雖然美國已不再像過去那樣以製造業為中心,但它每年仍消耗數千萬噸鋼材,為汽車製造、石油生產、建築和基礎設施等行業提供原料。加拿大和墨西哥分別是美國最大和第三大鋼鐵出口國。特朗普總統在其第一任期內,從2018年6月起對從全球大多數國家進口的鋼鐵征收25%的關稅。但墨西哥和加拿大根據與美國達成的自由貿易協定,被免除了這些關稅。根據行業貿易組織美國鋼鐵協會(American Iron and Steel Institute)提供的政府數據,按重量計算,加拿大目前占美國企業進口鋼材的近四分之一,而墨西哥約占12%。
軟木木材取材於鬆樹、雲杉、樅樹和其他針葉樹,因其重量輕、易加工和強度高而備受青睞。因此,它的應用領域非常廣泛,但在美國住宅建築業中卻是一種重要的原料: 通常,房屋的骨架和表皮--框架、屋頂和護牆板--都由軟木木材構成。而美國每年使用的木材中有30%來自加拿大。經濟學家和住宅建築商警告說,美國目前不具備滿足需求的工業能力,對加拿大木材進口征稅--或者更糟的是,切斷進口--可能會進一步加劇當前的住房負擔危機。明尼蘇達州住房優先組織(Housing First Minnesota)是一個代表北星州建築商、改建商和其他企業的行業組織,該組織的住房政策高級主管埃裏克森(Nick Erickson)說:"無論是木材關稅還是其他進口產品的關稅,都會對供應鏈產生影響。“我們過去已經看到,木材關稅是由新購房者在房屋成本中"。
麵臨關稅風險的不僅僅是木材: 根據全美住宅建築商協會(National Association of Home Builders)的數據,2023年進口的4.56億美元石灰和石膏(用於製作幹牆)中,71%來自墨西哥。全美住宅建築商協會指出,考慮到從加拿大、墨西哥以及中國進口的其他原材料和部件(尤其是已經被征收關稅的鋼、鋁和家用電器),特朗普的新關稅可能會使進口建築材料的成本增加30億至40億美元。
電子產品、玩具、家電
根據聯邦貿易數據,電子消費品是美國去年從中國進口的最主要商品之一。其中包括手機、電視機、筆記本電腦、視頻遊戲機、顯示器以及為其提供動力的所有組件。中國還是家用電器的主要供應國。這些產品以及玩具和鞋類尤其受到特朗普關稅威脅的影響。美國鞋類分銷商和零售商協會(Footwear Distributors & Retailers of America)的數據顯示,在美國銷售的鞋類產品中,99% 都是進口的,該協會是耐克(Nike)、史蒂夫-麥登(Steve Madden)、科爾-海恩(Cole Haan)和其他鞋類品牌的貿易組織。該貿易集團稱,在美國銷售的鞋子中,有一半以上(56%)是中國製造的。美國的玩具和體育器材也依賴中國,包括足球、橄欖球和棒球等。美國進口玩具和體育器材的75%來自中國。
Reference Link:
CNN: What Will Get More Expensive from Trump's Tariffs
Trump is a "German", the ancestor race of Anglo-Saxon. Their race is different from the Jews. This really a "silent agenda" to fight communism, internationale, and world domination by Jews. I like what trump is doing - everything is right move.
stillthere 發表評論於
The Dumbest Trade War in History
The Wall Street Journal
1 Feb 2025
President Trump will fire his first tariff salvo on Saturday against those notorious American adversaries . . . Mexico and Canada. They’ll get hit with a 25% border tax, while China, a real adversary, will endure 10%. This reminds us of the old Bernard Lewis joke that it’s risky to be America’s enemy but it can be fatal to be its friend.
Leaving China aside, Mr. Trump’s justification for this economic assault on the neighbors makes no sense. White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt says they’ve “enabled illegal drugs to pour into America.” But drugs have flowed into the U.S. for decades, and will continue to do so as long as Americans keep using them. Neither country can stop it.
Drugs may be an excuse since Mr. Trump has made clear he likes tariffs for their own sake. “We don’t need the products that they have,” Mr. Trump said on Thursday. “We have all the oil you need. We have all the trees you need, meaning the lumber.”
Mr. Trump sometimes sounds as if the U.S. shouldn’t import anything at all, that America can be a perfectly closed economy making everything at home. This is called autarky, and it isn’t the world we live in, or one that we should want to live in, as Mr. Trump may soon find out.
Take the U.S. auto industry, which is really a North American industry because supply chains in the three countries are highly integrated. In 2024 Canada supplied almost 13% of U.S. imports of auto parts and Mexico nearly 42%. Industry experts say a vehicle made on the continent goes back and forth across borders a half dozen times or more, as companies source components and add value in the most cost-effective ways.
And everyone benefits. The office of the U.S. Trade Representative says that in 2023 the industry added more than $809 billion to the U.S. economy, or about 11.2% of total U.S. manufacturing output, supporting “9.7 million direct and indirect U.S. jobs.” In 2022 the U.S. exported $75.4 billion in vehicles and parts to Canada and Mexico. That number jumped 14% in 2023 to $86.2 billion, according to the American Automotive Policy Council.
American car makers would be much less competitive without this trade. Regional integration is now an industry-wide manufacturing strategy—also employed in Japan, Korea and Europe—aimed at using a variety of highskilled and low-cost labor markets to source components, software and assembly.
The result has been that U.S. industrial capacity in autos has grown alongside an increase in imported motor vehicles, engines and parts. From 1995-2019, imports of autos, engines and parts rose 169% while U.S. industrial capacity in autos, engines and parts rose 71%.
As the Cato Institute’s Scott Lincicome puts it, the data show that “as imports go up, U.S. production goes up.” Thousands of good-paying auto jobs in Texas, Ohio, Illinois and Michigan owe their competitiveness to this ecosystem, relying heavily on suppliers in Mexico and Canada.
Tariffs will also cause mayhem in the crossborder trade in farm goods. In fiscal 2024, Mexican food exports made up about 23% of total U.S. agricultural imports while Canada supplied some 20%. Many top U.S. growers have moved to Mexico because limits on legal immigration have made it hard to find workers in the U.S. Mexico now supplies 90% of avocados sold in the U.S. Is Mr. Trump now an avocado nationalist?
Then there’s the prospect of retaliation, which Canada and Mexico have shown they know how to do for maximum political impact. In 2009 the Obama Administration and Congressional Democrats ended a pilot program that allowed Mexican long-haul truckers into the U.S. as stipulated in Nafta. Mexico responded with targeted retaliation on 90 U.S. goods to pressure industries in key Congressional districts.
These included California grapes and wine, Oregon Christmas trees and cherries, jams and jellies from Ohio and North Dakota soy. When Mr. Trump imposed steel and aluminum tariffs in 2018, Mexico got results using the same tactic, putting tariffs on steel, pork products, fresh cheese and bourbon.
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has promised to respond to U.S. tariffs on a dollar-for-dollar basis. Canada could suffer a larger GDP hit since its economy is so much smaller, but American consumers will feel the bite of higher costs for some goods.
None of this is supposed to happen under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada trade agreement that Mr. Trump negotiated and signed in his first term. The U.S. willingness to ignore its treaty obligations, even with friends, won’t make other countries eager to do deals. Maybe Mr. Trump will claim victory and pull back if he wins some token concessions. But if a North American trade war persists, it will qualify as one of the dumbest in history.