六)揭開肉桂的神秘麵紗
《聖經》中有幾處提到了肉桂(Cinnamon):
《出埃及記》第30篇 (Exodus 30):
耶和華吩咐摩西說: “你要取上等的香料,就是五百舍客勒流質的沒藥、二百五十香肉桂、二百五十香菖蒲, 和五百桂皮,都按照聖所的舍客勒;再取一欣橄欖油, 以做香的方法調和製成聖膏油,它就成為聖膏油。 要用這膏油抹會幕和法櫃, 供桌和供桌的一切器具,燈台和燈台的器具,以及香壇、燔祭壇和壇的一切器具,洗濯盆和盆座。 你要使這些分別為聖,成為至聖;凡觸摸它們的都成為聖。”
(Then the LORD said to Moses, “Take the following fine spices: 500 shekels of liquid myrrh, half as much (that is, 250 shekels) of fragrant cinnamon, 250 shekels of fragrant calamus, 500 shekels of cassia—all according to the sanctuary shekel—and a hin of olive oil. Make these into a sacred anointing oil, a fragrant blend, the work of a perfumer. It will be the sacred anointing oil. Then use it to anoint the tent of meeting, the ark of the covenant law, the table and all its articles, the lampstand and its accessories, the altar of incense, the altar of burnt offering and all its utensils, and the basin with its stand. You shall consecrate them so they will be most holy, and whatever touches them will be holy.)
這些上等的香料全都是從遠方進口到埃及的,非常昂貴。寶貴的香料碾碎成粉末狀後,才能溢出香氣,說明基督教徒要經曆痛苦的考驗,才能流出生命裏的馨香。聖膏油象征著聖靈,聖膏油抹了人,代表神得著了人;抹了物,代表神得著了器皿。每一個重生得救的信徒都接受了聖靈的膏抹,成為聖,被神得著來事奉祂。
《箴言》第七篇(Proverbs 7 ):
“看哪,有一個婦人來迎接他,是妓女的打扮,有詭詐的心思。
這婦人喧嚷,不守約束,在家裏停不住腳,
有時在街市上,有時在寬闊處,或在各巷口蹲伏,
拉住那少年人,與他親嘴,臉無羞恥對他說:
平安祭在我這裏,今日才還了我所許的願。
因此,我出來迎接你,懇切求見你的麵,恰巧遇見了你。
我已經用繡花毯子和埃及線織的花紋布鋪了我的床。
我又用沒藥、沉香、桂皮熏了我的榻。
你來,我們可以飽享愛情,直到早晨;我們可以彼此親愛歡樂。
因為我丈夫不在家,出門行遠路;
他手拿銀囊,必到月望才回家。”
(Then out came a woman to meet him,
dressed like a prostitute and with crafty intent.
She is unruly and defiant,
her feet never stay at home;
now in the street, now in the squares,
at every corner she lurks.)
She took hold of him and kissed him
and with a brazen face she said:
“Today I fulfilled my vows,
and I have food from my fellowship offering at home.
So I came out to meet you;
I looked for you and have found you!
I have covered my bed
with colored linens from Egypt.
I have perfumed my bed
with myrrh, aloes and cinnamon.
Come, let’s drink deeply of love till morning;
let’s enjoy ourselves with love!
My husband is not at home;
he has gone on a long journey.
He took his purse filled with money
and will not be home till full moon.”
神在這裏勸勉所有的年輕人,當誘惑和邪惡第一次來糾纏時,應該立即驅除,避免走上受試探的道路。
《雅歌》第4篇 (Song of Solomon 4)
“我妹子,我新婦,你奪了我的心。你用眼一看,用你項上的一條金鏈,奪了我的心。
我妹子,我新婦,你的愛情何其美。你的愛情比酒更美。你膏油的香氣勝過一切香品。
我新婦,你的嘴唇滴蜜。好像蜂房滴蜜。你的舌下有蜜,有奶。你衣服的香氣如黎巴嫩的香氣。
我妹子,我新婦,乃是關鎖的園,禁閉的井,封閉的泉源。
你園內所種的結了石榴,有佳美的果子,並鳳仙花與哪噠樹。
有哪噠和番紅花,菖蒲和肉桂,並各樣乳香木,沒藥,沉香,與一切上等的果品。
你是園中的泉,活水的井,從黎巴嫩流下來的溪水”。
(You have captivated my heart, my sister, my bride;
you have captivated my heart with one glance of your eyes,
with one jewel of your necklace.
How beautiful is your love, my sister, my bride!
How much better is your love than wine,
and the fragrance of your oils than any spice!
Your lips drip nectar, my bride;
honey and milk are under your tongue;
the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon.
A garden locked is my sister, my bride,
a spring locked, a fountain sealed.
Your shoots are an orchard of pomegranates
with all choicest fruits,
henna with nard,
nard and saffron, calamus and cinnamon,
with all trees of frankincense,
myrrh and aloes,
with all choice spices—
a garden fountain, a well of living water,
and flowing streams from Lebanon.)
這首歌通過稱讚新婦和幸福的婚姻來讚美神賜予的各種恩典。
《啟示錄》第18篇(Revelation 18):
“地上的君王,素來與她行淫、一同奢華的,看見燒她的煙,就必為她哭泣哀號。因怕她的痛苦,就遠遠地站著說:哀哉!哀哉!巴比倫大城,堅固的城啊,一時之間你的刑罰就來到了。
地上的客商也都為她哭泣悲哀,因為沒有人再買他們的貨物了;這貨物就是金、銀、寶石、珍珠、細麻布、紫色料、綢子、朱紅色料、各樣香木、各樣象牙的器皿、各樣寶貴的木頭,和銅、鐵、大理石的器皿,並肉桂、荳蔻、香料、香膏、乳香、酒、油、細麵、麥子、牛、羊、車、馬,和奴隸、人口。”
(And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and lived deliciously with her, shall bewail her, and lament for her, when they shall see the smoke of her burning,
Standing afar off for the fear of her torment, saying, Alas, alas that great city Babylon, that mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come.
And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buyeth their merchandise any more:
The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble,
And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.)
這段文字表明,地上的君王都與巴比倫大城保持距離,唯恐沾染“她的痛苦”。但是無知的世人從來不懂得從曆史中吸取教訓,上帝在這裏發出了警示:盡管羅馬帝國是堅固的城,卻沒有真正的朋友,總有一天也要走向滅亡。
我們還可以從這段文字所列的物品看出當時羅馬帝國商業之發達、生活之奢華:金和銀由西班牙進口,寶石由印度進口,珍珠由印度、波斯灣和紅海進口,當時把珍珠溶在酒中當飲料是一種炫耀。細麻布由埃及運來,紫色料由腓尼基運來,綢子由中國透過絲綢之路進口,朱紅色料由小亞細亞運來,香木由北非運來,是一種堅硬香味木料,用來製造貴重的桌子。象牙由敘利亞和北非運來,銅就是哥林多銅,由哥林多進口,鐵由西班牙和黑海運來,大理石由非洲、埃及、希臘運來,肉桂由阿拉伯人賣進羅馬,產於錫蘭,豆蔻由印度進口,香料由東方的國家進口,香膏由印度或也門進口,乳香由南阿拉伯進口,酒指葡萄酒,由帝國各地運來。油指橄欖油,由帝國各地運來。細麵由非洲運來。麥子由埃及尼羅河流域運來,以埃及亞曆山大港為海運進口的集散中心。車指載客的四輪車,通常裝飾豪華。牛、羊、馬由帝國各地運來,人口原文是“人的靈魂”,可能指專供大眾娛樂的角鬥士。
隨著奢侈品大行其道,人們更加縱情享樂、更加為了獸性而瘋狂。上帝欲使人滅亡, 必先使其瘋狂,古羅馬被滅國後,很多人說,都是香料惹的禍,就像中國古人說“紅顏禍水”一樣。
時代的車輪滾滾向前,阿拉伯人依然把保密工作做得很好,至少一直到十三世紀,歐洲人還是不知道肉桂從何而來,不時有肉桂鳥的記載。西班牙的教會聖人和神學家聖依西多祿(San Isidoro de Sevilla,560年-636年)在類百科全書《詞源》(Etymologies)的第12卷第7篇提到:“肉桂鳥是一種來自阿拉伯的鳥,因在肉桂灌木叢築巢而得名。鳥巢建在高高的脆枝上,人們無法爬上去。由於商人最喜歡這種肉桂,並且願意出高價購買,人們用含鉛的箭頭將鳥巢射倒。”
(The cinnamologus is a bird from Arabia which gets its name from building nests from cinnamon bushes. The nests are built high up on fragile branches so men cannot climb up to reach them. Since merchants favor this cinnamon more than any other kind and pay high prices for it, men knock down the nests with leaded arrows.)
1240年出版的《物權論綱要》 (On the Properties of Things)是百科全書的前身,在中世紀被廣泛引用。第17卷中,作者巴托洛梅烏斯.安傑利卡斯(Bartholomaeus Anglicus,1203年至1272年之前) 引用了古羅馬老普林尼的觀點對“肉桂鳥”作了注釋:“關於肉桂,古人傳說它是在鳥巢中,特別是在鳳凰巢中發現的。可能找不到,但會因自身重量而掉落,或被鉛箭射倒。這些人是在說假話,達到物以稀為貴的目的。事實是,肉桂是由小埃塞俄比亞的穴居人種植的,由船隻從遠洋運到蓋倫人的避風港。日出前或日落後,不允許采集肉桂。采集了肉桂枝之後,祭司按尺寸隻取一部分。因此過了一段時間後,商人們會購買其他物品”。
(Of Cannel and of Cassia men told fables in old time, that it is found in birds' nests, and specially in the Phoenix' nest. And may not be found, but what falleth by its own weight, or is smitten down with lead arrows. But these men do feign, to make things dear and of great price; but as the sooth meaneth, cannel groweth among the Trogodites in the little Ethiopia, and cometh by long space of the sea in ships to the haven of Gelenites. No man hath leave to gather thereof tofore the sun-rising, nor after the sun going down. And when it is gathered, the priest by measure dealeth the branches and taketh thereof a part; and so by space of time, merchants buy that other deal. )(注:Cannel 拉丁語,肉桂的別名,意為“管子”(tube),形容肉桂內皮卷起來的樣子。)
從15世紀開始,豐厚的香料貿易利潤驅使著歐洲探險家開始航行,這就是大航海時代的到來。達伽馬率領葡萄牙人在印度南部找到胡椒,通過武力掌控胡椒生意。葡萄牙乘勝追擊,想繼續找到肉桂。他們尾隨阿拉伯商人的船,1506年,在一次海上風暴中,葡萄牙人無意中將船停靠在了一個港口,非常幸運的,這就是斯裏蘭卡-肉桂的原產地。葡萄牙人將斯裏蘭卡命名為“錫蘭”(Ceylon)。
在17世紀,荷蘭人從葡萄牙手中奪取了錫蘭島。當荷蘭人得知印度沿岸的肉桂來源時,他們行賄並威脅當地國王將其全部銷毀,從而保留了對珍貴香料的壟斷。後來法國從荷蘭人手裏搶走了錫蘭,1795年,英國從法國人手裏奪取了錫蘭。到1833年,其他國家發現可以在爪哇、蘇門答臘、婆羅洲、毛裏求斯、留尼汪和圭亞那等地區輕鬆種植肉桂時,肉桂壟斷被打破。現在肉桂也種植於南美、西印度群島和其他熱帶氣候地區。
如今,肉桂和其他香料一樣,已經是普通的調料了。中國和印尼的肉桂占了世界產量的75%。相較於斯裏蘭卡的真肉桂(true cinnamon), 中國肉桂cinnamon cassia 是一種類肉桂。斯裏蘭卡肉桂淺棕色,皮薄,層數多,味道溫和甘香,適合製作甜品、麵包、咖啡和奶茶。中國肉桂深棕色,皮厚,層數少,味道辛辣,更適合燉肉。不過當今的國際貿易中已經不區分真肉桂和類肉桂了,來自不同產地的肉桂品種都在商店裏按“cinnamon”出售。