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美將軍 韋斯利 克拉克 是時候對中國動真格了

(2023-09-13 06:51:35) 下一個

YouTube "因為中東有石油!"美退役將軍揭美國製造戰爭真相

韋斯利·坎內·克拉克 Wesley Kanne Clark

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMq0UNH3bC8&ab_channel=

About 10 days after 9 11, I went through the Pentagon and I saw secretary
Rumsfeld and deputy secretary wolfowitz I went
downstairs just to say hello to some of
the people on The Joint staff who used
used to work for me and one of the
generals called me and he said sir you
gotta come in you got to come in and
talk to me a second I said well you're
too busy he said no no he says you
we've made the decision we're going to
war with Iraq this was on or about the
20th of September
I said we're going to war with Iraq why
he said I don't know
he said I guess they don't know what
else to do
so I said well did they find some
information collect connecting Saddam to
Al Qaeda he said no no he says there's
nothing new that way they've just made
the decision to go to war with Iraq he
said I guess it's like we don't know
what to do about terrorists but
we've got a good military and we can
take down governments and he said I
guess if if the only two he have is a
hammer every problem has to look like a
nail
so I came back to see him a few weeks
later
and by that time we were bombing in
Afghanistan I said are we still going to
war with Iraq and he said oh it's worse
than that he said he reached over on his
desk he picked up a piece of paper he
said I just he said I just got this down
from upstairs meaning the secretary of
defense office today and he said this is
a memo that describes how we're going to
take out seven countries in five years
starting with Iraq and then Syria
Lebanon Libya Somalia Sudan and
finishing off Iran there's there's no
question that the presence of petroleum
throughout the region has sparked great
power involvement whether that was the
specific motivation for the coup or not
I can't tell you but but there was
definitely there's always been this
attitude that somehow we could intervene
and use force in the region

thank you

韋斯利·克拉克 Wesley Kanne Clark

韋斯利·克拉克(1944-),畢業於校西點軍校,美國四星上將,北約盟軍最高司令,靠空襲贏得了1999年的科索沃戰爭,同時炸了中國駐南斯拉夫大使館,第二年因和五角大樓關係不順被解職,2004年以“艾森豪威爾第二”為口號參加美國總統大選,在初選中被淘汰,後來成為一名成功的商人。

生平簡介編輯 

韋斯利·克拉克1944年12月出生於美國芝加哥。父親去世後隨家人搬到阿肯色州小石城,以優異成績畢業於美國西點軍校。1966年獲上尉軍銜。曾獲羅茲獎學金,留學英國牛津大學並獲得哲學、政治及經濟學碩士學位。參加過越南戰爭,曾3次負傷,先後獲銀星勳章、銅星勳章及紫心勳章。1994到1996年,他成為美軍戰略計劃負責人,負責美軍全球軍事戰略計劃的製定。1996年4月,被克林頓總統提名為美國武裝部隊南方司令部司令,負責美軍在拉丁美洲和加勒比海的軍事行動。1997年3月,被提名為北約歐洲盟軍最高司令兼美國駐歐洲部隊總司令。1999年指揮了對南聯盟的戰爭,但是由於在1999年北約空襲南聯盟期間與五角大樓意見相左,而於2000年5月被解職,被迫以四星上將的軍銜提前退役,但是同年他獲得了美國文職人員最高榮譽——總統自由勳章。2000年退役後,他曾任史蒂芬斯集團公司顧問,2003年任“韋利斯·克拉克戰略谘詢公司”董事長兼首席執行官、CNN評論員和“美國領袖”組織董事長等職務。2004年宣布參選美國總統,但未能當選。
2013年68歲的美國退役四星上將、北約前最高統帥韋斯利·克拉克戀上比他小38歲的華裔女子、精品購物網站創辦人梅雪。據美國《紐約郵報》8月12日披露,克拉克是在去年3月結識梅雪的,當年9月便向妻子提出了離婚。不過,直到目前,克拉克與他結婚46年的妻子還未辦完離婚手續。
30歲的華裔女子梅雪也是精品購物網站“AHAlife”的創建人。最近,兩人就被撞見在漢普頓斯出雙入對。消息人士稱,雖然有38歲的年齡差異,但兩人“看上去非常相愛,很明顯是一對。他們手牽著手,並不試圖掩飾兩人的親密關係。” 

軍人生涯

“窮小子”克拉克出生於1944年的芝加哥,父親去世後,他隨母親移居美國南部的阿肯色州小石城。受到當時充斥美國社會的“崇拜英雄熱”的影響,少年克拉克立誌從戎報國當英雄。他考入了西點軍校,並於1966年以第一名的成績畢業,後進入英國牛津大學深造,獲得了哲學、政治及經濟學碩士學位,並學會了俄語。
越南戰爭爆發後,他中斷了學業,毅然投身戰場,曾3次負傷,因英勇善戰和智謀出眾而先後獲得銀星勳章、銅星勳章及紫心勳章。“水門事件”後,克拉克開始躋身美軍高級將領行列,實現了他的將軍夢。他一度被反對者指為“戰爭狂人”。美國媒體甚至揭露出他曾經協助鎮壓過美國公民的醜聞,稱其在1993年“韋科莊園”行動中違規“外借”了軍事設備和軍事人員,最終導致82名美國人喪生。1994年,他被五角大樓提升為美國參謀長聯席會議戰略、計劃和政策主任,成為美軍戰略計劃負責人,負責美軍全球軍事戰略計劃的製訂。兩年後,被時任美國總統的同鄉克林頓任命為美軍南方司令部司令,1997年任北約盟軍最高司令兼美國駐歐洲部隊總司令。
歐洲巴爾幹半島衝突升級,爆發波黑戰爭後,他立足美國全球利益,向白宮提出許多解決波黑問題的戰略性建議,成為五角大樓波黑問題的主要軍事顧問。隨著科索沃危機的加深,他和歐洲問題專家裏查德·霍爾布魯克一起多次被白宮派往貝爾格萊德執行特殊使命,促成了《代頓和平協定》的簽署。在其任職五角大樓聯合參謀部戰略計劃與政策主任之後,美國第二階段的新軍事變革達到了高潮,美軍參聯會連續出版了《2010年聯合構想》、《2020年聯合構想》,各軍種構想以及國防部各財年的《國防報告》紛紛出爐。1997年,克拉克迎來了其戎馬生涯最輝煌的一段時間,他被任命為北約歐洲盟軍最高司令兼美國駐歐洲部隊總司令。克拉克得以按照自己的主張解決波黑衝突,在更高的層麵上參與駐歐美軍的管理和戰略謀劃,並主持第二階段的美軍新軍事變革。期間美國國防部頒布的《防務評審報告》(1997.5)和1998財年《國防報告》提出的“軍事轉型”戰略構想,為第三階段美軍轉型指明了方向。
作為這樣一位功勳卓著、能征善戰的北約歐洲盟軍最高司令,西點軍校的優秀畢業生,羅得斯獎學金的獲得者,如此完美的將軍為何於2000年被迫提前退役?時任美國總統的比爾·克林頓和國防部長威廉·科恩在克拉克任期屆滿前數月將其解職,對此,美國政府給出的回答是:在科索沃戰爭中與五角大樓意見相左。
克拉克性格直率、做事不留餘地,一直在軍中頗受爭議,“作風強悍,控製欲強”是他在軍中得到的普遍評價。1999年英國《衛報》的一篇文章或許能讓我們對克拉克被免職的原因有所了解,這篇報道指責克拉克在科索沃戰爭期間指揮不力、漠視人命。報道稱,身為北約最高司令的1999年指揮科索沃戰爭。克拉克在未與俄羅斯軍隊進行溝通的情況下,即下令英國將軍邁克爾?傑克遜襲擊突然占領科索沃首府機場的俄羅斯傘兵。命令遭到這位英國將軍的拒絕,邁克爾?傑克遜說:“我不會為你發動第三次世界大戰!”這種充滿危險的命令,在克拉克的指揮中並不少見,科索沃戰爭後期他又提出了空襲匈牙利境內的輸油管道,切斷俄羅斯的油料供應,炮擊進入作戰地帶的俄羅斯軍艦的計劃,未被五角大樓采納。1999年,北約轟炸南聯盟,大量無辜平民死亡,中國駐南聯盟大使館被轟炸,身為“盟軍行動”總指揮的克拉克難辭其咎。
而克拉克被解職的真實原因則是在科索沃戰爭中,即便被陸軍司令斥作“懦夫”的挑釁下,仍堅持自己的意見―― 進行空中打擊而不派駐地麵部隊,這在軍種勢力強大的美軍中,當然是為陸軍所厭惡的。但他的堅持不僅以較低的傷亡實現了戰爭目的,同時大膽地開創了以海空打擊為主的控製型戰爭的先河,大大地推動了新軍事變革的進展。

不要等待下一場戰爭:美國增長和全球領導力的戰略

作者:韋斯利·K·克拉克(Wesley K. Clark)(作者)2016 年 6 月 14 日

冷戰的結束並不是曆史的終結,而是美國對其世界戰略目標意識的終結。 然後,經過十年的漂泊之後,美國又被猛烈地拖入國際衝突之中。 其武裝部隊做出了出色的反應,但其領導人的目標卻存在重大缺陷。 我們打了一場錯誤的戰爭——兩次——原因不透明,很少有美國公民理解他們的兒女為之戰鬥和死亡的原因。

戰爭並不能很好地替代戰略願景,在迫在眉睫的衝突中做出的決定往往會受到當時情緒的限製。 在《不要等待下一場戰爭》一書中,美國陸軍退役四星將軍、前民主黨總統候選人韋斯利·K·克拉克 (Wesley K. Clark) 為美國繼續保持全球領導地位及其成功的基礎提出了令人信服的論據: - 新的美國戰略。 美國既需要新的力量,也需要更深入的視角。 美國領導力的平台是利用美國的能源資源激發可持續的經濟增長,建立新的力量來應對赤字等緊迫的國內問題以及美國安全麵臨的長期挑戰——恐怖主義、網絡威脅、下一次金融危機 、中國崛起的力量以及氣候變化。

這樣的戰略不僅是可以實現的,而且是必要的、迫切需要的。 這是未來二十年對美國領導力的真正考驗,但必須從現在開始,這樣美國才有能力和遠見來應對中東、歐洲或亞洲不可避免的嚴重危機。

Don't Wait for the Next War: A Strategy for American Growth and Global Leadership 

by Wesley K. Clark (Author) June 14 2016

With the end of the Cold War came not the end of history, but the end of America's sense of its strategic purpose in the world. Then, after a decade of drift, the US was violently dragged back into international conflict. Its armed forces responded magnificently but its leaders' objectives were substantially flawed. We fought the wrong war -- twice -- for reasons that were opaque, and few American citizens understood the cause for which their sons and daughters were fighting and dying.

War is a poor substitute for strategic vision, and decisions made in the heat of imminent conflict are often limited by the emotions of the moment. In Don't Wait for the Next War, Wesley K. Clark, a retired four-star general of the US army and former Democratic candidate for president, presents a compelling argument for continued American global leadership and the basis on which it can succeed -- a new American strategy. America needs both new power and deeper perspective. The platform for American leadership is to use America's energy resources to spark sustainable economic growth, building new strength to deal with pressing domestic issues like the deficit as well as the longer term challenges to US security -- terrorism, cyber threats, the next financial crisis, China's rising power, and climate change.

Such a strategy is not only achievable but essential, and it is urgently needed. This is the true test of American leadership for the next two decades, but it must start now, so America has the power and vision to deal with the acute crises that will inevitably come -- in the Mideast, Europe, or Asia.
 

美國將軍:是時候對中國動真格的了

2014年10月17日 鳳凰衛視

核心提示:曾經擔任北約盟軍最高司令官的美軍退役將軍韋斯利克拉克,10月13號在紐約時報上發表了一篇文章,文章的標題是《是時候對中國動真格的》,這篇文章顯示美國已經承認中國將成為一個與美國同等地位的世界領導者。

鳳凰衛視10月16日《總編輯時間》,以下為文字實錄:

呂寧思:美國政界、軍界如何看待中國的崛起呢?曾經擔任北約盟軍最高司令官的美軍退役將軍韋斯利克拉克,10月13號在紐約時報上發表的文章,這篇文章顯示美國已經承認中國將成為一個與美國同等地位的世界領導者。但是美國還要保持他的全球領導地位,並且想在製約中國的過程當中力圖,極力的使中國變成一種美式的民主國家,這篇文章的標題是《是時候對中國動真格的》Getting real of China,摘編自克拉克將軍最近撰寫的一本書,題目是《不要等待下一次戰爭,美國增長和全球領導力策略》,克拉克將軍寫道中國讓許多西方領導人從上世紀90年代就懷有的一個夢想破滅了,他們本以為建設性的接觸最終會不可避免的使中國更開放更民主,上世紀70年代末,美國與中國的關係實現全麵正常化的時候,北京尋求與華盛頓建立一種戰略夥伴關係,從而遏製其感受到的蘇聯的威脅。

到了80年代末,中國不再擔心蘇聯,不過仍然願意傾聽,也願意學習美國軍隊的經驗,在1991年的海灣戰爭中,中國對美國的軍事勢力尤其感到讚賞,如果說中國對美國的評估有一個轉捩點的話,那可能就是2008年的金融危機以及後續的事件,盡管仍然尊重我們的軍事實力,但是中國開始認為美國是一個陷入頹敗的體製,它的經濟債務負擔沉重,其政府無法正常運行,世界領導者的地位也很容易會被取代。

文章說中國不尋求發起衝突,他通過靈巧的運用傳統外交手段,並配合以巨大的經濟實力就能達到大部分的目標。但中國也不會回避衝突,他過去就曾先發製人,而不是防禦性的運用軍事力量,危險在於正在崛起的中國在尋求讓外界承認其實力和權力的時候,無論是蓄意為之還是出於誤判,都可能掀起衝突,然而美國麵臨的更深層的戰略問題在於中國對貿易法律,及和平解決爭端的全球機製所構成的更為根本的挑戰,這套機製是美國及其盟友在二戰之後建立起來的,中國的戰略崛起耐心、細心,有遠見,對於上述機製全都造成了威脅,就像美國尋求讓全世界采納民主價值觀,在國際行為中遵從美國的規範一樣,中國也會尋求推行一些機製,建立一些關係,來支持共產黨在國內的管製,推動各國不應幹涉別國事務的政策,在剖析中國的時候,美國必須超越簡單的曆史類比,在規模上中國的經濟增長極其代表的挑戰要遠遠大於上世紀80年代的日本,一個世紀前的德國,雖然是一個有戰爭意願的崛起中的強國,但它從未在人口和工業規模上匹敵美國,而且30年代以前沒有形成淩駕於法治之上的單一政黨統治,中國也不像經濟上隔絕於世的蘇聯,曆史上並不存在先例。

克拉克寫道,如果我們要保持美國的全球領導地位,並在中國的崛起過程中成為一支建設性的製衡性的力量,美國就需要為自己製定一個長期的戰略願景,就是基於能源獨立的強大的不斷增長的經濟實力,充滿活力的行之有效的民主,堅定自信的有耐心的有盟友支持的外交,還有能在危機中與中國對峙的軍事實力。隨著這些方麵的到位,我們就可以以一種促進全球繁榮和穩定的方式說明中國獲得其應有的一個全球領導者的位置,成為一個可能與美國同等地位的國家。

是時候對中國動真格的了

韋斯利·K·克拉克 

從香港到新疆,中國都在嚴厲地壓製政治異議,而且它和俄羅斯、伊朗、朝鮮關係緊密。這讓許多西方領導人從上世紀90年代就懷有的一個夢想破滅了——他們本以為,“建設性接觸”最終會不可避免地使中國更開放、更民主。
然而事實卻恰恰相反:中國變得更自信、更強硬,也更封閉。鄧小平啟動經濟自由化35年後的今天,共產黨麵對著劇烈的社會矛盾,正在運用物質上的繁榮和民族主義的意識形態,來維持其合法性。它既拋棄了走向民主的轉變,也沒有承認人權和公民權——美國原本希望,中國取得驚人的經濟崛起後,就能產生這些轉變。更加令人擔憂的是,中國製定外交政策的依據是精心計算的自身利益,罔顧美國努力推動的國際製度、標準和義務。中國越來越多地將美國看做競爭者,以及潛在的對手。
究竟哪裏出錯了?
上世紀70年代末,美國與中國的關係實現全麵正常化時,北京尋求與華盛頓建立一種戰略夥伴關係,從而遏製其感受到的蘇聯威脅。到80年代末,中國不再擔心蘇聯,不過仍然願意傾聽,也願意學習美國軍隊的經驗。在1991年的海灣戰爭中,中國對美國的軍事實力尤其感到讚賞。在這期間,中國積累了農業、工業和技術實力,軍事現代化一直是次要的任務。遲至2005年,在了解自身實力提升的同時,中國仍在羨慕美國。當時有一位人脈廣泛的年輕共產黨領導人對我說,“中國知道你們和英國是好朋友,是英國把世界的領導權交給了你們。中國希望成為美國的好朋友,這樣你們就會把世界的領導權交給我們。”
如果說中國對美國的評估有一個轉折點,那可能就是2008年的金融危機及後續事件。盡管仍然尊重我們的軍事實力,但是中國開始認為美國是一個陷入頹敗的體製,其經濟債務負擔沉重,其政府無法正常運行,世界領導者的地位也很容易會被取代。在2011年,一個位置顯赫的中方人士告訴我,中國的新領導層希望主導南海;地區內的競爭者,如越南,要屈從於它的雄心,不然就會“受到教訓”;而如果美國幹涉,我們的資產也會成為目標。
到2013年,此人的警告顯得更加險惡:“我們能看到你們的隱形飛機”;“我們有自己的GPS係統,而且能擊落你們的”;“我們了解你們所有企業,甚至NASA的技術,因為這些都是中國科學家為你們研究的”;“你們沒辦法與菲律賓建立任何軍事聯係,除非我們允許,因為中國通過香港每個月向菲律賓匯款35億美元”;“中國造船廠每天24小時,每周七天一直在不停工作”;“從2012年10月到2013年4月,有超過30艘船下水”;“到2019年,中國部署的航空母艦將達到四艘”。
中國不尋求發起衝突,它通過靈巧地運用傳統外交手段,並配合以巨大的經濟實力,就能達到大部分目標。但中國也不會回避衝突,它過去就曾“先發製人”,而不是防禦性地運用軍事力量。危險在於,正在崛起的中國,在尋求讓外界承認其實力和權利時,無論是蓄意為之還是出於誤判,都可能掀起衝突。
然而美國麵臨的更深層的戰略問題在於,中國對貿易、法律及和平解決爭端的全球機製所構成的更為根本的挑戰。這套機製是美國及其盟友在二戰後建立起來的。中國的戰略崛起耐心、細心、有遠見,對於上述機製全都造成了威脅。就像美國尋求讓全世界采納民主價值觀,在國際行為中遵從美國的規範一樣,中國也會尋求推行一些機製、建立一些關係,來支持共產黨在國內的統治,推動各國不應幹涉別國事務的政策。
如果直截了當、毫不掩飾的利己主義組織原則占了上風,那就意味著,包括法治在內的西方製度與價值觀會遭到根本性動搖。這將是一種倒退,是回歸到力量均勢與勢力圈的19世紀理念。按照亨利·A·基辛格(Henry A. Kissinger)的說法,問題在於,“中國能否與我們合作創建一個國際架構,從而讓我們或許可以在曆史上首次實現,一個崛起的大國能融入到國際體係中,並能促進和平與進步?”
在剖析中國的時候,美國必須超越簡單的曆史類比。在規模上,中國的經濟增長及其代表的挑戰,要遠遠大於上世紀80年代的日本。一個世紀前的德國,雖是一個有戰爭意願的崛起中的強國,但它從未在人口與工業規模上匹敵美國,而且30年代以前沒有形成淩駕於法治之上的單一政黨統治。中國也不像經濟上隔絕於世的蘇聯。曆史上並不存在先例。
20多年來,美國的對華策略在“接觸”與“遏製”之間走鋼絲,與冷戰期間美國的對蘇政策如出一轍。奧巴馬政府2011年底宣布的“轉向”亞洲策略,被外界視作直接針對中國,是向遏製的一種轉變。在轉向亞洲的過程中,美國不僅調整了力量,還更新了與盟國的防務協議。美國正在進行《泛太平洋夥伴關係協定》(Trans-Pacific Partnership)的談判,旨在建立一個包含其他11個國家的自由貿易區,但中國被排除在外。
隨著中國在南海和東海更強勢地推行其領土主張——包括一部分人甚至對衝繩提出了主張,而那裏是美軍的駐紮地——美國正被拖入地區爭議之中。過去幾年裏,我們發現,該地區的日本、韓國、越南和菲律賓等國均有求於美國。麵對中國新近擺出的強勢姿態,這些國家急於尋求保障和支持,但同時也擔心會激怒中國。積極迫使我們在每個議題上在中國和我們地區盟國利益之間做出選擇,將符合中國的利益。
美國將強調,在多邊論壇上通過國際法來解決爭端,並履行對盟國的承諾。相比之下,中國卻把這種國際秩序及正式責任視作對己方嚴重不利。
對於前路之坎坷,我們不應抱有任何幻想。中國在按照自己的長期規劃行事,背後的動力是其自身的利益。按照某些估算方法,中國的國內生產總值可能會在未來10年裏超越美國。到那個時候,中國的軍事實力將頗為強大。這種實力包括航空母艦、陸基航空力量、潛艇和彈道導彈技術,均可用來對付美國部署在東海和南海的航母。就算沒有任何軍事衝突,西太平洋的力量均勢也將影響中國到底是傾向於強勢進取、威逼恫嚇,還是做出妥協。
中國人必須明白,其不斷擴張的軍事實力會導致某些後果。例如,在中國不斷誇耀其洲際彈道導彈的能力的同時,美國一定不會排除加強其導彈防禦係統的需要。我們應該坦率地向中國解釋這種情況。中國正在密切觀察烏克蘭發生的事件,以及我們在那裏發表的聲明和采取的行動對亞洲來說可能意味著什麽。我們必須幫助中國了解,如果它堅定地與俄羅斯越走越近,隻會激怒美國和我們的盟友。“轉向亞洲”是合理的,但其代價絕不可以是犧牲我們對歐洲和其他地區盟友的義務。
更重要的是,美國必須努力說服中國,它的利益並不在於狹隘的自我膨脹,比如擴大領土範圍等等,而在於分擔與其財富和實力相稱的全球領導責任。全球性的治理機構——聯合國(United Nations)、國際貨幣基金組織(International Monetary Fund)、世界銀行(World Bank)——並非十全十美,但它們仍是確保全球和平與繁榮的最佳框架。中國無論有多強大的經濟和軍事實力,如果背離這些機製,也會落入孤立和防守的境地。
雖然從長遠來說,美國人應該希望中國擁抱民主和人權,但在短期內,我們必須承認,中國有權建設自己的政府體係,對於政治合法性和社會公平,也有其自己的標準。美國應該堅持要求中國像聯合國所有其他成員一樣,遵守《世界人權宣言》(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)。我們必須幫助中國看到,“不幹涉別國內政”的原則和尊重基本人權之間,存在著區別。(就我們自己而言,我們也必須證明自己接受了全球領導責任,例如,加入國際刑事法院[International Criminal Court]和《聯合國海洋法公約》[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]。)但是,我們不能想當然地認為,中國的政治發展步伐會像美國人希望的那麽快。
在中國越來越流行的一個看法是,它將不可避免地取代美國,成為全球的領導者,但這個願景遠遠不算是板上釘釘。我們的自然資源、法治、創業文化,以及在高等教育和科學上的巨大領先優勢,都是對我們有利的重大因素。世界各地的人都希望到美國生活和工作——富有的中國人也不例外。他們尋求美國法律的保護,推崇在美國找到的個人自由。中國就沒有這些吸引力。
如果我們要保持美國的全球領導地位,並在中國的崛起過程中成為一支建設性的、製衡性的力量,美國就需要為自己製定一個長期戰略願景:基於能源獨立的、強大的、不斷增長的經濟實力;充滿活力的、行之有效的民主;堅定自信的、有耐心的、有盟友支持的外交;能在危機中與中國對峙的軍事實力。隨著這些方麵的到位,我們就可以以一種促進全球繁榮和穩定的方式,幫助中國獲得其應有的一個全球領導者的位置,成為一個可能與美國同等地位的國家。也許到那時,中國的領導人會覺得足夠安全,能把真正的民主給予公眾。不過,這將是一個漫長的旅程。

韋斯利·K·克拉克(Wesley K. Clark)是一名顧問,也是退役的美國將軍,曾任北約歐洲盟軍最高司令。本文摘編自他最近撰寫的《不要等待下一次戰爭:美國增長和全球領導力策略》(Don’t Wait for the Next War: A Strategy for American Growth and Global Leadership)。

Getting Real About China

By Wesley K. Clark  

China’s harsh suppression of political dissent, from Hong Kong to Xinjiang, and its close ties to Russia, Iran and North Korea, have finally laid to rest the dream many Western leaders have had since the 1990s: that “constructive engagement” would eventually, inevitably lead to more openness and democracy.

Instead, the opposite has occurred: China is more confident, more assertive, and also more closed. Thirty-five years after Deng Xiaoping freed up the economy, the Communist Party is using material prosperity and nationalist ideology to maintain its legitimacy in the face of the wrenching social tensions. It has rejected both the move toward democracy and the acceptance of human and civil rights that Americans had hoped would emerge from China’s astonishing economic rise. Even more worrisome, China’s foreign policy relies on keenly calculated self-interest, at the expense of the international institutions, standards and obligations the United States has sought to champion. It increasingly views the United States as a rival and potential adversary.

What went wrong?

In the late 1970s, when the United States and China fully normalized relations, Beijing sought a strategic partnership with Washington, to deter a perceived Soviet threat. By the late 1980s, China was unconcerned about the Soviets, though willing to listen and learn from the United States military. The Chinese were especially impressed by our prowess in the 1991 Persian Gulf war. All the while, China built its agricultural, industrial and technological strength; military modernization was a second-tier priority. As late as 2005, China’s admiration for the United States — and awareness of its own rising power — were such that a young, well-connected Communist Party leader told me, “China knows that you and Britain were best friends, and Britain gave you leadership of the world; China wants to be America’s best friend, so you will give us leadership of the world.”

If there was a turning point in China’s assessment of America, it could be found in the financial crisis of 2008 and its aftermath. While still respectful of our military might, China began to see the United States as a failing system, with a debt-saddled economy and a dysfunctional government, vulnerable to being replaced as the world’s leader. In 2011, a well-placed Chinese associate told me that the country’s new leadership intended to dominate the South China Sea; that its regional rivals, like Vietnam, would bow to its ambitions or “be taught a lesson”; and that if the United States interfered, our assets would be targeted.

 

By 2013, this associate’s warnings had become even more ominous: “We can see your stealth aircraft”; “we have our own GPS and can shoot down yours”; “we know your technologies from all your companies and from NASA, because Chinese scientists work these for you”; “you will not have any military relations with the Philippines unless we allow it, because China provides them $3.5 billion per month in remittances through Hong Kong”; “Chinese shipyards are working 24 hours a day, seven days a week”; “more than 30 ships were launched between October 2012 and April 2013”; “by 2019 China will have four aircraft carriers deployed.”

China doesn’t seek conflict — it can achieve most of its goals by adroitly combining traditional diplomacy with its vast economic power. But neither will it avoid conflict. It has in the past used its military “pre-emptively” rather than defensively. A danger is that an ascendant China seeking recognition of its power and rights, will, whether deliberately or through miscalculation, spark conflict.

But the deeper strategic problem for America is China’s more fundamental challenge to the global architecture of trade, law and peaceful resolution of disputes that the United States and its allies created after World War II. China’s strategic rise — patient, nuanced and farsighted — threatens all of this. Just as the United States has sought the worldwide adoption of democratic values and American norms for international behavior, China will seek structures and relationships that support Communist Party rule at home, and its policy that countries should not intervene in one another’s affairs.

The ascendancy of naked and direct self-interest as an organizing principle would mean a fundamental weakening of Western institutions and values, including the rule of law. This would be a step backward, toward 19th-century ideas of the balance of power and spheres of influence. The question, as Henry A. Kissinger has framed it, is “whether China can work with us to create an international structure in which, perhaps for the first time in history, a rising state has been incorporated into an international system and strengthened peace and progress.”

 

In analyzing China, the United States must look beyond historical parallels. In scale, China’s economic growth, and the challenge it presents, is vastly greater than that of Japan in the 1980s. A century ago, Germany was an ascending power willing to wage war, but it never had the population or industrial capacity of the United States, or, until the 1930s, the leadership of a single political party, above the rule of law. Nor is China like the Soviet Union, economically isolated from the larger world. There is no historical precedent.

 
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A People’s Liberation Army officer practiced conducting the military band before the opening of the 12th National People’s Congress, on March 5 in Beijing.Credit...Wang Zhao/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

For over two decades, the American strategy toward China has balanced between “engagement” and “containment,” a version of American policy toward the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Obama administration’s “pivot” to Asia, announced in late 2011, was perceived as being directed against China, a shift toward containment. The United States has not only shifted forces but also updated defense treaties as part of this pivot. The United States is negotiating the Trans-Pacific Partnership, an effort to create a large free-trade zone encompassing 11 other countries, but not China.

As China presses its territorial claims on the South China Sea and East China Sea more forcefully — including even a claim, in some quarters, of jurisdiction over Okinawa, where American forces are based — the United States is being drawn into regional controversies. In the past few years we have found ourselves courted by Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, the Philippines and other countries in the region, which are anxious for reassurance and support against China’s new assertiveness, but also wary of provoking it. It will be in China’s interest to force us progressively to choose, on issue after issue, between China and the interests of our allies in the region.

The United States will emphasize multilateral forums for resolving disputes through international law, and fulfill our commitments to allies. China, in contrast, views this international order and these formalized obligations as being heavily tilted against it.

We should be under no illusions about the difficult road ahead. China operates on a long-term vision, driven by its own interests. By some estimates, China’s gross domestic product could surpass that of the United States sometime in the next decade. By then, Chinese military strength — including aircraft carriers, land-based aviation, submarines, and ballistic missile technologies, all of which could be directed against American aircraft carriers in the East and South China Seas — will be formidable. Even without any military confrontation, the balance of power in the western Pacific will shape the Chinese predisposition to push, threaten or compromise.

 

The Chinese must understand that their expanding military capabilities have consequences. For example, the United States must not rule out the need to strengthen its ballistic missile defense system, as China rattles its intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities. We should be very candid in explaining this to the Chinese. China is closely observing events in Ukraine, and what our statements and actions there may mean for Asia. We must help China understand that a closer, more assertive alignment with Russia will only provoke the United States and our allies. The pivot to Asia makes sense, but must not come at the expense of our obligations to our allies in Europe and elsewhere.

Even more important, America must work to persuade China that its interests lie not in narrow self-aggrandizement, like expanding its territorial reach, but in assuming shared responsibility for global leadership, commensurate with its wealth and power. The institutions of global governance — the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the like — have not been perfect, but they remain the best framework for securing peace and prosperity around the world. A China that turns its back on these institutions will find itself isolated and defensive, no matter how great its economic and military might.

While Americans should hope that China embraces democracy and human rights in the long term, in the short run, we must accept that China has a right to its own system of government and its own standards for political legitimacy and social justice. The United States should insist that China, like every other member of the United Nations, abide by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We must help China see a distinction between its principle of “noninterference in internal matters of other states” and respect for basic human rights and dignity. (For our part, we must also demonstrate our own acceptance of the responsibilities of global leadership by, for example, joining the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.) But we cannot assume that political development in China will happen as quickly as Americans would like.

The view, increasingly prevalent in China, that it will inevitably replace the United States as the world’s leading power is far from assured. Our natural resources, the rule of law, our entrepreneurial culture, and our vast head start in higher education and science are strong factors in our favor. People from all over the world want to live and work in the United States — including wealthy Chinese. They seek the protection of our laws and the individual freedoms they find here. China does not provide these attractions.

If we are to retain our global leadership, and be a constructive, countervailing force as China rises, America needs a long-term strategic vision of our own: a strong, growing economy built on a foundation of energy independence; a vibrant, effective democracy; assertive, patient diplomacy backed by supportive allies; and a military capable of standing toe to toe with China in a crisis. With these pieces in place, we can succeed in helping China assume its rightful place as a global leader, and perhaps an equal of the United States, in a manner that promotes global prosperity and stability. Perhaps then China’s leaders will feel secure enough to grant real democracy to its people. But it will be a long journey.

Wesley K. Clark is a retired United States Army general, a former NATO supreme Allied commander in Europe and a consultant. He is the author, most recently, of “Don’t Wait for the Next War: A Strategy for American Growth and Global Leadership,” from which this essay is adapted.

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