!(吻查米恩、伊拉絲,伊拉絲倒地死)我的嘴唇上有小蝮蛇的毒液嗎?你倒下了嗎?如果你和生命能夠如此溫和地分離,那麽死神的一擊就像情人的手指一擰,雖然疼痛,內心卻是渴望的。你還躺著不動了嗎?如果你就這樣離去,你分明在告訴這個世界,死生之際,連告別都是多餘的。”
(CLEOPATRA
Give me my robe. Put on my crown. I have
Immortal longings in me. Now no more
The juice of Egypt’s grape shall moist this lip.)
(CHARMIAN and IRAS begin to dress her.)
Yare, yare, good Iras, quick. Methinks I hear
Antony call. I see him rouse himself
To praise my noble act. I hear him mock
The luck of Caesar, which the gods give men
To excuse their after wrath.—Husband, I come!
Now to that name my courage prove my title!
I am fire and air, my other elements
I give to baser life.—So, have you done?
Come then and take the last warmth of my lips.
Farewell, kind Charmian. Iras, long farewell.)
(She kisses them. IRAS falls and dies)
Have I the aspic in my lips? Dost fall?
If thou and nature can so gently part,
The stroke of death is as a lover’s pinch,
Which hurts, and is desired. Dost thou lie still?
If thus thou vanishest, thou tell’st the world
It is not worth leave-taking.)
查米恩:
“溶解吧,厚厚的雲,化成雨滴;這樣我就可以說,眾神也在哭泣!”
(CHARMIAN
Dissolve, thick cloud, and rain, that I may say
The gods themselves do weep!)
克莉奧佩特拉:
“這證明了我的卑微。如果她先遇見了卷發的安東尼,他一定會首先要她,給她一個原本屬於我的幸福的吻。— 來,你這致命的混蛋。(她將小蝮蛇置於胸前)用你的利齒立刻咬斷這個生命之結吧,可憐的毒蠢貨,張開你的怒口,趕快咬。哦,要是你能說話,我會聽到你喚那偉大的凱撒為一頭無權謀的蠢驢。”
(CLEOPATRA
This proves me base.
If she first meet the curlèd Antony,
He’ll make demand of her and spend that kiss
Which is my heaven to have. —Come, thou mortal wretch,)
(She places an asp on her breast)
With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsicate
Of life at once untie. Poor venomous fool
Be angry and dispatch. Oh, couldst thou speak,
That I might hear thee call great Caesar ass
Unpolicied!)
查米恩:
“東方的星星啊!”
(CHARMIAN
O eastern star!)
克莉奧佩特拉:
“安靜,安靜!你沒有見到我的嬰孩在我的胸前吮吸乳汁,使我安然入睡嗎?”(CLEOPATRA
Peace, peace!
Dost thou not see my baby at my breast,
That sucks the nurse asleep?)
查米恩:
“哦,我的心碎了!哦,我的心碎了!”
(CHARMIAN
Oh, break! Oh, break!)
克莉奧佩特拉:
“甜蜜如香脂草,輕柔如風,溫順如 — 哦,安東尼! —— 不,我也要帶上你。(把另一隻小蝮蛇置臂上)我為什麽要留下呢 — (死。)
(CLEOPATRA
As sweet as balm, as soft as air, as gentle—
O Antony!—Nay, I will take thee too.)
(Applying another asp to her arm)
What should I stay—)
(Dies)
第二處:《溫莎的風流婦人》(The Merry Wives of Windsor)第五幕第五場,好色的胖騎士福斯塔夫(Falstaff)頭戴兩支鹿角,來到公園等候與風流娘子幽會。以安.佩奇(Anne Page)為中心的眾兒童扮成神仙和精靈,趁機將胖騎士圍住,對他又捏又掐大肆戲弄。
佩奇夫人:
“快逃!快逃!”(二人奔下。)
(MRS. PAGE.
Away, away!)
[They run off.]
福斯塔夫:
“我想魔鬼不會讓我下地獄的,他唯恐我身上的油會在地獄裏引起一場大火。他永遠不會這樣戲弄我。”
(FALSTAFF.
I think the devil will not have me damned, lest the
oil that's in me should set hell on fire; he would never else
cross me thus.)
(休·愛文斯爵扮成山羊神薩提爾,畢斯托爾扮成小妖,安.佩奇扮成小精靈王後,她的兄弟及若幹兒童扮成小精靈侍從,頭插小蠟燭,同上。)
[Enter SIR HUGH EVANS like a Satyr, PISTOL as a Hobgoblin, ANNE
PAGE as the Fairy Queen, attended by her Brothers and Others,
as fairies, with waxen tapers on their heads.]
安:
“黑的,灰的,綠的和白的精靈們,
你們是月光下的狂歡者,黑夜裏的陰影,
你們是既定命運的孤兒孤女,
請竭盡所能各司其職。
傳令的小妖,讓精靈們肅靜。”
(ANNE.
Fairies, black, grey, green, and white,
You moonshine revellers, and shades of night,
You orphan heirs of fixed destiny,
Attend your office and your quality.
Crier Hobgoblin, make the fairy oyes.)
畢斯托爾:
“小妖們,報上大名。安靜,你們這些搗蛋鬼!
蟋蟀兒,你跳進溫莎各家的煙囪,
發現哪家的火灰沒有耙盡,爐床沒有打掃,
就把那家的女傭擰得全身像藍莓一樣青紫,
我們光彩照人的仙後最恨懶婦和邋遢事。”
(PISTOL.
Elves, list your names: silence, you airy toys!
Cricket, to Windsor chimneys shalt thou leap:
Where fires thou find'st unrak'd, and hearths unswept,
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry:
Our radiant Queen hates sluts and sluttery.)
福斯塔夫:
“他們是小精靈,誰和他們說話,誰就會沒命。我要閉上眼睛趴下,凡人不窺看神仙們的事情。”(俯伏在地)(FALSTAFF.
They are fairies; he that speaks to them shall die:
I'll wink and couch: no man their works must eye. )
[Lies down upon his face.]
愛文斯:
“比德在哪裏?你去看看誰家的姑娘
臨睡前念了三遍的祈禱,
你就給她妄想的器官套上韁繩,
讓她像粗心的嬰兒那般熟睡。
對那些臨睡前不思量自己的罪過的人,
你要擰得他們手腳發麻,腰背酸疼。”
(EVANS.
Where's Bede? Go you, and where you find a maid
That, ere she sleep, has thrice her prayers said,
Rein up the organs of her fantasy,
Sleep she as sound as careless infancy;
But those as sleep and think not on their sins,
Pinch them, arms, legs, backs, shoulders, sides, and shins.)
安:
“快去,快去,
小妖們,從內到外搜索溫莎的古堡。
小精怪們,給每個神聖的房間撒上幸運。
讓它巍然聳立永不毀損,
宅基夯實結構堅固,
輝煌的建築襯托著賢德的主人。
用香脂草和各種奇花的汁液,
擦洗那幾張尊嚴的寶座。
……”
(ANNE.
About, about!
Search Windsor castle, elves, within and out:
Strew good luck, ouphes, on every sacred room,
That it may stand till the perpetual doom,
In state as wholesome as in state 'tis fit,
Worthy the owner and the owner it.
The several chairs of order look you scour
With juice of balm and every precious flower: )
以上段落裏的香脂草汁是用來清潔家具的。