(三)你是夜間的天使還是惡魔
在莎翁所處的伊麗莎白時代(1558–1603),想象中的精靈往往與女巫的惡行有關,而且他們在夜間活動。《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet) 第一幕第一場,哈姆雷特的好友霍雷肖(Horatio)與軍官馬塞勒斯(Marcellus)之間有一段對話:
霍雷肖:
“於是它就像一個罪犯聽收到了傳票似的驚動起來。我聽說公雞是清晨的喇叭,用高亢尖銳的啼聲喚醒了白晝之神。聽到它的警告,那些在海裏、火裏、地下、空中到處浪遊的有罪的靈魂,全都快快地躲回自己的巢穴。這句話現在已經證實了”。
(HORATIO
And then it started like a guilty thing
Upon a fearful summons. I have heard
The cock, that is the trumpet to the morn,
Doth with his lofty and shrill-sounding throat
Awake the god of day, and, at his warning,
Whether in sea or fire, in earth or air,
Th' extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine, and of the truth herein
This present object made probation.)
馬塞勒斯:
“那鬼魂在雞鳴時就消失了。有人說,每次在我們慶祝聖誕之前,公雞徹夜啼叫。因此,他們說沒有鬼魂敢外出流浪,夜晚很安全。沒有外星撞擊我們,精靈的魔法無效,女巫不能施咒,那天晚上是聖潔而美好的”。
(MARCELLUS
It faded on the crowing of the cock.
Some say that ever 'gainst that season comes
Wherein our Saviour’s birth is celebrated,
The bird of dawning singeth all night long.
And then, they say, no spirit dare stir abroad.
The nights are wholesome. Then no planets strike,
No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm,
So hallowed and so gracious is that time.)
羅賓在《仲夏夜之夢》中的幾段台詞也證明了精靈們主要在夜間活動。
第五幕第一場,羅賓獨白:
“餓獅在高聲咆哮,
豺狼在向月長嗥;
農夫們鼾息沉沉,
完畢一天的辛勞。
爐火還留著殘紅,
鴟鴞叫得人膽戰,
傳進愁人的耳中,
仿佛預見了死亡。
現在夜已經深沉,
墳墓都裂開大口,
釋放出無數幽靈,
在荒野小徑奔走。
我們這些小精靈
跟隨赫卡忒隊伍,
遠離太陽的視線,
像黑暗中的幽夢,
如今快樂又歡鬧。
為使吉屋無鼠患,
我被遣來勤打掃,
且將門戶揩幹淨。”
(ROBIN
Now the hungry lion roars
And the wolf behowls the moon,
Whilst the heavy ploughman snores,
All with weary task fordone.
Now the wasted brands do glow,
Whilst the screech-owl, screeching loud,
Puts the wretch that lies in woe
In remembrance of a shroud.
Now it is the time of night
That the graves all gaping wide,
Every one lets forth his sprite,
In the churchway paths to glide.
And we fairies, that do run
By the triple Hecate’s team
From the presence of the sun,
Following darkness like a dream,
Now are frolic. Not a mouse
Shall disturb this hallowed house.
I am sent with broom before
To sweep the dust behind the door.)
(注:triple Hecate's team : 赫卡特(Hecate)是月球(Luna)、地球(Diana)和冥界(Hecate))的女神,後被視為魔術和巫術女神)。
第四幕第一場,羅賓對奧伯隆說:“仙王,留心聽,我聽見雲雀在歌唱清晨。”
(ROBIN
Fairy King, attend, and mark.
I do hear the morning lark.)
奧伯隆馬上對妻子說:“王後,讓我們靜靜地環遊地球,追隨著夜影,速度比月亮更快。”
(OBERON
Then, my queen, in silence sad,
Trip we after the night’s shade.
We the globe can compass soon
Swifter than the wandering moon.)
以上的對話似乎告訴讀者:天一亮,精靈們就要馬上離開,飛到地球上仍被黑暗籠罩的地方。
然而第三幕第二場羅賓和奧伯隆之間的對話透露出了另一個信息,即小精靈與鬼魂不一樣,小精靈不需要完全避開日光。
現將對話翻譯如下:
羅賓:
“主公,這事我們必須快點辦好。
因為黑夜的飛龍已撕破雲層,
遠處的蒼穹晨星閃爍,
隨著黎明的到來,一個個遊蕩的鬼魂
紛紛跑回墓地。那些橫死的
在路邊或河底腐爛的幽靈,
早已返回爬滿蠕蟲的屍洞,
擔心白晝揭示了他們的恥辱,
他們故意躲開了陽光,
永遠與漆黑的夜晚相伴。”
(ROBIN
My fairy lord, this must be done with haste.
For night’s swift dragons cut the clouds full fast,
And yonder shines Aurora’s harbinger,
At whose approach, ghosts, wandering here and there,
Troop home to churchyards. Damnèd spirits all,
That in crossways and floods have burial,
Already to their wormy beds are gone.
For fear lest day should look their shames upon,
They willfully themselves exile from light
And must for aye consort with black-browed night.)
奧伯隆:
“但我們不能與他們相提並論;
晨光中我經常四處遊蕩,
像守林人那樣踏訪著叢林:
直到東方火紅的天門開啟,
太陽從海上升起,萬道美麗的光,
將青碧色的鹹水變成了一片黃金,
但無論如何,快點辦,別拖延,
我們在黎明之前必須把它做好。
(OBERON
But we are spirits of another sort.
I with the morning’s love have oft made sport,
And like a forester the groves may tread
Even till the eastern gate, all fiery red,
Opening on Neptune with fair blessèd beams,
Turns into yellow gold his salt green streams.
But notwithstanding, haste. Make no delay.
We may effect this business yet ere day.)
盡管奧伯隆認為小精靈可以在白天出行,但他仍然讚同必須在天亮之前把所有的要事都辦好。從這一點看,小精靈與隻在夜晚顯靈的其他鬼怪沒有太多本質上的區別。
與歐洲傳說中的其他小精靈們一樣,莎士比亞戲劇中的小精靈們與大自然息息相關,他們是大自然或不可缺的一部分。小精靈們是森林和野花的守護者,《仲夏夜之夢》第二幕中,羅賓遇見的小精靈正在用露水裝飾提泰妮婭王後的草環和鮮花,讓夜晚濕潤而美好。這個情節暗喻小精靈們負責掌控大自然的麵貌。此外,莎士比亞還讓小精靈們控製季節的更迭,比如奧伯隆與提泰妮婭持續的爭吵就導致大自然失衡和季節反轉。第二幕第一場,提泰妮婭對丈夫說:“這些都是因為嫉妒而捏造出來的謊言。自從仲夏以來,我們沒能在丘陵、山穀、樹林、草地、或是細石鋪底的噴泉旁,或是奔流的河邊,或是海灘上碰麵。每次我們準備對著呼嘯的風聲跳圓圈舞時,總是被你的大吵大鬧打擾了興致。風因為白白對著我們吹奏,生氣報複,從海中吸起了毒霧。毒霧化成瘴雨降落在地上,使每一條小河都耀武揚威地泛濫到岸上。牛兒白白牽著軛,農夫枉費了血汗,青青的嫩禾還沒有長上芒須便腐爛了。空了的羊欄暴露在一片被淹沒的田中,烏鴉因飽餐患疫病死掉的羊群屍體而變肥。九子直棋板上滿是濕泥,亂生的雜草中的曲徑因沒有人行走,已經無法辨認。對人們來說此刻並非冬天,夜晚受不到聖歌的祝福。因此執掌潮汐的月亮,氣得臉孔發白,在空氣中布滿了風濕潮氣。因為天時不正,季節出現了反常:鮮嫩的紅玫瑰上遍布白色的寒霜,年邁的冬神薄薄的冰冠上點綴著夏天芬芳的蓓蕾花環,實乃嘲諷。春季、夏季、豐收的秋季、暴怒的冬季全都改變了他們慣常的裝束,這個困惑的世界再也辨不出哪個是哪個。這個災禍全因我們的不和所致,我們是一切的根源。”
(TITANIA
These are the forgeries of jealousy.
And never, since the middle summer’s spring,
Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead,
By pavèd fountain, or by rushy brook,
Or in the beachèd margent of the sea,
To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind,
But with thy brawls thou hast disturbed our sport.
Therefore the winds, piping to us in vain,
As in revenge, have sucked up from the sea
Contagious fogs, which falling in the land
Have every pelting river made so proud
That they have overborne their continents.
The ox hath therefore stretched his yoke in vain,
The ploughman lost his sweat, and the green corn
Hath rotted ere his youth attained a beard.
The fold stands empty in the drownèd field,
And crows are fatted with the murrain flock.
The nine-men’s-morris is filled up with mud,
And the quaint mazes in the wanton green
For lack of tread are undistinguishable.
The human mortals want their winter here.
No night is now with hymn or carol blessed.
Therefore the moon, the governess of floods,
Pale in her anger, washes all the air,
That rheumatic diseases do abound.
And thorough this distemperature we see
The seasons alter: hoary-headed frosts
Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose,
And on old Hiems' thin and icy crown
An odorous chaplet of sweet summer buds
Is, as in mockery, set. The spring, the summer,
The childing autumn, angry winter change
Their wonted liveries, and the mazèd world,
By their increase, now knows not which is which.
And this same progeny of evils comes
From our debate, from our dissension.
We are their parents and original.)
此外,這些掌控大自然的小精靈們不需要建造房屋或城堡,他們以大自然為家,森林是他們的宮廷,樹木是他們的房間。提泰妮婭睡在“一處野百裏香盛開的斜坡,牛唇報春花和低垂的紫香堇也長在那兒,馥鬱的金銀花、芬芳的麝香玫瑰和鏽紅薔薇張起了一副錦帷”。
提泰妮婭的四個小精靈仆從的名字分別為“豆花”(Peaseblossom)、“芥子”、(Mustardseed)、“飛蛾” (Moth)和“蛛網”(Cobweb),頭兩位來自植物家族,後兩位與動物家族有關。當提泰妮婭與驢頭人身的波頓躺在床上時,她命仆從為波頓取一些堅果。她說的很可能是廣布於英國林地裏的榛子,也是莎士比亞最熟悉的堅果。凱爾特人將榛子視為“知識”之果,笨驢波頓所缺少的正是知識和智慧。榛子又象征著生育,正好配合兩人同床共枕的場景。