風蕭蕭_Frank
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加速！全球去美元化
去美元化如火如荼！東盟討論減少金融交易對美元依賴，轉向使用本幣結算
華爾街見聞
周二東盟各國財長和央行行長正式會議開幕，首要議題是討論如何減少金融交易對美元、歐元、日元和英鎊的依賴，轉向以當地貨幣結算。東盟10國也開始商討放棄美元結算了。
據“東盟簡報”網站29日報道，3月28日周二，東盟各國財長和央行行長正式會議在印度尼西亞開幕。會議的首要議題是討論如何減少金融交易對美元、歐元、日元和英鎊的依賴，轉向以當地貨幣結算。
根據報告，會議討論了通過本幣交易（LCT）計劃減少對主要貨幣依賴的努力。這是之前已經開始在東盟成員國之間實施的本幣結算（LCS）計劃的延伸。
這意味著東盟跨境數字支付係統將進一步擴大，並允許東盟國家使用當地貨幣進行貿易。印度尼西亞、馬來西亞、新加坡、菲律賓和泰國於2022年11月就此類合作達成了協議。
他認為，印尼需要保護自己不受地緣政治動蕩的影響，理由是美國、歐盟及其盟友因俄烏衝突而對俄羅斯金融業實施製裁。
佐科說，為了保護交易不受“可能的地緣政治影響”，有必要遠離西方支付係統。
在東盟國家中，隻有新加坡對俄羅斯實施了製裁，而所有其他東盟國家繼續與俄羅斯進行貿易。人們對陷入美國主導的二級製裁感到擔憂，這些製裁對涉及棉花製造業的中亞和南亞國家都有影響，而棉花製造業是該地區就業數百萬人的主要行業。
值得注意的是，包括巴西等南美洲國家也在尋求替代美元的方案。
3月29日周三，巴西政府表示，已與中國達成協議，未來兩國可直接使用本幣進行貿易，而不必使用美元作為中間貨幣。
ASEAN Finance Ministers and Central Banks Consider Dropping US Dollar, Euro and Yen, Indonesia Calls for Phasing Out Visa and Mastercard
https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/asean-finance-ministers-and-central-banks-consider-
An official meeting of all ASEAN Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors kicked off on Tuesday (March 28) in Indonesia. Top of the agenda are discussions to reduce dependence on the US Dollar, Euro, Yen, and British Pound from financial transactions and move to settlements in local currencies.
The meeting discussed efforts to reduce dependence on major currencies through the Local Currency Transaction (LCT) scheme. This is an extension of the previous Local Currency Settlement (LCS) scheme that has already begun to be implemented between ASEAN members.
This means that an ASEAN cross-border digital payment system would be expanded further and allow ASEAN states to use local currencies for trade. An agreement on such cooperation was reached between Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand in November 2022. This follows from Indonesia’s banking regulator, stating on March 27 that the Bank of Indonesia is preparing to introduce its own domestic payment system.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo has urged regional administrations to start using credit cards issued by local banks and gradually stop using foreign payment systems. He argued that Indonesia needed to shield itself from geopolitical disruptions, citing the sanctions targeting Russia’s financial sector from the US, EU, and their allies over the conflict in Ukraine.
Moving away from Western payment systems is necessary to protect transactions from “possible geopolitical repercussions,” Widodo said.
Of the ASEAN nations, just Singapore has enforced sanctions on Russia, while all other ASEAN nations continue to trade with the country. There has been alarm at being caught up in US-led secondary sanctions, as are short to impact Central and South Asia countries involved in cotton manufacturing, a major industry in the region employing millions of people.
Foreign investors in Asia may wish to consider the amount of US dollars, Euros and Yen held in their accounts in light of a pending ASEAN currency trade decision. Professional discussions should be taken regarding any movement of company funds to alternative currencies.
https://twitter.com/WallStreetSilv/status/1639674952658845701?ref_src=
There is a reason other countries are trying to do trade settlement in their local currencies. The US is accelerating de-dollarization by issuing 10,000 unilateral sanctions on foreign entities over the last two decades! And under Biden it is accelerating.
中俄 本幣結算 Sino-Russian trade is settled in local currency.
東盟去美元化 Association of Southeast Asian Nations decides to de-dollarize
巴西 與中國本幣結算 Trade between Brazil and China is settled in local currency
非洲泛非支付結算係統 Pan-African Payment and Settlement System, cross-border payments in African currencies, simplifying cross-border trade.
沙特 人民幣結算 Saudi Arabia and China are settled in RMB.
印尼總統佐科 減少西方支付體係 Indonesian President Joko Widodo wants to reduce the use of Western payment systems
Backfire: The Global Ripple Effects of U.S. Sanctions
February 28, 2023 1:00 PM—2:00 PM EST
Sanctions have become the go-to foreign policy tool for the United States. Coercive economic measures such as trade tariffs, financial penalties, and export controls affect large numbers of companies and states across the globe. But while U.S. policymakers see sanctions as a low-cost tactic, these measures also have potent side effects that, in some cases, can even harm American interests.
In her new book Backfire, Agathe Demarais explores the surprising ways sanctions affect multinational companies, governments, and ultimately millions of people around the world. Drawing on interviews with experts, policymakers, and people in sanctioned countries, she examines the unintended consequences of the use of sanctions as a diplomatic weapon.
Backfire: How Sanctions Reshape the World Against U.S. Interests
https://www.amazon.com/Backfire-Sanctions-Reshape-Against-Interests/dp/0231199902?
Center on Global Energy Policy Series
Nov 15, 2022
by Agathe Demarais (Author)
Sanctions have become the go-to foreign policy tool for the United States. Coercive economic measures such as trade tariffs, financial penalties, and export controls affect large numbers of companies and states across the globe. Some of these penalties target nonstate actors, such as Colombian drug cartels and Islamist terror groups; others apply to entire countries, including North Korea, Iran, and Russia. U.S. policy makers see sanctions as a low-cost tactic, but in reality these measures often fail to achieve their intended goals―and their potent side effects can even harm American interests.
Backfire explores the surprising ways sanctions affect multinational companies, governments, and ultimately millions of people around the world. Drawing on interviews with experts, policy makers, and people in sanctioned countries, Agathe Demarais examines the unintended consequences of the use of sanctions as a diplomatic weapon. The proliferation of sanctions spurs efforts to evade them, as states and firms seek ways to circumvent U.S. penalties. This is only part of the story. Sanctions also reshape relations between countries, pushing governments that are at odds with the U.S. closer to each other―or, increasingly, to Russia and China.
Full of counterintuitive insights spanning a wide range of topics, from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine to Iran’s COVID response and China’s cryptocurrency ambitions, Backfire reveals how sanctions are transforming geopolitics and the global economy―as well as diminishing U.S. influence. This insider’s account is an eye-opening, accessible, and timely book that sheds light on the future of sanctions in an increasingly multipolar world.
製裁已成為美國的首選外交政策工具。 貿易關稅、經濟處罰和出口管製等強製性經濟措施影響著全球大量公司和國家。 其中一些處罰針對的是非國家行為者，例如哥倫比亞販毒集團和伊斯蘭恐怖組織； 其他適用於整個國家，包括朝鮮、伊朗和俄羅斯。 美國政策製定者將製裁視為一種低成本策略，但實際上這些措施往往達不到預期目的——其強大的副作用甚至會損害美國的利益。
《適得其反》探討了製裁對跨國公司、政府以及最終影響全球數百萬人的令人驚訝的方式。 通過對專家、政策製定者和受製裁國家人民的采訪，Agathe Demarais 審視了將製裁用作外交武器的意外後果。 隨著各州和公司想方設法規避美國的處罰，製裁的擴散刺激了逃避製裁的努力。 這隻是故事的一部分。 製裁還重塑了國家之間的關係，促使與美國不和的政府彼此更加親近——或者越來越多地與俄羅斯和中國親近。
從俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭到伊朗的 COVID 反應和中國的加密貨幣野心，Backfire 充滿了涵蓋廣泛主題的違反直覺的見解，揭示了製裁如何改變地緣政治和全球經濟——以及削弱美國的影響力。 這位內部人士的敘述是一本令人大開眼界、通俗易懂且及時的書，闡明了在日益多極化的世界中製裁的未來。
加速！短短48小時全球發生一個重大變化
發布：2023年03月30日 16:03來源：中時新聞網
過去48小時內，世界上多國同時發生重大貨幣與貿易政策轉變，首先開啟第一槍的是中國大陸與法國石油公司完成首筆以人民幣進行貿易結算的液化天然氣（LNG），緊接著沙烏地國王批準了該國加入上合組織（SCO）也包含其中的貿易聯盟，再來則是中國大陸和巴西敲定了以2國貨幣進行貿易結算的協議，最後則是東協10國（ASEAN）財長和央行開始展開放棄美元、歐元和日元的會議，並且呼籲淡化VISA, Mastercard等外國支付係統。
綜合外媒報道，本周二（28）中國海洋石油集團有限公司（CNOOC）和法國道達爾能源公司（TotalEnergies）透過上海石油天然氣交易所（SHPGX）完成了首筆以人民幣結算的液化天然氣（LNG）貿易，該交易所在聲明中表示，這筆交易涉及到從阿拉伯聯合大公國（UAE）進口約6萬5000噸液化天然氣。
該司向路透社證實了這筆交易，但未對此發表進一步評論。中國海洋石油集團有限公司，目前尚未回應媒體詢問。近年來，中國大陸強調用人民幣結算石油和天然氣貿易，以建立其國際貨幣的地位，並削弱美元在世界貿易中的影響力。
緊接著本周三（29），沙特阿拉伯國王沙爾曼（Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud）批準了一份合作備忘錄，授予沙阿成為上海合作組織（SCO）對話夥伴地位。
上海合作組織成立於2001年，是一個政治、安全和貿易聯盟，旨在對抗西方影響力。該組織目前有8個正式成員國，包括中國、俄羅斯、印度、巴基斯坦和4個中亞國家。而伊朗預計將在今年成為聯盟的正式成員，去年9月簽署了承諾書。
其他中東國家，如卡達和埃及，與沙特阿拉伯一樣，與華盛頓有密切的軍事聯係，同時也是上海合作組織的對話夥伴，這是成為正式成員的第一步。
同日，巴西和中國大陸達成協議，放棄美元，采用各自的貨幣進行貿易，這將使得中國大陸和巴西能夠直接進行貿易和金融交易，互換人民幣和雷亞爾（BRL），而不用先將貨幣轉換為美元來進行結算 。
巴西貿易和投資促進局（ApexBrasil）表示，這種新安排預計能夠“降低成本”、“促進更大的雙邊貿易，並促進投資”。
根據最新數據，中國大陸是巴西最大的貿易夥伴，占所有進口商品的5分之1以上，其次是美國。中國大陸也是巴西最大的出口市場，占所有出口商品的3分之1以上。
也是本周三（29），東南亞國協10國（ASEAN）財政部長和央銀行總裁的官方在印尼召開會議，首要議程是討論如何減少對美元、歐元、日元和英鎊等主要貨幣的依賴，轉而使用本地貨幣來進行貿易結算。
會議討論了通過本地貨幣交易（LCT）計劃減少對主要貨幣的依賴的努力。這是前一個本地貨幣結算（LCS）計劃的延伸，該計劃已經開始在東協成員國之間實施。
這意味著東協跨境數位支付係統將進一步擴展，允許東協國家使用本地貨幣進行貿易。印尼、馬來西亞、新加坡、菲律賓和泰國已於2022年11月達成有關此類合作的協議。此前，印尼的銀行監管機構表示，印尼央行正在準備推出自己的國內支付係統。
印尼總統佐科威（Joko Widodo）敦促地區政府開始使用當地銀行所發行的信用卡，並逐漸停止使用外國支付係統例如VISA, Mastercard等。他認為，印尼需要保護自己免受地緣政治幹擾，他援引了美國、歐盟及其盟友因為烏俄戰爭，對俄羅斯實施的金融業製裁。
佐科威還強調，擺脫西方支付係統對保護交易免受“可能的地緣政治後果”至關重要。
The IMF warns of the US dollar losing dominance after sanctions
31 MAR 2022
The IMF's top official has warned of a decrease in the US currency's dominance in global markets after imposing sanctions on Russia.
Gita Gopinath, first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), has warned of a gradual decrease of the dominance of the US dollar in the world financial systems after the unprecedented financial sanctions imposed on Russia after its incursion in Ukraine.
The sanctions, from restrictions on Russian banks to measures targeting its economy, imposed by Western nations, could cause a more fragmented international monetary system.
“The dollar would remain the major global currency even in that landscape, but fragmentation at a smaller level is certainly quite possible,” Gopinath told the Financial Times.
“We are already seeing that, with some countries renegotiating the currency in which they get paid for trade,” she added.
Ahead of sweeping Western sanctions, Russian President Vladimir Putin said on Thursday that he had signed a decree saying foreign buyers must pay in roubles for Russian gas from April 1.
The contracts would be halted if these payments were not made.
"In order to purchase Russian natural gas, they must open rouble accounts in Russian banks. It is from these accounts that payments will be made for gas delivered, starting from tomorrow," Putin said.
"If such payments are not made, we will consider this a default on the part of buyers, with all the ensuing consequences. Nobody sells us anything for free, and we are not going to do charity either — that is, existing contracts will be stopped."
The decision is the last step of Russia's long campaign to reduce its dependence on the dollar.
Although the US currency has an outsized role in global markets, its dominance has been gradually decreasing in the last two decades.
According to a recent IMF report on dollar dominance in global markets, “the share of reserves held in US dollars by central banks has dropped by 12 percentage points since the turn of the century, from 71 percent in 1999 to 59 percent in 2021.”
The decline of US dollar dominance is not the result of reserve accumulation by a small number of large reserve holders with a preference for non-dollar currencies.
Rather, the IMF sees the active portfolio diversification by central bank reserve managers as the main reason for this decline.
The share of nontraditional reserve currencies, defined as currencies other than the US dollar, euro, Japanese yen and British pound sterling, rose from negligible levels at the turn of the century to roughly $1.2 trillion and 10 percent of total identified reserves in 2021.
