九)英雄的悲劇伏筆
《科利奧蘭納斯》(Coriolanus)是莎士比亞以羅馬史為題材寫的最後一部悲劇,是他十部悲劇中倒數第二部。這部作品的影響力遠不如《哈姆雷特》、《奧賽羅》、《李爾王》和《麥克白斯》等四大悲劇,文學評論家們也褒貶不一,有的說該劇缺乏深度和詩意,有的卻認為該劇無論情節的複雜性還是人物性格的豐滿度都超過了《哈姆雷特》。
《科利奧蘭納斯》第四幕第六場,幾位政客有一場對話,現將部分台詞翻譯如下:
米尼涅斯:
(對考密涅斯說):“請你告訴我吧,什麽消息? - (對保民官說)拜托,你們幹的好事 - 說吧,有什麽消息。假如馬歇斯和伏爾斯人聯合起來 —”
(MENENIUS.
Pray now, your news?--
You have made fair work, I fear me.--Pray, your news.
If Marcius should be join'd wi' the Volscians,-- )
考密涅斯:
“假如!
他就是他們的神:他就像造化以外的其他神靈創造出的一個超級男兒,領導著他們,他們跟隨著他來攻打我們這些小子,就像男孩們追捕夏天的蝴蝶、屠夫們殺戮蒼蠅那樣有把握。”
(COMINIUS.
If!
He is their god: he leads them like a thing
Made by some other deity than nature,
That shapes man better; and they follow him,
Against us brats, with no less confidence
Than boys pursuing summer butterflies,
Or butchers killing flies.)
米尼涅斯:
“你們幹的好事,你們和你們那些穿圍裙的家夥!你們代表那些嘴裏呼出大蒜氣味的階層發聲!”
(MENENIUS.
You have made good work,
You and your apron men; you that stood so much
Upon the voice of occupation and
The breath of garlic-eaters!)
考密涅斯:
“他會他媽的將你們的羅馬夷為平地。”
(COMINIUS. He'll shake
Your Rome about your ears.)
(注: shake your ears是莎翁自創的一句髒話,曾出現在《第十二夜》,相當於"Go F*** Yourself"(他媽的))
米尼涅斯:
“就像大力神赫拉克勒斯搖落爛熟的果子一樣 – 你們幹的好事!”
(MENENIUS.
As Hercules
Did shake down mellow fruit.--You have made fair work!)
布魯托斯:
“大人,這是真的嗎?”
(BRUTUS.
But is this true, sir?)
考密涅斯:
“哎,這還會有假,你們的臉色都嚇白了。各個屬地都積極響應暴動,那些試圖抵抗的都被嘲笑為勇敢的愚夫,像傻瓜一樣自取滅亡。有誰能責怪他呢?你們的敵人和他的敵人都曉得他的厲害。”
(COMINIUS.
Ay; and you'll look pale
Before you find it other. All the regions
Do smilingly revolt; and who resists
Are mock'd for valiant ignorance,
And perish constant fools. Who is't can blame him?
Your enemies and his find something in him.)
米尼涅斯:
“我們全都完了,除非這位英雄大發慈悲。”
(MENENIUS.
We are all undone unless
The noble man have mercy.)
考密涅斯:
“誰去求他開恩呢?可恥的保民官做不到,人民不值得他的憐憫,就像狼不值得牧羊人的憐憫一樣。至於他最要好的朋友們,如果他們說‘對羅馬行行好吧’,那麽他們就和他所憎恨的人一鼻孔出氣,因此也就是他的敵人了。”
(COMINIUS.
Who shall ask it?
The tribunes cannot do't for shame; the people
Deserve such pity of him as the wolf
Does of the shepherds: for his best friends, if they
Should say 'Be good to Rome,' they charg'd him even
As those should do that had deserv'd his hate,
And therein show'd like enemies.)
米尼涅斯
“確實如此。如果他放火燒我的家,我也沒有臉對他說‘請您住手’。 - 你們幹的好事,你們和你們的那些詭計!你們得逞了!”
(MENENIUS.
'Tis true:
If he were putting to my house the brand
That should consume it, I have not the face
To say 'Beseech you, cease.'--You have made fair hands,
You and your crafts! You have crafted fair!)
考密涅斯:
“你們使羅馬戰栗,就像一種誰也無法阻止的恐怖。”
(COMINIUS.
You have brought
A trembling upon Rome, such as was never
So incapable of help.)
兩位保民官(西西涅斯,布魯托斯):
“不要說這是我們引起的。”
(BOTH TRIBUNES.
Say not, we brought it.)
為了充分理解劇情,我先說說古羅馬的保民官(tribune)製度。這個維護平民利益的特殊官職產生於公元前5世紀初,保民官從平民會議中選出,最初為2人,後來增加到10人。保民官人身不受侵犯,享有一種特殊權利 -- 否決權。保民官其權力之大甚至可以否決羅馬元老院的決議。除獨裁官外,對其他任何高級長官的決定,隻要違背平民利益,均有權予以否決。但其權力隻限於羅馬的城區和近郊。
第四幕第六場,當貴族政治家米尼涅斯獲悉大英雄科利奧蘭納斯與伏爾斯人聯合起來攻打羅馬時,斥責兩位保民官,說他們“代表那些嘴裏呼出大蒜氣味的階層發聲 ”。正是在這兩位保民官的鼓動下,戰功彪炳的科利奧蘭納斯被民眾逐出羅馬城。複仇心切的他投靠了羅馬人的死敵伏爾斯人,率領伏爾斯軍隊攻打羅馬。米尼涅斯用“呼出大蒜氣味”來表示對平民的蔑視。因為古羅馬貴族是忌諱吃大蒜的,隻有體力勞動者才將大蒜作為主要食物之一。
這段對話也反映了古羅馬政壇的波詭雲譎。這場戲的開篇,某些政壇人物大談特談羅馬城在科利奧蘭納斯離開後的積極變化,忽然聽到大英雄與伏爾斯人結盟反攻羅馬,政客們個個嚇得麵如土色,趕緊承認他們犯了一個致命的錯誤 – 他們不該趕走科利奧蘭納斯。就連平時口齒伶俐、八麵玲瓏的老政客米尼涅斯也分寸大失,破口大罵保民官。在權利、意誌和強敵麵前,道德和名譽根本不值一提 — 大多數政客都是這樣一幅流氓嘴臉。
科利奧蘭納斯到底是怎樣的一位大英雄呢?他出生於羅馬的一個貴族家庭,關於他的卓著功勳大多出自劇中的其他角色之口。最有代表性的陳述出現在第二幕第二場,科利奧蘭納斯的上司考密涅斯(Cominius)在元老們麵前坦言:“我的聲音太微弱了,科利奧蘭納斯的功績是不應該被輕聲敘述的。眾所周知,勇敢是最大的美德,擁有它的人是最有尊嚴的。如果此話當真,我所說的這一個人,世上無人與之抗衡。當塔昆舉兵進攻羅馬時,十六歲的他展現出過人的神勇。我們那時的令人敬仰的獨裁官親眼目睹了這些:下巴光滑無須的他騎馬追著有須的大漢,跨過一個被壓倒在地上的羅馬人的身體,殺死了三個敵人。他親自與塔昆交手,打到對方屈膝。在那一天的戰鬥中,他本可以做一個怯弱的婦人,但他證明了自己是戰場上最好的勇士,他的額頭被加上了橡葉榮冠。這樣,他從一個新入行伍的少年兵變成一個男子漢,像漲潮的海水一樣勢不可擋,他在十七次戰爭中身先士卒,贏得了榮冠。最近這一次在科利奧裏城前和城中的鏖戰,我可以說,我是無法用言詞來讚美他的;他阻止了逃兵,以他驚人的榜樣,使這些懦夫將心中的恐懼化成了力量。就像在一艘疾馳的船隻麵前擋道的水草一樣,人們不是降服就是倒下,他的劍光所到之處都是死亡的跡象,他從頭到腳渾身是血,他的一舉一動都伴隨著垂死的哀號。他一個人闖進了籠罩在死亡陰影下的城門,用敵人不可避免的命運之血染紅了它。然後他又單槍折回,帶著一支增援軍,像一顆行星似地突然攻擊科利奧裏。然後他攻下了整座城池,過了一會兒,戰爭的喧囂又開始刺激他敏銳的感覺,他疲憊不堪的身子恢複了雙倍的活力。他又再上戰場,東奔西突,殺人如麻,好像這是一場無休止的掠奪一樣。在我們把城市和郊區全部占領之前,他從未停下來喘息。”
(COMINIUS
I shall lack voice: the deeds of Coriolanus
Should not be utter’d feebly. It is held
That valour is the chiefest virtue, and
Most dignifies the haver: if it be,
The man I speak of cannot in the world
Be singly counterpoised. At sixteen years,
When Tarquin made a head for Rome, he fought
Beyond the mark of others: our then dictator,
Whom with all praise I point at, saw him fight,
When with his Amazonian chin he drove
The bristled lips before him: be bestrid
An o’er-press’d Roman and i’ the consul’s view
Slew three opposers: Tarquin’s self he met,
And struck him on his knee: in that day’s feats,
When he might act the woman in the scene,
He proved best man i’ the field, and for his meed
Was brow-bound with the oak. His pupil age
Man-enter’d thus, he waxed like a sea,
And in the brunt of seventeen battles since
He lurch’d all swords of the garland. For this last,
Before and in Corioli, let me say,
I cannot speak him home: he stopp’d the fliers;
And by his rare example made the coward
Turn terror into sport: as weeds before
A vessel under sail, so men obey’d
And fell below his stem: his sword, death’s stamp,
Where it did mark, it took; from face to foot
He was a thing of blood, whose every motion
Was timed with dying cries: alone he enter’d
The mortal gate of the city, which he painted
With shunless destiny; aidless came off,
And with a sudden reinforcement struck
Corioli like a planet: now all’s his:
When, by and by, the din of war gan pierce
His ready sense; then straight his doubled spirit
Re-quicken’d what in flesh was fatigate,
And to the battle came he; where he did
Run reeking o’er the lives of men, as if ’Twere
a perpetual spoil: and till we call’d
Both field and city ours, he never stood
To ease his breast with panting.)
(注:dictator,獨裁官,古羅馬共和國時期非常任長官。當國家處於緊急狀態時,經元老院提名,由執政官擔任,獨裁官手中的權力超越並且淩駕於一切之上,這一切包括行政、軍事、立法、司法、文教等一切大權。
Amazonian:希臘傳說中的亞馬遜族,該種族全部由女性組成,武藝高強。Amazonian chin: 用來形容少年光滑無須的下巴)
盡管武功神勇,科利奧蘭納斯卻有致命的弱點:他是政壇上的低能兒,脾氣暴躁說話粗魯,對窮人的疾苦視而不見,而且缺乏應對危機的政治手腕。下文舉幾個例子:
第一幕第一場,饑荒引燃了羅馬平民與貴族的不和,平民們懷疑貴族屯糧據為己有,在大街上起事反對貴族,市民甲的兩段話反映了尖銳的階級矛盾,他說:“我們都是窮苦百姓,貴族們才是好市民。他們多餘的東西就可以救濟我們。他們隻要把吃剩的東西趁著新鮮的時候賞給我們,我們就認為他們是出於人道之心救濟了我們。但是他們認為即使這樣也是要求太多,我們饑腸轆轆,痛苦不堪,就是用來衡量他們豐衣足食的標準。我們的苦難就是他們的收獲。在我們骨瘦如柴之前,讓我們舉起我們的長矛來複仇吧。天神知道我說這樣的話是因為沒有麵包吃而饑餓,而不是渴望複仇。”
(FIRST CITIZEN
We are accounted poor citizens, the patricians good. What authority surfeits on would relieve us: if they would yield us but the superfluity, while it were wholesome, we might guess they relieved us humanely; but they think we are too dear: the leanness that afflicts us, the object of our misery, is as an inventory to particularise their abundance; our sufferance is a gain to them. Let us revenge this with our pikes, ere we become rakes: for the gods know I speak this in hunger for bread, not in thirst for revenge. )
他還說:“愛護我們!真的,確實是這樣!他們從來沒有愛護過我們:讓我們忍饑挨餓,他們的倉庫裏卻塞滿了穀物。頒布有關高利貸的法令,以保護放高利貸者。每天廢除那些不利於富人的正當的法律,製定更多的嚴苛的條規來約束窮人。如果戰爭沒有殺死我們,他們會殺死我們。這就是他們對我們的愛護!”
(FIRST CITIZEN
Care for us! True, indeed! They ne’er cared for us
yet: suffer us to famish, and their store-houses
crammed with grain; make edicts for usury, to
support usurers; repeal daily any wholesome act
established against the rich, and provide more
piercing statutes daily, to chain up and restrain
the poor. If the wars eat us not up, they will; and
there’s all the love they bear us.)
民眾特別憎恨傲慢的卡厄斯·馬歇斯(Caius Martius,科利奧蘭納斯受封前的真名),因為他從不掩飾自己對下層階級的蔑視。現摘錄並翻譯第一幕第一場的幾段台詞:
馬歇斯:
“謝謝。有什麽事,你們這些愛滋事的流氓,給自己的意見撓癢癢,使你們自己變成了可憐的瘡痂?”
(MARTIUS
Thanks. What’s the matter, you dissentious rogues,
That, rubbing the poor itch of your opinion,
Make yourselves scabs?)
市民甲:
“您一向對我們客氣說話。”
(FIRST CITIZEN
We have ever your good word.)
馬歇斯:
“誰要是和你們客氣說話,就是下作的恭維了。你們想要什麽,你們這些野狗?你們既不喜歡和平,也不喜歡戰爭,戰爭使你們害怕,和平又使你們自以為是。信任你們的人,原本以為你們是獅子,卻發現你們隻不過是一群野兔。原本以為你們是狐狸,卻發現你們是一群鵝。你們就像冰上燃燒的炭火、陽光下的冰雹一樣不可靠。你們的美德就是尊敬那些應受懲罰的罪人,詛咒那執行正義的刑官。功勳卓著的人得到的你們的憎恨,你們的情意就像一個病人的口味,最想要那些會增加他的邪惡的食物。誰依靠著你們的歡心,就等於用鉛製的鰭遊泳,用燈心草去砍伐橡樹。你們應該被絞死!相信你們?你們每一分鍾都會改變心意,你們把從前恨過的人稱為貴族,把從前讚揚過的人稱為卑鄙之徒。這到底是怎麽一回事?你們在城中幾處地方鼓噪,攻擊尊貴的元老院,他們依靠神明讓你們心生敬畏,否則你們就彼此相食了。他們追求的是什麽?”
(MARTIUS
He that will give good words to thee will flatter
Beneath abhorring. What would you have, you curs,
That like nor peace nor war? the one affrights you,
The other makes you proud. He that trusts to you,
Where he should find you lions, finds you hares;
Where foxes, geese: you are no surer, no,
Than is the coal of fire upon the ice,
Or hailstone in the sun. Your virtue is
To make him worthy whose offence subdues him
And curse that justice did it.
Who deserves greatness
Deserves your hate; and your affections are
A sick man’s appetite, who desires most that
Which would increase his evil. He that depends
Upon your favours swims with fins of lead
And hews down oaks with rushes. Hang ye! Trust Ye?
With every minute you do change a mind,
And call him noble that was now your hate,
Him vile that was your garland. What’s the matter,
That in these several places of the city
You cry against the noble senate, who,
Under the gods, keep you in awe, which else
Would feed on one another? What’s their seeking?)
他用“流氓”(rogues)、“瘡痂”(scabs)、“野狗”(curs)、“野兔”(hares)、“鵝”(geese)等字眼來辱罵平民。
當他聽到信使來報“伏爾斯人起兵了”(the Volsces are in arms),竟然高興地說:“我對此感到高興,我們終於有方法發泄我們多餘出來的腐朽物了。” “伏爾斯人有許多穀;帶這些耗子去啃他們的糧倉。”
( I am glad on ‘t: then we shall ha’ means to vent
Our musty superfluity.
…… The Volsces have much corn; take these rats thither
To gnaw their garners.)
(注:當歐洲人說corn時,指的是某種穀物或穀類作物的統稱,包括小麥wheat、大麥barley、小米millet、高粱sorghum、燕麥oats和黑麥rye等。這些都是古羅馬人耕種過的穀類作物。美國人說“corn”時,通常指甜玉米weetcorn,又稱玉米maize)
在他看來,解決饑荒的最好方法,就是送平民去打仗以削減貧苦人口的數量。他用“多餘出來的腐朽物”(musty superfluity)和“耗子”(rats)來形容平民。
盡管馬歇斯曾參與了推翻羅馬王國的軍事行動,但他顯然不適應羅馬共和國實行的三權分立製度,滿腦子的舊王朝觀念。他認為應該剝奪平民的權利,在他的眼裏,平民開口向貴族要糧食吃是一種大逆不道的行為。他說:“他們已經解散了,把他們絞死!他們說他們肚子餓,歎息出一些俗語:什麽饑餓摧毀石牆,狗也要吃東西,肉是為了滿足口腹之欲的,天神不是單為富人贈麥子的。他們用這些粗俗低級的言辭來發泄心中的不滿,他們的請願竟然得到了準許 – 一個很奇怪的請願,打碎了貴族們的慷慨之心,使得權威黯然失色 – 他們拋擲他們的帽子高聲歡呼,好像要把帽子掛到月亮的彎鉤上。”
(MARTIUS
They are dissolved: hang ’em!
They said they were an-hungry; sigh’d forth proverbs,
That hunger broke stone walls, that dogs must eat,
That meat was made for mouths, that the gods sent not
Corn for the rich men only: with these shreds
They vented their complainings; which being answer’d,
And a petition granted them, a strange one—
To break the heart of generosity,
And make bold power look pale—they threw their caps
As they would hang them on the horns o’ the moon,
Shouting their emulation.)
他在政治上的幼稚無知和侮慢的態度得罪了平民,為他今後的人生悲劇埋下了伏筆。