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移民女人的香草夢:莎士比亞的馬鬱蘭

(2020-09-03 08:43:30) 下一個

(三)莎士比亞的馬鬱蘭

大概在中世紀,馬鬱蘭傳到了英國,成為當地一種很普遍的香草,有著豐富的植物知識的莎士比亞將它寫進了幾部戲劇中。

(馬鬱蘭)

《冬天的故事》(The Winter’s Tale)第四幕第四場中,牧羊女珀迪塔(Perdita)對前來的賓客說:“這是給你的花:濃鬱的薰衣草、薄荷、香薄荷、馬鬱蘭,日落後花瓣閉合,日出後花瓣張開並帶著露珠的金盞花。這些是在夏季中間開的花,我認為應該將它們送給中年男人。非常歡迎您來。”

Here’s flowers for you;

Hot lavender, mints, savoury, marjoram;

The marigold, that goes to bed wi’ the sun

And with him rises weeping: these are flowers

Of middle summer, and I think they are given

To men of middle age. You’re very welcome.

戲劇《終成眷屬》(All's Well that Ends Well)第四幕第五場,羅西昂伯爵夫人Countess of Rossillion)在獲悉兒媳婦海倫娜(Helena)去世的不實消息後,與老臣拉佛(Lafeu)有一場對話:

拉佛:

“不,不,不,令郎是受了那個穿橘黃色塔夫綢的家夥的誤導。全國所有容易被蒙蔽的青年都相信他的胡作非為,和他一樣行事。如果沒有我所說的這隻紅尾熊蜂,令媳一定活在這世上,令郎也一定呆在家裏,享受著國王的眷顧。”

LAFEU

No, no, no, your son was misled with a snipt-taffeta fellow there, whose villanous saffron would have made all the unbaked and doughy youth of a nation in his colour: your daughter-in-law had been alive at  this hour, and your son here at home, more advanced by the king than by that red-tailed humble-bee I speak of.

伯爵夫人:

“但願我從來不曾認識過他,是他害死了世上最賢德的淑女。即使她是我的親身女兒,讓我忍受生育的痛苦,也無法使我更加深切地愛她了。”

COUNTESS

I would I had not known him; it was the death of the most virtuous gentlewoman that ever nature had praise for creating. If she had partaken of my flesh, and cost me the dearest groans of a mother, I could not have owed her a more rooted love.

拉佛:

“她是一位好姑娘,她是一位好姑娘。我們嚐試過千種色拉,才發現那株可遇而不可求的香草。”

LAFEU

'Twas a good lady, 'twas a good lady: we may pick a thousand salads ere we light on such another herb.

小醜:

“是的,大人,她就是色拉中的甜馬鬱蘭,或者,恩典草藥。”

CLOWN

 Indeed, sir, she was the sweet marjoram of the salad, or rather, the herb of grace.

拉佛:

“傻瓜,它們都不算香草,隻是好聞的植物罷了。”

LAFEU

They are not herbs, you knave; they are nose-herbs.

(注:the herb of grace,恩典草藥,指的是芸香)

這部戲劇講述的是聰慧美麗的女主人公海倫娜如何費盡心機去爭取一個出身高貴、狂妄膚淺的紈絝子弟的愛情。盡管海倫娜的地位和身份並不高,伯爵夫人和拉佛還是對她賢德的人品給予了高度的評價,將她形容為可遇而不可求的香草,馬鬱蘭和芸香同她比起來,隻是好聞的植物。

 

大多數西方學者認為《終成眷屬》大約是在1600-1605年期間創作的。該劇劇情多為今人詬病,甚至有一些評論家認為這是一部失敗的喜劇,所以二十世紀的讀者已經不太能理解為何此劇在伊麗莎白時代能受到觀眾的歡迎。男主角貝爾特拉姆(Bertram)是個典型的渣男和人渣,卑鄙勢利,不忠於感情,然而人設近乎完美的海倫娜卻對他愛慕到了癡迷的地步。貝爾特拉姆不滿意自己的婚事,結婚當天就離家去意大利參戰。他寫了一封信給海倫娜,給出兩個幾乎無法辦到的條件:若想讓他接受她為妻,就必須獲得他手上的一枚戒指,並懷上他的孩子。海倫娜扮成一位朝聖者千裏尋夫,並利用貝爾特拉姆勾引狄安娜的機會,代替她與貝爾特拉姆上了床,獲取了他的戒指,並成功地懷上了孩子。貝爾特拉姆

以為勾引狄安娜成功,又聽說海倫娜已死,回到了法國,打算娶老臣拉佛的女兒。關鍵時刻,狄安娜與海倫娜及時趕回,前者斥責渣男始亂終棄,後者稱信中的條件全部實現,貝爾特拉姆別無選擇,隻得接受海倫娜為妻。

看似皆大歡喜的結局,其實危機四伏。一個女人殫精竭慮,贏回的隻是一個不愛自己的渣男,足見她的眼光和境界是上不了檔次的。而且十有八九她會在今後的婚姻生活中被渣男折磨到精神崩潰,我怎麽覺得莎翁寫的是一出警世悲劇呢?

該劇情節簡單,但人物對白細膩生動,莎翁寫台詞的功夫是一流的。

 

馬鬱蘭作為口令,出現在莎士比亞最著名的悲劇之一《李爾王》(King Lear)裏。第四幕第六場,化身為乞丐的愛德伽在野外流浪時遇到了被挖去雙目的父親葛羅斯特,把他帶到多佛(Dover),背他上了懸崖,假裝滿足他自殺的願望。葛羅斯特從假想的懸崖跳下去,重重地跌倒在地上。愛德伽裝成一個過路的,告訴父親他被神跡救了,打消了他自殺的念頭。此時瘋瘋癲癲的李爾王頭戴由野花和雜草編成的花冠上場,說了一堆邏輯混亂的話。

現將部分台詞翻譯如下:

愛德伽:

“我站在下麵望著他,以為他的眼睛

是兩輪滿月。他有一千個鼻子,

彎曲的犄角,像憤怒的大海的波峰。

一定是某個惡魔。所以,您是個幸運的老人家,

看來神明救了你的命,

他們無所不能,以便人們崇拜他們。

EDGAR

As I stood here below, methought his eyes

Were two full moons. He had a thousand noses,

Horns whelked and waved like the enragèd sea.

It was some fiend. Therefore, thou happy father,

Think that the clearest gods, who make them honors

Of men’s impossibilities, have preserved thee.

葛羅斯特:

“我現在記住了。從今以後我要耐忍受痛苦,

直到痛苦本身大聲喊了出來,

‘夠啦,夠啦’ ,然後死去。你說的那個東西,

我認為是個人;它經常說著,

‘惡魔,惡魔’;他把我領到了那個地方。

GLOUCESTER

I do remember now. Henceforth I’ll bear

Affliction till it do cry out itself,

Enough, enough,” and die. That thing you speak of,

I took it for a man. Often ’twould say,

The fiend, the fiend!” He led me to that place.

愛德伽 :

“振作起來,不要胡思亂想。”

EDGAR

Bear free and patient thoughts.

 

瘋癲的李爾上 (Enter LEAR, mad 

愛德伽 :

“那個人是誰?

一個神誌清醒的人絕不會

把自己打扮成這個樣子。”

But who comes here?

The safer sense will ne'er accommodate

His master thus.

李爾 :

“不,他們不能判我造假幣的罪名。我是國王。”

LEAR

No, they cannot touch me for coining. I am the king himself.

愛德伽:

(自言自語)哦,多麽令人心碎的景象!”

EDGAR

(aside) O thou side-piercing sight!

李爾:

“ 在那一點上,天然是勝過人工的。這是征募你們當兵的餉銀。那家夥彎弓的姿勢像個稻草人;給我拉開一碼的長度試試。瞧,瞧!一隻小老鼠!別鬧,別鬧!這一塊烤奶酪會抓到它的。這是我的鐵手套,我會向一個巨人挑戰。帶那些步兵上來。啊!那箭飛得好,鳥兒;正中靶心,正中靶心,嗨!口令!”

LEAR

Nature’s above art in that respect. There’s your press- money. That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper. Draw me a clothier’s yard. Look, look, a mouse! Peace, peace, this piece of toasted cheese will do ’t. There’s my gauntlet. I’ll prove it on a giant. Bring up the brown bills. O, well flown, bird. I' th' clout, i' th' clout. Hewgh! Give the word.

(注:brown bill: 1516世紀步兵用的一種長柄鉤矛刀)

 

愛德伽:

 甜馬鬱蘭。”

EDGAR

Sweet marjoram.

李爾:

“對囉。”

LEAR

Pass.

葛羅斯特:

“我認得那個聲音。”

GLOUCESTER

I know that voice.

李爾:

“ 哈!留著白胡子的高納裏爾?哈,裏根?她們像狗一樣奉承我,說我還沒有長出黑胡須前就有了白胡須。我說‘是’,她們就說一聲‘是’,我說‘不’,她們就說一聲‘不’,沒有一點誠心。當雨水淋濕了我,風吹得我全身顫抖,當雷聲不肯聽我的命令平靜下來的時候我這才發現了她們,嗅出了她們。我告訴你,她們不是心口如一的人。她們把我說的天花亂墜,都是謊言,我會發燒的。”

LEAR

Ha! Goneril with a white beard? Ha, Regan? They flattered me like a dog and told me I had white hairs in my beard ere the black ones were there. To say “Ay” and “No” to everything that I said “Ay” and “No” to was no good divinity. When the rain came to wet me once, and the wind to make me chatter, when the thunder would not peace at my bidding—there I found 'em, there I smelt 'em out. Go to, they are not men o' their words. They told me I was everything. 'Tis a lie, I am not ague-proof.

(注:還沒有長出黑胡須前就有了白胡須,指的是李爾很有智慧,尚未出生前就很有智慧了。)

葛羅斯特:

 這種說話的聲調我記得很清楚,他不就是國王嗎?”

GLOUCESTER

The trick of that voice I do well remember.

Is ’t not the king?

 

李爾:

“是的,如假包換的國王。我一瞪眼,所有的東西都在發抖。我赦免那個人的死罪。你被指控什麽?通奸?你不用死。因為通奸而犯死罪?不。小鳥都在幹那把戲,小蜻蜓也在我麵前交合。讓世上多一點通奸吧,因為葛羅斯特的私生子,也比我的合法的女兒更孝順父親。幹吧,淫風越盛越好我正缺少士兵。瞧那個滿臉假笑的女人,她裝作端莊嫻靜,一副守身如玉的樣子,聽見別人談性事就搖頭。其實她幹起那事來,比雞貓和髒馬還浪得多。她們的上半身是女人,從腰以下是馬的軀幹和四肢。腰帶以上是屬於天神的,腰帶以下全是屬於惡魔的:那兒是地獄,那兒是黑暗,那兒是硫磺坑熾熱燃燒著,發出惡臭,吞噬了一切。啐!啐!啐!呸!呸!給我一盎司麝香,好藥劑師,讓我的想象甜美些。這是給你的錢。”

LEAR

Ay, every inch a king. When I do stare, see how the subject quakes. I pardon that man’s life. What was thy cause? Adultery? Thou shalt not die. Die for adultery? No. The wren goes to ’t, and the small gilded fly does lecher in my sight. Let copulation thrive, for Gloucester’s bastard son Was kinder to his father than my daughters got ’tween the lawful sheets. To ’t, luxury, pell-mell—for I lack soldiers. Behold yond simpering dame, whose face between her forks presages snow, that minces virtue and does shake the head to hear of pleasure’s name. The fitchew, nor the soiled horse, goes to ’t with a more riotous appetite. Down from the waist they are centaurs, though women all above. But to the girdle do the gods inherit; beneath is all the fiends'. There’s hell, there’s darkness, there’s the sulfurous pit— burning, scalding, stench, consumption! Fie, fie, fie, pah, pah!—Give me an ounce of civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagination. There’s money for thee.

(注:fitchew,是雞貂 polecat的古英語用法。雞貂也叫雞貓,但它們不是貓而是屬於貂科,是一種害羞的動物,它們經常是在夜間活動,人們很少能夠見到它們。

Centaurs:半人馬,上半身是人,下半身是馬的軀幹和四肢。一般他們被作為野蠻的代表,與酗酒、暴力和色情相聯係。)

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