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2025-10-24 50經濟學家 高法廢止特朗普關稅

(2025-10-25 04:28:57) 下一個

2025-10 50經濟學家建議高法廢止特朗普關稅

伯南克和耶倫在最高法院抨擊特朗普關稅

https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/trump-tariffs-panned-by-bernanke-yellen-in-supreme-court-filing

埃裏克·拉爾森,彭博新聞社,2025年10月24日

包括前美聯儲主席本·伯南克和珍妮特·耶倫在內的多位來自不同政界的經濟學家敦促美國最高法院推翻唐納德·特朗普總統的大部分關稅,稱這些關稅是基於對全球經濟的誤解。

(彭博社)——包括前美聯儲主席本·伯南克和珍妮特·耶倫在內的多位來自不同政界的經濟學家敦促美國最高法院推翻唐納德·特朗普總統的大部分關稅,稱這些關稅是基於對全球經濟的誤解。

“這不過是經濟學入門,但其影響深遠,”近50名經濟學家在周五提交的一份簡報中寫道。

該小組表示,美國與其他國家之間的貿易逆差是意料之中的,而非特朗普政府在緊急狀態法下征收全麵關稅時所說的“異常且非同尋常”的威脅。此外,關稅無論如何也彌補不了貿易逆差。

該小組表示:“互惠關稅並非‘解決’貿易逆差。相反,它們將對經濟造成數萬億美元的衝擊,這種衝擊將波及每個家庭和每個州。”

最高法院將在定於11月5日舉行的口頭辯論中,評估特朗普的關稅是否合法。與此同時,外部團體正在與法官們進行所謂的“法庭之友”簡報,表達他們的觀點。這些經濟學家提交的簡報是周五截止日期前提交的幾份文件之一,這些文件是那些挑戰特朗普關稅的公司的支持者提交的。其他參與討論的人士包括31名前聯邦法官、退役軍人和國家安全官員以及美國商會。

特朗普政府在9月19日提交給最高法院的文件中表示,總統認定這些關稅對於“糾正美國扼殺國家利益的貿易逆差”是必要的。

“對總統來說,這些案例代表著一個嚴峻的選擇:有關稅,我們是一個富國;沒有關稅,我們是一個窮國,”政府表示。

挑戰特朗普觀點的經濟學家來自不同的背景和政治觀點,其中包括前國會預算主任道格拉斯·霍爾茨-埃金、前總統小布什的經濟顧問委員會主席格雷格·曼昆以及總統巴拉克·奧巴馬時期的經濟顧問委員會主席傑森·弗曼。

該組織批評特朗普基於幾乎不可能平衡的貿易逆差向其他國家征收關稅。他們引用了諾貝爾獎得主羅伯特·索洛的話,索洛曾打趣說,他總是與“根本不買我東西”的理發師保持貿易逆差。

香蕉貿易逆差

該組織在華盛頓提交的文件中表示:“美國擁有全球主導的科技產業,因此幾十年來一直在服務貿易中保持順差。相反,美國長期以來一直存在香蕉貿易逆差,因為美國的氣候不利於香蕉種植。”

法官們將裁定特朗普是否根據1977年《國際緊急經濟權力法》合法地發布了這些關稅。該法案賦予總統一係列金融工具,以應對國家安全、外交政策和經濟緊急情況。

在周五提交給最高法院的另一份文件中,一群專門負責經濟安全事務的前聯邦高級官員,包括前財政部長雅各布·盧、前國家安全顧問傑克·沙利文和前國家情報總監艾薇兒·海恩斯,表示特朗普動用《國際緊急經濟權力法案》將破壞一項旨在與美國盟友合作製裁敵對國家的法律。

與此同時,美國商會與消費者技術協會共同表示:“關稅是對美國企業以及最終消費者支付的商品征收的稅。由於製憲者親身認識到征稅權就是破壞權,因此憲法賦予國會征稅權——包括關稅權。”

美國貿易法院裁定特朗普敗訴,聯邦上訴法院維持了這一判決。此外,在聯邦初審法官裁定特朗普敗訴後,法院還在審理兩家家族教育玩具公司提起的另一項訴訟。

特朗普政府還在最高法院獲得了少數外部團體的支持,這些團體必須在9月23日之前提交申請。美國法律與正義中心在一份文件中辯稱,總統是外交事務的“唯一機構”。

“當聯邦法院質疑總統關於國際緊急情況和經濟威脅的決定時,它們不僅超越了其應有的職責——它們還破壞了長期以來統治我們共和國的憲法框架。”

該組織表示:“關稅持續??擾亂全球經濟,並給金融市場注入不確定性,而總統則利用提高關稅的威脅來迫使貿易夥伴達成有利於美國的協議。

關稅已成為特朗普外交政策的核心,以至於他的內閣官員在8月份警告聯邦上訴法院,反對征收關稅的裁決將帶來毀滅性的後果,財政部長斯科特·貝森特警告稱,這將帶來“危險的外交尷尬”。

就在這些外部人士提交簡報的幾天前,提起訴訟的小型企業和民主黨領導的各州已向美國最高法院提交了自己的辯論材料。其中一家名為Learning Resources Inc.的企業稱,特朗普的關稅是長達十年、對美國人征收的3萬億美元非法稅。

以俄勒岡州總檢察長丹·雷菲爾德為首的各州表示,特朗普使用“誇張的言辭”來掩蓋他所說的一個簡單的法律問題,即美國正在淪為“附庸國”。

各州在早些時候提交給法官的文件中表示:“國會,而不是總統,決定是否以及征收多少對從國外進口商品的美國人征稅。本法院應該駁回總統攫取這一權力的企圖。”

特朗普表示,他的關稅是根據《緊急狀態法》(IEEPA)合法授權的,因為該法的一項關鍵條款規定,總統可以“監管”財產的“進口”以“應對”緊急情況。

受到質疑的稅收包括特朗普4月2日的“解放日”關稅,該關稅根據來源國對大多數美國進口商品征收10%-50%的關稅。特朗普以美國貿易逆差構成國家緊急狀態為由,為根據IEEPA征收的關稅辯護。

此次上訴還涵蓋了特朗普因未能阻止移民流動和芬太尼販運而對加拿大、墨西哥和中國征收的關稅。特朗普表示,根據IEEPA,邊境局勢也構成國家緊急狀態。

特朗普政府官員淡化了此次訴訟的影響,稱大多數關稅可以通過其他合法途徑征收。特朗普對鋼鐵、鋁和汽車征收的關稅是根據另一項法律征收的,因此不會直接受到上訴的影響。

這些案例是學習資源訴特朗普案,24-1287,以及特朗普訴V.O.S.案,25-250,美國最高法院。

(更新了美國商會等機構的簡報。)

關鍵判決前夕,伯南克、耶倫帶頭,近50名經濟學家呼籲美最高法推翻特朗普關稅

李丹

包括伯南克和耶倫在內的這些知名經濟學家在提交最高法院的意見書中指出,美國與別國的貿易逆差是可以預期的正常現象,並非特朗普政府引用緊急法律時所稱的“異常和特殊”威脅。他們認為,關稅無法彌合貿易逆差,反而將對美國經濟造成數萬億美元的影響,波及每個家庭和州。

包括兩位前美聯儲主席在內,近50名知名經濟學家聯手向美國最高法院施壓,呼籲推翻美國總統特朗普出台的大部分全球關稅。這些政治立場各異的經濟學家在最近提交給法院的摘要中指出,特朗普政府的關稅政策建立在對全球經濟的誤解之上。

美東時間10月24日周五,上述經濟學家在提交的意見書文件中表示,美國與其他國家之間的貿易逆差是可以預期的正常現象,並非特朗普政府引用緊急法律時所稱的"異常和特殊"威脅。他們認為,關稅無法彌合貿易逆差,反而將對美國經濟造成數萬億美元的影響,波及每個家庭和州。

據新華社報道,美國聯邦最高法院上月宣布,將快速審議特朗普政府征收的多數關稅的合法性,並於11月5日聽取口頭辯論。訴訟所涉關稅包括特朗普援引1977年《國際緊急經濟權力法》(IEEPA)麵向全球征收的10%“基準關稅”,對未與美國達成貿易協議的貿易夥伴征收的更高額度關稅,以及所謂“芬太尼關稅”。

上述經濟學家的意見書是在最高法院11月5日口頭辯論前提交的眾多“法庭之友”摘要之一。其他提交意見的人士還包括31位前聯邦法官、前軍方和國家安全官員以及外交政策教授。

關稅已成為特朗普外交政策的核心。美國財長貝森特曾在8月警告聯邦上訴法院,如果關稅被推翻將造成“危險的外交尷尬”。

跨黨派經濟學家陣營批評關稅 反駁貿易逆差威脅論

從簽名方看,本周五被披露的經濟學家意見摘要來自各種背景且政見不一的經濟學家,包括前美聯儲主席伯南克和耶倫、前國會預算局局長Douglas Holtz-Eakin、小布什任總統時期白宮經濟顧問委員會主席Greg Mankiw,以及奧巴馬總統時期的經濟顧問委員會主席Jason Furman。

這些經濟學家批評,特朗普根據幾乎不可能平衡的貿易逆差對各國征收關稅。他們引用諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Robert Solow的比喻稱,他與理發師之間總是存在貿易逆差,"因為理發師從我這裏什麽也不買"。

這些經濟學家在文件中寫道:“對等關稅並不能‘解決’貿易逆差。” 他們補充說:"這是非常基礎的經濟學內容,但其影響深遠。"

他們在文件中詳細闡述了貿易逆差的正常性,寫道:

“美國的科技行業在全球占主導,因此幾十年來在服務貿易中一直保持持續(貿易)盈餘。而美國長期存在香蕉貿易逆差,因為美國的氣候不適合種香蕉。”

小企業指控關稅為非法稅收

起訴特朗普政府的小企業Learning Resources在周一提交的摘要中稱,特朗普的關稅實質上是對美國人征收的非法3萬億美元稅收,將在未來十年內分攤。

該公司表示,特朗普在根據一項從未打算用於征收關稅的緊急法律於2月和4月發布稅率時,篡奪了國會的征稅權。相關摘要寫道:“此後幾個月,他隨意提高和降低、暫停和恢複、威脅和取消威脅關稅,理由五花八門。”

由葡萄酒和烈酒經銷商V.O.S. Selections Inc.領導的另一批小企業的律師在周一提交的第二份摘要中表示,特朗普的關稅與美國開國元勳賦予國會征稅權的初衷相悖。

該公司指出:“政府聲稱,總統可以在任何時候、以任何稅率、針對任何國家和產品、持續任何時長對美國人民征收關稅——隻需宣布長期存在的美國貿易逆差為國家緊急狀態和異常及特殊威脅即可。”

特朗普政府堅持關稅必要性

特朗普政府在9月19日提交給最高法院的文件中表示,總統認定關稅對於"糾正美國致命的貿易逆差"是必要的。政府在文件中稱:"對總統而言,這些案件提出了一個鮮明的選擇:有關稅,我們就是富國;沒有關稅,我們就是窮國。"

最高法院將裁定特朗普是否根據IEEPA合法發布了關稅。該法律賦予總統一係列金融工具以應對國家安全、外交政策和經濟緊急情況。

美國貿易法院此前作出不利於特朗普的裁決,聯邦上訴法院維持了這一決定。法院還在審理兩家家族企業教育玩具公司提起的另一項挑戰,聯邦初審法官也作出了不利於政府的裁決。

特朗普政府官員淡化了訴訟的影響,稱大多數關稅可以通過其他法律途徑征收。特朗普對鋼鐵、鋁和汽車征收的關稅是根據不同的法律實施的,因此不會直接受到上訴的影響。關稅繼續攪動全球經濟並給金融市場注入不確定性,特朗普利用提高關稅的威脅迫使貿易夥伴達成有利於美國的協議。

Trump Tariffs Panned by Bernanke, Yellen at Supreme Court

https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/trump-tariffs-panned-by-bernanke-yellen-in-supreme-court-filing

Erik Larson, Bloomberg News Oct 24, 2025

A slate of economists from across the political spectrum, including former Federal Reserve Chairs Ben Bernanke and Janet Yellen, urged the US Supreme Court to overturn most of President Donald Trump’s tariffs, saying they’re based on misconceptions about the global economy.

(Bloomberg) — A slate of economists from across the political spectrum, including former Federal Reserve Chairs Ben Bernanke and Janet Yellen, urged the US Supreme Court to overturn most of President Donald Trump’s tariffs, saying they’re based on misconceptions about the global economy.

“This is Economics 101, but the implications are profound,” a group of nearly 50 economists wrote in a brief filed Friday.
Trade deficits between the US and other nations are expected and not the “unusual and extraordinary” threat the Trump administration cited in imposing sweeping tariffs under an emergency law, the group said. Besides, the tariffs won’t close the deficits anyway.
“The reciprocal tariffs do not ‘deal with’ the trade deficits,” the group said. “Instead, they will have trillions of dollars’ worth of impact on the economy, an impact that will reverberate across every household and state.”

The Supreme Court will weigh whether Trump’s tariffs were issued legally during oral arguments set for Nov. 5. In the meantime, outside groups are making their views known in so-called friend-of-the-court briefs with the justices. The economists’ filing was one of several submitted before Friday’s deadline for supporters of the companies that are challenging Trump’s tariffs. Others to weigh in included 31 former federal judges, ex-military and national security officers, and the US Chamber of Commerce.

The Trump administration said in a filing with the Supreme Court on Sept. 19 that the president determined the tariffs were necessary to “rectify America’s country-killing trade deficits.”
 
“To the president, these cases present a stark choice: With tariffs, we are a rich nation; without tariffs, we are a poor nation,” the government said.
The economists challenging Trump’s view came from a wide range of backgrounds and political points of view and included former Congressional Budget Director Douglas Holtz-Eakin, former President George W. Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers Chair Greg Mankiw and Jason Furman, CEA chair under President Barack Obama.
 
The group criticized Trump for issuing tariffs against countries based on deficits that would be nearly impossible to balance. They cited Nobel prize winner Robert Solow, who quipped that he always has a trade deficit with his barber “who doesn’t buy a darned thing from me.”
 
Banana Deficits 
 
“The United States has the dominant technology sector in the world and, as a result, has been running a persistent surplus in trade in services for decades,” the group said in their filing in Washington. “Conversely, the United States has long run banana trade deficits because the climate in the United States is not good for banana farming.”
 
The justices are set to determine if Trump legally issued the tariffs under the 1977 International Emergency Economic Powers Act, a law that gives the president a range of financial tools to address national security, foreign policy and economic emergencies.
 
In another filing with the Supreme Court on Friday, a group of former senior federal officials who specialized in economic security matters, including former Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew, ex-National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan and former Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines, said Trump’s use of IEEPA would undermine a law that’s intended to sanction hostile nations in cooperation with US allies.
 
The Chamber of Commerce, meanwhile, weighed in with the Consumer Technology Association to say that “tariffs operate as a tax on goods that is paid by American businesses and, ultimately, consumers. Because the Framers understood firsthand that the power to tax is the power to destroy, the Constitution vests the taxing power — including the tariff power — in Congress.”
 
The US trade court ruled against Trump in a decision that was upheld by a federal appeals court. The court is also considering a separate challenge being pressed by two family-owned educational toy companies after a federal trial judge ruled against the administration.
 
The Trump administration also got support at the Supreme Court from a handful of outside groups, who had to file by Sept. 23. The American Center for Law and Justice argued in a filing that the president is the “sole organ” in foreign affairs.
 
 
“When federal courts second-guess presidential determinations about international emergencies and economic threats, they do not merely exceed their proper role — they undermine the constitutional framework that has governed our Republic for over two centuries,” the group said.
 
The tariffs continue to roil the global economy and inject uncertainty into financial markets, with the president using the threat of higher tariffs to pressure trading partners into making deals favoring the US.
 
The tariffs have become so central to Trump’s foreign policy that his cabinet officials warned a federal appeals court in August that ruling against the levies would have devastating consequences, with Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent warning of “dangerous diplomatic embarrassment.”
 
The briefs by outside parties come days after small businesses and Democratic-led states that brought the suits filed their own arguments with the nation’s highest court. One of the businesses, Learning Resources Inc., called Trump’s tariffs an illegal $3 trillion tax on Americans stretched out over a decade.
 
 
The states, led by Oregon Attorney General Dan Rayfield, said Trump was using “hyperbolic rhetoric” about the US declining into a “vassal state” to obscure what he says is a simple legal question.
 
“Congress, not the president, decides whether and how much to tax Americans who import goods from abroad,” the states said in their earlier filing with the justices. “This court should reject the president’s bid to seize that power for himself.”
 
Trump says his tariffs are authorized legally under the emergency law, known as IEEPA, because a key provision of the statute says the president can “regulate” the “importation” of property to “deal with” an emergency.

The challenged taxes include Trump’s April 2 “Liberation Day” tariffs, which impose levies of 10%-50% on most US imports depending on the source country. Trump justified the levies under IEEPA by declaring US trade deficits to be a national emergency.

The appeal also covers tariffs Trump imposed on Canada, Mexico and China for allegedly failing to stem the flow of migrants and fentanyl trafficking. Trump said the situation at the borders also constituted a national emergency under IEEPA.

Trump administration officials have downplayed the impact of the litigation by saying that most of the tariffs can be imposed through other legal avenues. Trump’s tariffs on steel, aluminum and automobiles were imposed under a different law, so are not directly affected by the appeal.

The cases are Learning Resources v. Trump, 24-1287, and Trump v. V.O.S., 25-250, US Supreme Court.

(Updates with briefs by US Chamber of Commerce, others.)

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