中國鎳工業幫助印度尼西亞富裕

中國幫助印度尼西亞富裕

How China is Helping Make Indonesia Rich
Behind Asia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdD4JqXJ_Xc

印度尼西亞是世界上自然資源最豐富的國家之一。這吸引了全球外國投資者從主要歐洲市場轉向美國，現在又吸引了其亞洲經濟鄰國——中國。據報道，中國在印度尼西亞的“鎳”工業中占據主導地位。鎳已成為生產不鏽鋼以及最近用於生產電動汽車 (EV) 電池的重要材料。

然而，在中國介入之前，印尼的鎳出口主要由鎳原礦組成。但作為吸引外國投資者的明智之舉，印尼政府於2009年出台了禁止原礦出口的政策，迫使外國投資者在當地建立冶煉和精煉業務。該政策旨在促進??印度尼西亞境內的增值生產，增加當地就業，並減少該國對出口原材料的依賴。

這一轉變恰逢中國和世界其他地區對鎳的需求不斷增長，使印度尼西亞成為中國確保鎳穩定供應的重要合作夥伴。這導致了大型工業項目的形成，例如印尼莫羅瓦利工業園（IMIP），成為中印尼礦業合作的典範?。

IMIP 的發展改變了印度尼西亞采礦業的遊戲規則。該工業園區 成立於 2014 年，占地數千公頃，包括冶煉廠、基礎設施和工人宿舍。這是印度尼西亞第一個此類工業綜合體，專門設計用於現場加工鎳。在 IMIP 成立之前，印度尼西亞的鎳主要以原材料形式出口，為當地經濟提供的價值有限。然而，隨著鎳加工設施的出現，印度尼西亞的鎳出口價值呈指數級增長?。

IMIP的成功取決於中國和印尼企業之間的密切合作。青山與印尼Bintang Delapan集團合作開發該園區，其中中國公司持股66.25%，印尼公司持股
33.75%?。此次合作使中國資本、技術和專業知識轉移到印尼鎳工業，顯著提高了該國加工和出口鎳鐵和不鏽鋼等高價值鎳產品的能力。

此外，IMIP成為未來投資的典範，吸引了其他中外企業來印尼開展業務。例如，按照與IMIP相同模式建設的Weda Bay工業園（IWIP）已成為世界上最大的鎳冶煉設施之一。投資激增幫助印度尼西亞鎳出口額從 2013 年的約 60 億美元增加到 2022 年的近 300 億美元?。

韋達灣的中國外國投資者包括中國領先的鈷和其他電池材料生產商浙江華友鈷業等公司，也是該工業園的主要投資者之一。還有參與奧比島鎳冶煉項目的金川集團。金川是一家國有企業，也是中國最大的鎳和銅生產商之一
， 在奧比島 投入巨資開發冶煉設施。這項投資是中國更廣泛戰略的一部分，旨在確保滿足其工業需求，特別是電動汽車電池行業的關鍵材料。

雖然中國在印尼的投資大多集中在鎳，但其他礦產也引起了人們的濃厚興趣。全球最大的鋁生產商中國宏橋集團對印尼鋁工業進行了大量投資。2015年，宏橋與印度尼西亞礦業公司Well Harvest Winning合作，在婆羅洲西加裏曼丹建設一座鋁冶煉廠。該冶煉廠耗資 15 億美元，將鋁土礦加工成氧化鋁，這是鋁生產的關鍵成分。印尼鋁土礦儲量豐富，西加裏曼丹的冶煉廠是東南亞最大的鋁加工設施之一。這項投資符合印度尼西亞通過國內加工增加自然資源價值的政策。

印尼鎳行業的另一家知名企業是山東鑫海科技，一家專業生產不鏽鋼和鎳產品的中國公司。山東鑫海與巴西礦業公司淡水河穀合作，在印度尼西亞蘇拉威西島建設冶煉設施。這些中國投資的影響是巨大的。它們創造了出口、就業機會和技能發展。例如，IMIP 最初由中國工人擔任技術和管理職務。但隨著時間的推移，該園區通過職業學校投資培訓當地印尼工人。到 2022 年，IMIP 雇用了約 80,000 名工人，其中大多數是印度尼西亞人。

當地勞動力技能的提升對於確保當地居民分享工業發展的利益 至關重要 。
最重要的是，我們還可以說，中國的投資幫助其他國家也成為印尼采礦業的主要投資者。韓國已成為印度尼西亞采礦業的主要參與者，LG化學和現代汽車等公司與印度尼西亞公司合作開發電池材料和鎳加工廠。

2021 年，全球最大的電池製造商之一 LG Energy Solution與印度尼西亞簽署了一項價值 98 億美元的協議，在 該國建立綜合電動汽車電池供應鏈 。 此外，韓國最大的汽車製造商之一現代汽車集團已在印度尼西亞投資鎳冶煉和電池生產。 2021 年，現代汽車宣布計劃與 LG Energy Solution 合作在印度尼西亞建設電動汽車電池工廠。

日本公司也注意到印度尼西亞在鎳市場日益突出的地位。日本最大的采礦和冶煉公司之一住友金屬礦業擴大了其在印度尼西亞的業務，特別是通過與
當地公司合作生產鎳鐵等高價值鎳產品。淡水河穀是巴西礦業巨頭，也是全球最大的鎳生產商之一，長期涉足印尼采礦業。淡水河穀最近最重要的合作夥伴關係是與中國兩家領先企業浙江華友鈷業和山東鑫海科技的合作。他們共同投資在蘇拉威西島和北馬魯古建設新冶煉廠，幫助印度尼西亞擴大其鎳加工能力。

中國對印尼采礦業的投資不僅改變了該國的工業格局，還促進了其他全球參與者更廣泛的外國投資湧入。隨著韓國、日本、巴西、美國和歐洲的公司競相爭奪印度尼西亞鎳儲量的份額，該國發現自己處於全球關鍵礦產競爭的中心。

Indonesia is one of the world’s richest in  terms of natural resources. This has drawn in foreign investors globally from major  European markets to the United States, and now its Asian economic neighbor – China.  China has been reported to be dominating the  
“nickel” industry of Indonesia. Nickel  has emerged to become a vital material for the production of stainless steel and, more  recently, for electric vehicle (EV) batteries.
Before China’s involvement, however,  Indonesia’s nickel exports consisted primarily of raw nickel ore. But as a  smart move to lure in foreign investors, the Indonesian government introduced policies  in 2009 that banned the export of raw minerals,  
forcing foreign investors to establish  local smelting and refining operations.  

This policy was designed to promote  value-added production within Indonesia, increase local employment, and reduce the  country’s dependency on exporting raw materials.
This shift coincided with China, and the rest  of the world’s growing demand for nickel,  
making Indonesia a key partner in China's efforts  to secure a steady supply of the metal. This led  
to the formation of large-scale industrial  projects, such as the Indonesia Morowali  
Industrial Park (IMIP), which became a model of  Sino-Indonesian cooperation in the mining sector?.
The development of IMIP was a game-changer for  Indonesia’s mining sector. Established in 2014,  
the industrial park spans thousands of hectares  and includes smelting plants, infrastructure,  
and worker accommodations. It was the first  industrial complex of its kind in Indonesia,  
designed specifically to process nickel  on-site. Prior to the establishment of IMIP,  
Indonesia’s nickel was largely exported  in its raw form, offering limited value  
to the local economy. With the advent of  nickel processing facilities, however,  
the value of Indonesia’s nickel  exports increased exponentially?.
The success of IMIP hinged on the close  collaboration between Chinese and Indonesian  
firms. Tsingshan partnered with Indonesia’s  Bintang Delapan Group to develop the park,  
with the Chinese company holding a 66.25%  stake and the Indonesian firm controlling  
33.75%?. This collaboration allowed for the  transfer of Chinese capital, technology,  
and expertise into Indonesia’s nickel industry,  significantly boosting the country’s ability to  
process and export high-value nickel products  such as ferronickel and stainless steel.
Moreover, IMIP became a model for  future investments, attracting other  
Chinese and foreign companies to set up  operations in Indonesia. For example,  
the Weda Bay Industrial Park (IWIP), built on  the same model as IMIP, has since become one  
of the largest nickel smelting facilities in the  world. This surge in investments helped Indonesia  
increase its nickel exports from approximately $6  billion in 2013 to nearly $30 billion by 2022?.
The Weda Bay’s Chinese foreign investors  include the likes of Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt,  
a leading Chinese producer of cobalt  and other battery materials, is one  
of the primary investors in this industrial park.
There is also Jinchuan Group, which is  involved in the nickel smelting project  
on Obi Island. Jinchuan, a state-owned  enterprise and one of China’s largest  
nickel and copper producers, invested  heavily in the development of smelting  
facilities on Obi Island. This investment was  part of China’s broader strategy to secure  
key materials for its industrial needs,  particularly for the EV battery sector.
While most Chinese investments in Indonesia focus  on nickel, other minerals are also attracting  
significant interest. China Hongqiao Group, the  world’s largest aluminum producer, has invested  
heavily in Indonesia’s aluminum industry. In 2015,  Hongqiao partnered with Well Harvest Winning,  
an Indonesian mining company, to build an  aluminum smelter in West Kalimantan, Borneo?.
This smelter, which cost $1.5 billion, processes  bauxite into alumina, a key ingredient in aluminum  
production. Indonesia has large reserves of  bauxite, and the smelter in West Kalimantan is  
one of the largest aluminum processing facilities  in Southeast Asia. This investment aligns with  
Indonesia’s policy of adding value to its  natural resources through domestic processing?.
Another prominent player in Indonesia’s  nickel industry is Shandong Xinhai Technology,  
a Chinese company specializing in  the production of stainless steel  
and nickel products. Shandong  Xinhai has partnered with Vale,  
a Brazilian mining company, to establish  smelting facilities in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
The impact of these Chinese investments are  massive. They produced exports, jobs and skills  
development. The IMIP, for instance, initially  had Chinese workers filling the technical and  
managerial roles. But over time, the park invested  in training local Indonesian workers through  
vocational schools. By 2022, IMIP employed around  80,000 workers, most of whom were Indonesians.  
This upskilling of local labor has  been crucial in ensuring that the  
benefits of industrial development  are shared with the local population.
To top that off, one can also say that Chinese  investments helped make other foreign countries  
become major investors in Indonesia’s mining  industry as well. South Korea has become a  
key player in Indonesia’s mining sector, with  companies such as LG Chem and Hyundai partnering  
with Indonesian firms to develop battery  materials and nickel processing plants.
In 2021, LG Energy Solution, one of the  world’s largest battery manufacturers,  
signed a $9.8 billion deal with Indonesia to  build an integrated EV battery supply chain in  
the country. Additionally, Hyundai Motor Group,  one of South Korea’s largest automakers, has  
invested in nickel smelting and battery production  in Indonesia. In 2021, Hyundai announced plans to  
build an EV battery factory in Indonesia  in collaboration with LG Energy Solution.
Japanese firms have also taken notice  of Indonesia’s growing prominence in the  
nickel market. Sumitomo Metal Mining, one of  Japan’s largest mining and smelting companies,  
has expanded its presence in Indonesia,  particularly through partnerships with  
local firms to produce high-value  nickel products such as ferronickel?.
Vale, a Brazilian mining giant and one  of the world’s largest nickel producers,  
has long been involved in Indonesia’s mining  industry. Vale’s most significant recent  
partnership has been with Zhejiang Huayou  Cobalt and Shandong Xinhai Technology,  
two leading Chinese companies. Together, they  have invested in building new smelters in  
Sulawesi and North Maluku, helping Indonesia  expand its nickel processing capabilities?.
China’s investments in Indonesia’s mining sector  have not only transformed the country’s industrial  
landscape but have also catalyzed a broader influx  of foreign investment from other global players.  
As companies from South Korea, Japan, Brazil,  the United States, and Europe rush to secure  
their share of Indonesia’s nickel reserves, the  country finds itself at the center of a global  
competition for critical minerals. But anyway, do  let us know what you think. Thanks for watching!