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[經驗交流]經典推薦：英語十遍閱讀法
作者：北京新航道 提交日期：2006-7-13 11:14:00 訪問：1675 回複：13
??對於英語學習者而言，閱讀中存在著諸多問題。為了應對各種考試而閱讀者有之，這些人僅僅滿足於在客觀題的四個選項中找對答案，有時連自己也不清楚究竟學到了什麽。單純為了學習而閱讀者有之，遺憾的是，為數眾多的人往往飽受閱讀之苦，而享受閱讀樂趣、從閱讀中獲益者少之又少。其原因何在？不同的人或許有不同的情況。有些人缺乏目的，對任何英語材料隻是簡單地瀏覽，浮光掠影，淺嚐輒止，僅此而已，盡管對閱讀常有接觸，但感覺仍所獲寥寥。另有些人閱讀方法不當。他們每讀一篇文章的同時，逢詞必查，結果讀書的過程完全演變成查詞典的過程，文章讀得支離破碎，索然寡味，趣味盡失，即使回頭重讀，也是簡單重複，沒有更大的收獲，就像希臘神話中的西西弗斯，竭盡全力推巨石上山，但永遠做的是周而複始、徒勞無益的工作。許多人因此感到，與其如此，還不如去背詞典來得直接。這種閱讀方式既苦不堪言，也無法堅持下去。有人提倡整篇英語文章的背誦，一、二百詞的短小篇目倒是不在話下，但稍長一些就無能為力了。況且，不以理解為基礎的記憶最終也無濟於事。
成功的閱讀首先在於材料的挑選。應該明白，英語閱讀不應過於隨意，要有一定的選擇性。其重要標準有兩條：一是時代性，最好閱讀當代的英語文章。語言隨著時代的發展處於不斷的變化更新之中，真正學好英語就要跟上英語語言發展的腳步。二是難度適中，如果語言過於艱澀，會嚴重影響閱讀的正常進程，文字過於簡單，則失去學習的目的。It pays to read actively, intelligently and selectively.（積極、聰明、有選擇的閱讀不吃虧。） 學習者可以利用各種資源，自選文章，自編閱讀教材。文章應以英語時文為主，如報刊文章。因為時文所使用的語言具有時代特色，是鮮活的語言。如果每周堅持閱讀一篇，一年則可以積累成一冊。有機會重拾再讀，溫故知新。隻有創造機會接觸當代英語（expose yourself to contemporary English），學習才真正具有價值。
閱讀隻有目的明確才能讀有所獲。英語閱讀其目的何在？如果把英語閱讀僅僅當作取得信息的渠道，則遠遠沒有發揮其潛在的巨大功能。如果學習者把閱讀更多地看成學習英語語言的手段，則閱讀所產生的效果將大為不同。應該說，What we profit from reading is more than reading.（閱讀所得遠遠超出閱讀本身。） 學習者應處理好語言輸入和輸出的關係。眾所周知，輸入是輸出的基礎，沒有足夠的輸入，就不可能有流暢的輸出。閱讀是英語輸入最重要的環節。如果能加以有效開發和利用，則可以直接促進和突破英語表達和翻譯等語言輸出環節。果真如此，學好英語指日可待。
To make the best use of reading is to make reading part of you.（充分利用閱讀就是使閱讀成為你的一部分。）如何使閱讀充分為我所用，內化為自己的語言知識和技能，是英語學習者普遍存在的困惑。為此筆者願意向廣大英語學習者強烈推介一種全新的閱讀理念：英語十遍閱讀法，旨在幫助大家找準英語學習的切入點，走出英語閱讀的困境，實現從理解到表達的飛躍。這種閱讀方法可以有效地把培養閱讀技能和獲取語言知識相結合，把閱讀理解和英語表達相聯係，從而以閱讀為手段，取得最大的學習效果，其意義超越了閱讀本身。總體說來，十遍閱讀法可以分為五個層次，每一遍都有極強的目的性，都有各自的側重點。第一遍閱讀重在訓練閱讀速度和理解能力；第二到第五遍從詞語角度學習文章；第六到第七遍從句子層麵進行突破；第八遍著重研究段落；最後兩遍的閱讀在篇章方麵總體把握文章。十遍過後，我們才真正把文章學精、學透、學盡、學活。下麵，我們以“Self?Help Pioneer Dale Carnegie” 這篇文章作為範例，闡述十遍閱讀法的具體運用。
Self?help Pioneer Dale Carnegie
He Won Friends And Influenced Many People
If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep?your?chin?up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888-1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
He never graduated from college. He tried careers in farming, teaching, salesmanship, acting, journalism and novel writing; all flopped. His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce. He lost most of his savings in the stock market crash of 1929.
His failures often left him depressed. Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people. What exactly did they do? What were their methods?
Carnegie decided it was simple self?confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
That wasn?t easy for him, either. Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages. His training courses continue to thrive nationwide, having taught more than 7 million people.
Success at self?help was something he had to work at hard and learn as much as anyone else.
Great Role Models
So he looked to those he most admired. His most famous books rely on quotations from and stories about Abe Lincoln, Benjamin Franklin and other wise figures.
“I realize now that healthy people don?t write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don?t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to study the subject for the good of my soul.” Carnegie said in 1937.
At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, making it one of the most purchased books of the 20th century.
Carnegie was born in rural Missouri. His real name was Dale Carnagey. Despite rumors, he wasn?t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
He grew up in grinding poverty. He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down?home ways.
“I worried for fear girls would laugh at me if I tipped my hat to them.” he wrote in How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, his other bestseller.
The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement. It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words. Carnegie began practicing, lecturing the livestock in his father?s barn for hours on the subjects of the day.
To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school. The first time out, he lost. He lost the second time, too, and several other attempts after that.
But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won. Other victories followed, and soon he built up enough confidence to hold forth on any topic.
Confronting Fears
Carnegie?s experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
It was a lesson he needed.
Carnegie?s first jobs were as a traveling salesman. He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work, the hardest part being interacting with people and convincing them to buy his stuff. Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
It was the same thing with his brief acting career. Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers- and make it convincing. Journalism and novel writing were similar?above all, he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.
That can?t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn?t believe what he?s saying. Self?confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job. It didn?t think Carnegie?s course was worth the $2?a?night salary he requested. To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
The essence of Carnegie?s job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking. Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
“The way to develop self?confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you,” wrote Lowell Thomas, a friend of Carnegie?s, in the original introduction of How to Win Friends and Influence people.
Carnegie?s books evolved from the speaking courses he taught. He collected the tales, anecdotes and aphorisms he used in a single volume. He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.
第一遍閱讀：通篇快速瀏覽，捕捉全文大意
第一遍閱讀的目的在於獲取文章的主要信息，提高閱讀效率，所以在閱讀過程中，要拋開詞典，保持閱讀的連貫性和完整性。我們可以用大致十分鍾的時間完成該文章的快速閱讀，捕捉內容大意。這是一篇關於戴爾卡耐基的成功曆程的短文。他體驗過早年事業和個人生活的種種挫折，找到成功人士成功的關鍵，即自信，然後自強不息，百折不回，克服自身性格中的弱點，逐步成為演講教師，著書立說。在這一遍閱讀中，一定會遇到一些語言障礙，包括陌生的詞匯和生疏的表達，但要盡量避免因詞害義。總之，第一遍閱讀的要點是忽略細節，著眼總體。對於語言障礙，可以根據上下文語境進行猜測和推斷。對文章逐層深入的理解有待於後麵的步驟。
第二遍閱讀：歸納形容詞與名詞的搭配
二到五遍是從詞的夥伴關係層麵加以把握，超越傳統的模式，即超越把單詞作為孤立的語言單位進行記憶和學習的模式。在英語學習中，最有效的語言單位不是單詞，而是由單詞搭配而構成的詞組、短語。You don?t truly know a word until you have a clear idea of its partnership.（弄清詞的夥伴關係之前你是無法真正了解一個詞的含義的。）學習者們之所以往往感到大量掌握單詞之後仍然在口語和書麵表達中不會靈活使用，根本原因就在於學習時忽略了詞語之間內在的夥伴關係，沒有掌握單詞的具體用法。英文詞語之間的搭配潛力無窮、靈活多變，隻有留意觀察，才能確實掌握，才能達到靈活運用的境界。否則，僅憑機械記憶，背下再多的單詞也是徒勞。
英語中的形容詞表意功能極強，而且數量豐富。一方麵，同一個形容詞往往可以修飾許多不同的名詞，表達完全不同的含義，如heavy，它的詞義遠不止“沉重的”，僅舉幾個搭配為例：heavy news（令人憂慮的消息），heavy fighting（激戰），heavy demand（苛求），heavy fate（悲慘的命運），heavy schedule（排得很緊的日程表），heavy casualties（慘重的傷亡），heavy applause（熱烈的鼓掌）等。另一方麵，不同的形容詞可以修飾同一個名詞，傳達類似的含義，如表達“濃厚的興趣”，習慣上great， active，lively，deep，keen，intense，enormous等都可以和interest構成搭配。如果在閱讀中注意積累，必將極大地豐富我們的積極詞匯。
下麵是例文中關於形容詞與名詞的精彩搭配。
①His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
bitter divorce ：痛苦的離異
②He grew up in grinding poverty.
grinding poverty ：極度貧困
③He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down?home ways.
shabby clothes ：破破爛爛的衣服
down?home ways ：土裏土氣的樣子
④Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
strong words：激昂的文字
第三遍閱讀：總結動詞與名詞的搭配
動賓搭配明顯地體現出英語約定俗成的特點，如同樣表示“提高”，不同的名詞和不同的動詞互相匹配：develop a skill（提高技能），raise the standard（提高水平），enhance reputation（提高聲譽）。此外，在英語的所有詞性中，動詞最為活躍，大量的動詞具有強大的夥伴關係和組詞功能，如kill: kill time（消磨時間），kill pain（止痛），kill the cigarette（掐滅香煙），kill the resolution（撤銷決議），kill a news story（擱置一則新聞報道）等。
現將本文中有關動詞與名詞的搭配總結如下：
①Carnegie decided it was simple self?confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
build up and reinforce self?confidence ：樹立並增強自信
②He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
compile observations ：將觀察結果寫成書
③Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
overcome fear ：克服恐懼
④The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
encounter the movement ：偶然遇到這場運動
⑤It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
prompt spiritual health ：促進精神健康
⑥Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
enthrall crowds ：迷住聽眾，征服聽眾
⑦To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
test sb.?s public mettle ：考驗某人麵對公眾的勇氣
enter debate contests ：參加辯論競賽
⑧To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
strike a deal ：達成協議
⑨The essence of Carnegie?s job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking.
confront one?s fears ：勇敢地麵對恐懼
⑩The way to develop self?confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do ...
develop self?confidence ：培養自信
第四遍閱讀：總結大副詞與動詞、形容詞的搭配使用
大副詞主要指表示方式和程度的副詞。英語學習者普遍不善於使用大副詞。英語副詞具有語意豐富的特點，副詞的使用往往會使文字言簡意賅，增強表達力度，試體會：follow willy?nilly（願意也好不願意也罷，隻能照辦），frighteningly evident（明顯到令人吃驚的地步），可見學會把握這類詞語的夥伴關係對提高英語表達能力意義有多麽重大。
請注意例文中重要的相關搭配：
1. 動詞+大副詞
①...the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
fail professionally and personally ： 在做人和做事方麵都未成功
②All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
constantly reinforce ：不斷增強
2. 形容詞+大副詞
①Carnegie was an intensely shy man ...
intensely shy ：極為羞怯的
②He was painfully shy ...
painfully shy ：令人難堪的靦腆
第五遍閱讀：查找帶介詞的短語
介詞在英語中的使用頻率極高，因此英語被稱為介詞的語言。相比之下，漢語則少用介詞。介詞在詞匯之間起著紐帶的作用。大部分英語介詞在實際應用中體現出約定俗成、固定搭配的特點，如suburbs和outskirts詞義相近，但前者和in搭配，後者則和on搭配。介詞是英語學習中的攔路虎，學習者在表達時經常出現誤用的情況。將介詞納入閱讀任務之一，在詞語的夥伴關係中學習介詞不僅非常必要，而且效果十分明顯。
本篇英文中各類詞性與介詞的習慣搭配如下：
1. 動詞+介詞
①...the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, ...
fail at ：在……方麵失敗
②His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
end in ：以……告終
③He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
interact with ：和……交往
④Success at self?help was something he had to work at hard ...
work at ：對……下功夫，致力於
⑤So he looked to those he most admired.
look to ：依靠，指望
⑥His most famous books rely on quotations ...
rely on ：依賴
⑦Carnegie?s books evolved from the speaking courses he taught.
evolve from ：從……發展而成
2. 名詞+介詞（或介詞+名詞）
①Success at self?help was something he had to work at hard ...
success at ：在……方麵的成功
②He grew up in grinding poverty.
in poverty ：在貧困之中
③I worried for fear girls would laugh at me ...
for fear ：生怕
④..., he struck a deal to work on commission.
on commission ：抽取傭金
⑤He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.
in part ：部分地
3. 形容詞+介詞
①Despite rumors, he wasn?t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
related to ：和……有親緣關係的
②The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job.
hesitant about ：不情願的
第六遍閱讀：體會英文語序，注意英漢比較
語序分為詞法和句法兩個方麵，英漢兩種語言在這兩個方麵均存在顯著差異。如在詞法方麵，幾個形容詞共同修飾同一個名詞，英文有較嚴格的規定，一般規律是主觀描述性的形容詞在先，表明客觀性質的形容詞在後，體現出英文思維先主體，後客體的特點。英漢詞序錯位的表達比比皆是，這是不同的語言表達習慣導致的結果，如back and forth（來來回回），black and white（白紙黑字），flesh and blood（血肉之軀），joys and sorrows（苦樂悲喜），weal and woe（禍福甘苦）。在句法方麵，英漢語序的差別更為明顯，總體規律是，英語語義重心多在前，漢語語義重心常在後，比如定語從句要處於中心詞之後，翻譯成漢語則往往置於中心詞之前。
現摘錄文章中的一些典型表達，試比較英語與漢語的語序差異。
1. 詞法方麵
..., the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
比較：在做人和做事方麵
2. 句法方麵
①The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
比較：當卡耐基偶然碰上肖托誇夏季教育集會運動，他人生的轉折點出現了。
②That can?t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn?t believe what he?s saying.
比較：如果勸說別人的人連自己說的話都不相信，你是無法打動人的。
第七遍閱讀：研究句子開端，追求表達變化
優秀的英語句子錯落有致，形式多變。寫好英語句子，關鍵在於如何起筆。有的學習者寫作文，通篇的句子都以指人的名詞或代詞做主語，寫出的文章枯燥呆板，缺乏活力。如表達“我想到了一個絕妙的主意”，很多人隻會寫 “I thought of a smart idea.”殊不知，如果用指事的名詞做主語，寫成 “A smart idea occurred to me.” 效果更好。學會句子如何開頭，可以有效地避免表達的單調乏味，平鋪直敘，增加句子形式上的變化和語言的感染力。隻要在閱讀中多加留意，善於總結，就會發現英語句子開頭的寫作手段多種多樣，不拘一格。句子的開端部分可以是形式代詞、主語從句、介詞短語、狀語從句、非謂語動詞、承上啟下的連接詞，不一而足。
這篇英文中句子開端有特色的如：
1. 形式代詞開頭
① It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
正是19世紀末的一場宗教運動通過成年教育促進了精神健康。
② It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
他短暫的演藝生涯情況也是如此。
2. 介詞短語開頭
Despite rumors, he wasn?t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
盡管有傳聞，他和鋼鐵巨頭安德魯卡耐基並無親緣關係。
3. 非謂語動詞開頭
①To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
為了考驗他麵對公眾的勇氣，他參加了學校的辯論比賽。
②To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
為了說服基督教青年會的官員，他與他們達成協議，幹活隻拿傭金。
4. 時間狀語開頭
①Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers — and make it convincing.
每天晚上，他都必須為一群素不相識的人表演同樣的節目——並且要使演出具有說服力。
②Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
一個晚上接一個晚上，他隻是讓學生們說個不停。
5. 狀語從句開頭
①If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep?your?chin?up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888-1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
如果曾經有人一事無成，需要戴爾卡耐基的鼓勵和忠告，那個人就是當初的戴爾卡耐基。
② Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
直到1936年出版《如何贏得朋友和影響他人》，這位自助運動的先驅幾乎做什麽都一敗塗地，無論是做人還是做事。
第八遍閱讀：透析句子之間聯係，學會運用銜接手段
英語句子之間除了內在的邏輯聯係之外，還十分注重外在形式上的各種銜接，因為英語不同於漢語，它是一種形合的語言。概括起來，句子之間的銜接手段有三大類：代詞銜接，即使用代詞作為銜接手段；時間銜接，即使用表示時間的詞語作為銜接手段；邏輯關係詞語銜接，即使用表示因果、轉折、遞近、類似等關係的連接詞語作為銜接手段。
現將例文中句子的銜接手段總結如下：
1. 代詞銜接
①He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work.
他什麽都推銷過，從函授課程到豬油，這工作很不容易。
②He lost the second time, too, and several other attempts after that.
第二次他又失敗了，此後的幾次嚐試還是失敗。
2. 時間銜接
①He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
這個問題他研究了多年，後來把自己的觀察結果寫成了他那本關於演講和與人交往的經典著作。
②To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
為了說服基督教青年會的官員，他與他們達成協議，幹活隻拿傭金。很快他就能賺到一晚30美元。
3. 邏輯關係詞語銜接
①Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people.
他甚至一度想過輕生。但是失敗讓他對成功人士產生了強烈興趣。
②It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don?t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People.
隻有疾病纏身的人才關注健康。同樣地，天生善於為人處世的人不會寫《如何贏得朋友和影響他人》這樣的書。
第九遍閱讀：把握段落過渡手段，領會文章嚴謹布局
兩個段落之間，往往有起承上啟下、起承轉合作用的詞語，使上下段落的過渡自然流暢，也使上下文銜接緊密。有些英語學習者雖有段落過渡意識，但缺乏語言手段，比如隻會套用firstly, secondly, thirdly或者in the first place, in the second place, in the final analysis這樣的固定模式，使文章結構顯得生硬刻板。最好的方式是在閱讀中注意積累，在寫作中刻意模仿。與句子之間的銜接手段類似，段落之間的過渡手段主要包括代詞過渡、時間詞語過渡和邏輯關係詞語過渡，此外，還有其它一些手段，如定冠詞過渡、形容詞過渡等。
1. 代詞過渡
①That wasn?t easy for him, either. （That指代上段情況。）
那件事對他來說也不容易。
②That can?t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn?t believe what he?s saying.
(That指代上段的“he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.”)
如果勸說別人的人連自己的話都不相信，你是無法打動人的。
2. 時間詞語過渡
①At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, ...
(Then指上段末尾處的1937年。)
從那以後，他的書至少賣了1?500萬冊，……
②Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
最終，他在基督教青年會得到一份工作，講授他知道他惟一能做的一件事：公眾演說。
3. 邏輯關係詞語過渡
① Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
可是，據說他的書賣了5?000萬冊左右，而且有十幾種語言的版本。
② So he looked to those he most admired. 因此他就指望他最崇拜的那些人。
③ But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won.
然而他一直嚐試著，幾次之後他終於成功了。
4. 形容詞過渡
It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
他的短暫的演員生涯結局同樣如此。
第十遍閱讀：擷取語言精華，摘錄文字亮點
提高英語寫作能力不是閉門造車，而是有賴於“三善”原則，即善於積累，善於模仿，善於借鑒。文章中的精彩表達不能讓其成為過眼煙雲，應努力據為己有，為我所用。文字亮點包括兩個層麵：其一，語言表達的鏗鏘字句、文采飛揚之處；其二，思想哲理的意味深長、耐人尋味之筆。
本文中的亮點不乏其例，從中我們既可以領悟到語言的強大魅力，也能夠感受到思想內涵的無窮啟迪。
1. 語言表達層麵
①If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep?your?chin?up advice of Dale Carnegie, it was Dale Carnegie.
如果曾經有人一事無成，需要戴爾卡耐基的鼓勵和忠告，那個人就是當初的戴爾卡耐基。
②His failures often left him depressed.
他屢遭失敗，經常令他抑鬱消沉。
③Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
可是，據說他的書賣了5?000萬冊，而且有十幾種語言的版本。
④Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
他注意到，善於交際的人往往會取得成功。
⑤Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers — and make it convincing.
每天晚上，他都必須為一群素不相識的人表演同樣的節目——並且使演出具有說服力。
2. 思想哲理層麵
①I realize now that healthy people don?t write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don?t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to study the subject for the good of my soul.
現在我認識到，身體健康的人不會寫有關健康的書，隻有疾病纏身的人才關注健康。同樣地，天生善於為人處世的人不會寫《如何贏得朋友和影響他人》這樣的書。我之所以寫這本書是因為我自己曾經飽受挫折，我開始研究這個課題是為了撫慰自己的心靈。
②Carnegie?s experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
卡耐基的經曆告訴他，克服恐懼的惟一方式是勇敢地麵對恐懼，不要因為最初的失敗而氣餒。
③Self?confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
他認為，自信不僅是這些事情、而且是所有其他事情的關鍵所在。
④The way to develop self?confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you.
他說，培養自信的方式就是去做你不敢做的事情，然後積累成功經驗。
書讀十遍，層層挖掘，步步領悟，化消極被動為積極主動，變困苦迷惘為融會貫通，盡情領略英語閱讀的趣味與魅力，充分品嚐讀有所獲的甘甜和欣喜。英語學習的終極目標是學有所用。通過閱讀這一有效途徑，達到英語地道表達的理想境界，這就是英語十遍閱讀法的精神。
在十遍閱讀法之外，還應自建閱讀詞匯庫，將每篇文章中陌生單詞與詞組匯集其中，附以注解釋義，一段時間（如一個月）後翻看瀏覽，及時回顧複習。這種親力親為的做法其效果是單純背誦詞匯手冊無可比擬的。這是一種紮實穩妥、行之有效的學習方法。現將例文中高中以上水平的詞匯列出，作為示範。
單詞部分
influence vt. 影響
professionally ad. 在職業方麵
salesmanship n. 銷售，推銷術；銷售能力
flop vi. 徹底失敗
savings n. 存款
crash n. 暴跌；破產
depressed a. 沮喪的，消沉的
fascinated a. 著迷的
constantly ad. 不斷地
compile vt. 編纂
classic a. 經典的
intensely ad. 極度地
estimate vt. 估計
rely vi. 依賴
diplomacy n. 外交
purchase vt. 購買
rumor n. 傳聞
magnate n. 巨頭
poverty n. 貧困
shabby a. 破舊的
tip vt. 輕觸
encounter vt. 偶然遇到
prompt vt. 促進，推動
adult a. 成年人的
enthrall vt. 迷住，吸引住
mettle n. 才能；勇氣
contest n. 競賽，比賽
confront vt. 勇敢地麵對
initial a. 開始的，最初的
hog n. 豬
convince vt. 使信服，說服
brief a. 短暫的
bunch n. 群，夥
audience n. 觀眾；聽眾；讀者
hesitant a. 不願的，遲疑不決的
essence n. 本質，實質
introduction n. 序言
anecdote n. 軼事，趣聞
volume n. 卷，冊
guru a. 領袖；導師
career n. 職業
journalism n. 新聞工作
divorce n. 離婚
stock n. 股票
failure n. 失敗
suicidal a. 想自殺的
self?confidence n. 自信
reinforce vt. 加強
observation n. 觀察
interact vi. 交往
overcome vt. 克服
thrive vi. 興旺，繁榮
quotation n. 引文
blunder vi. 犯大錯誤
rural a. 農村的
related a. 有親緣關係的
grinding a. 難以忍受的
painfully ad. 令人不快地
down?home a. 土裏土氣的
bestseller n. 暢銷書
religious a. 宗教的
spiritual a. 精神的
lecturer n. 講演者
livestock n. 家畜，牲畜
debate n. 辯論
confidence n. 信心
discourage vt. 使灰心，使泄氣
correspondence n. 通信，通信聯係
lard n. 豬油
stuff n. 東西，物品
performance n. 表演
convincing a.令人信服的,有說服力的
pursuit n. 職業，事務
commission n. 傭金
original a. 起初的
evolve vi. 發展，逐步形成
aphorism n. 格言，警句
詞組部分
sad sack 不中用的人
keep one?s chin up 不氣餒，不灰心
look to 指望，依靠
for fear 生怕，以免
hold forth （當眾）滔滔不絕地講
pull in 獲得（利益、報酬等）
作者簡介：胡敏，我國著名英語教育家。留英學者，我國英語培訓業的領軍人物。現任北京新航道教育文化公司總裁、北京新航道學校校長。曾任新東方總裁、副董事長、校長。2004年辭別新東方，創辦新航道。胡敏教授在我國英語培訓業內率先開發大量擁有自主知識產權的英語培訓教材及專著近百部，是目前我國英語培訓業內出書立著最多的英語測試專家和著名學者。在我國英語培訓業界及全國大學生、年青白領一族中享有極高的學術聲望和社會知名度。2005年9月胡敏教授作為我國民辦教育培訓機構的唯一個人代表，榮獲“中國民辦教育創新與發展暨陳香梅教科文獎頒獎活動特殊貢獻獎”。由其創辦的北京新航道學校也同時榮獲中國民辦教育創新與發展貢獻獎。
胡敏教授，15歲考入湘潭大學，24歲獲上海師範大學碩士學位；28歲破格晉升副教授（當時我國社會科學領域內最年輕的副教授），曾任國際關係學院英文係副主任、英語專業碩士生導師。 1995年起投身我國民辦教育事業。在此期間，創辦了我國英語四級、六級、考研英語、雅思等英語培訓項目，培訓人數達百萬人次，由其開創的四六級、雅思、考研等英語培訓理念和教學模式在全國得到廣泛應用。因其在雅思、考研英語培訓項目的成功推廣和卓越貢獻贏得了“胡雅思”、“中國雅思第一人”、“中國考研英語領軍人物”等美譽。
作者：北京新航道 提交日期：2006-7-13 11:14:00 訪問：1675 回複：13
??對於英語學習者而言，閱讀中存在著諸多問題。為了應對各種考試而閱讀者有之，這些人僅僅滿足於在客觀題的四個選項中找對答案，有時連自己也不清楚究竟學到了什麽。單純為了學習而閱讀者有之，遺憾的是，為數眾多的人往往飽受閱讀之苦，而享受閱讀樂趣、從閱讀中獲益者少之又少。其原因何在？不同的人或許有不同的情況。有些人缺乏目的，對任何英語材料隻是簡單地瀏覽，浮光掠影，淺嚐輒止，僅此而已，盡管對閱讀常有接觸，但感覺仍所獲寥寥。另有些人閱讀方法不當。他們每讀一篇文章的同時，逢詞必查，結果讀書的過程完全演變成查詞典的過程，文章讀得支離破碎，索然寡味，趣味盡失，即使回頭重讀，也是簡單重複，沒有更大的收獲，就像希臘神話中的西西弗斯，竭盡全力推巨石上山，但永遠做的是周而複始、徒勞無益的工作。許多人因此感到，與其如此，還不如去背詞典來得直接。這種閱讀方式既苦不堪言，也無法堅持下去。有人提倡整篇英語文章的背誦，一、二百詞的短小篇目倒是不在話下，但稍長一些就無能為力了。況且，不以理解為基礎的記憶最終也無濟於事。
成功的閱讀首先在於材料的挑選。應該明白，英語閱讀不應過於隨意，要有一定的選擇性。其重要標準有兩條：一是時代性，最好閱讀當代的英語文章。語言隨著時代的發展處於不斷的變化更新之中，真正學好英語就要跟上英語語言發展的腳步。二是難度適中，如果語言過於艱澀，會嚴重影響閱讀的正常進程，文字過於簡單，則失去學習的目的。It pays to read actively, intelligently and selectively.（積極、聰明、有選擇的閱讀不吃虧。） 學習者可以利用各種資源，自選文章，自編閱讀教材。文章應以英語時文為主，如報刊文章。因為時文所使用的語言具有時代特色，是鮮活的語言。如果每周堅持閱讀一篇，一年則可以積累成一冊。有機會重拾再讀，溫故知新。隻有創造機會接觸當代英語（expose yourself to contemporary English），學習才真正具有價值。
閱讀隻有目的明確才能讀有所獲。英語閱讀其目的何在？如果把英語閱讀僅僅當作取得信息的渠道，則遠遠沒有發揮其潛在的巨大功能。如果學習者把閱讀更多地看成學習英語語言的手段，則閱讀所產生的效果將大為不同。應該說，What we profit from reading is more than reading.（閱讀所得遠遠超出閱讀本身。） 學習者應處理好語言輸入和輸出的關係。眾所周知，輸入是輸出的基礎，沒有足夠的輸入，就不可能有流暢的輸出。閱讀是英語輸入最重要的環節。如果能加以有效開發和利用，則可以直接促進和突破英語表達和翻譯等語言輸出環節。果真如此，學好英語指日可待。
To make the best use of reading is to make reading part of you.（充分利用閱讀就是使閱讀成為你的一部分。）如何使閱讀充分為我所用，內化為自己的語言知識和技能，是英語學習者普遍存在的困惑。為此筆者願意向廣大英語學習者強烈推介一種全新的閱讀理念：英語十遍閱讀法，旨在幫助大家找準英語學習的切入點，走出英語閱讀的困境，實現從理解到表達的飛躍。這種閱讀方法可以有效地把培養閱讀技能和獲取語言知識相結合，把閱讀理解和英語表達相聯係，從而以閱讀為手段，取得最大的學習效果，其意義超越了閱讀本身。總體說來，十遍閱讀法可以分為五個層次，每一遍都有極強的目的性，都有各自的側重點。第一遍閱讀重在訓練閱讀速度和理解能力；第二到第五遍從詞語角度學習文章；第六到第七遍從句子層麵進行突破；第八遍著重研究段落；最後兩遍的閱讀在篇章方麵總體把握文章。十遍過後，我們才真正把文章學精、學透、學盡、學活。下麵，我們以“Self?Help Pioneer Dale Carnegie” 這篇文章作為範例，闡述十遍閱讀法的具體運用。
Self?help Pioneer Dale Carnegie
He Won Friends And Influenced Many People
If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep?your?chin?up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888-1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
He never graduated from college. He tried careers in farming, teaching, salesmanship, acting, journalism and novel writing; all flopped. His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce. He lost most of his savings in the stock market crash of 1929.
His failures often left him depressed. Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people. What exactly did they do? What were their methods?
Carnegie decided it was simple self?confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
That wasn?t easy for him, either. Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages. His training courses continue to thrive nationwide, having taught more than 7 million people.
Success at self?help was something he had to work at hard and learn as much as anyone else.
Great Role Models
So he looked to those he most admired. His most famous books rely on quotations from and stories about Abe Lincoln, Benjamin Franklin and other wise figures.
“I realize now that healthy people don?t write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don?t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to study the subject for the good of my soul.” Carnegie said in 1937.
At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, making it one of the most purchased books of the 20th century.
Carnegie was born in rural Missouri. His real name was Dale Carnagey. Despite rumors, he wasn?t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
He grew up in grinding poverty. He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down?home ways.
“I worried for fear girls would laugh at me if I tipped my hat to them.” he wrote in How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, his other bestseller.
The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement. It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words. Carnegie began practicing, lecturing the livestock in his father?s barn for hours on the subjects of the day.
To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school. The first time out, he lost. He lost the second time, too, and several other attempts after that.
But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won. Other victories followed, and soon he built up enough confidence to hold forth on any topic.
Confronting Fears
Carnegie?s experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
It was a lesson he needed.
Carnegie?s first jobs were as a traveling salesman. He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work, the hardest part being interacting with people and convincing them to buy his stuff. Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
It was the same thing with his brief acting career. Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers- and make it convincing. Journalism and novel writing were similar?above all, he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.
That can?t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn?t believe what he?s saying. Self?confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job. It didn?t think Carnegie?s course was worth the $2?a?night salary he requested. To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
The essence of Carnegie?s job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking. Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
“The way to develop self?confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you,” wrote Lowell Thomas, a friend of Carnegie?s, in the original introduction of How to Win Friends and Influence people.
Carnegie?s books evolved from the speaking courses he taught. He collected the tales, anecdotes and aphorisms he used in a single volume. He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.
第一遍閱讀：通篇快速瀏覽，捕捉全文大意
第一遍閱讀的目的在於獲取文章的主要信息，提高閱讀效率，所以在閱讀過程中，要拋開詞典，保持閱讀的連貫性和完整性。我們可以用大致十分鍾的時間完成該文章的快速閱讀，捕捉內容大意。這是一篇關於戴爾卡耐基的成功曆程的短文。他體驗過早年事業和個人生活的種種挫折，找到成功人士成功的關鍵，即自信，然後自強不息，百折不回，克服自身性格中的弱點，逐步成為演講教師，著書立說。在這一遍閱讀中，一定會遇到一些語言障礙，包括陌生的詞匯和生疏的表達，但要盡量避免因詞害義。總之，第一遍閱讀的要點是忽略細節，著眼總體。對於語言障礙，可以根據上下文語境進行猜測和推斷。對文章逐層深入的理解有待於後麵的步驟。
第二遍閱讀：歸納形容詞與名詞的搭配
二到五遍是從詞的夥伴關係層麵加以把握，超越傳統的模式，即超越把單詞作為孤立的語言單位進行記憶和學習的模式。在英語學習中，最有效的語言單位不是單詞，而是由單詞搭配而構成的詞組、短語。You don?t truly know a word until you have a clear idea of its partnership.（弄清詞的夥伴關係之前你是無法真正了解一個詞的含義的。）學習者們之所以往往感到大量掌握單詞之後仍然在口語和書麵表達中不會靈活使用，根本原因就在於學習時忽略了詞語之間內在的夥伴關係，沒有掌握單詞的具體用法。英文詞語之間的搭配潛力無窮、靈活多變，隻有留意觀察，才能確實掌握，才能達到靈活運用的境界。否則，僅憑機械記憶，背下再多的單詞也是徒勞。
英語中的形容詞表意功能極強，而且數量豐富。一方麵，同一個形容詞往往可以修飾許多不同的名詞，表達完全不同的含義，如heavy，它的詞義遠不止“沉重的”，僅舉幾個搭配為例：heavy news（令人憂慮的消息），heavy fighting（激戰），heavy demand（苛求），heavy fate（悲慘的命運），heavy schedule（排得很緊的日程表），heavy casualties（慘重的傷亡），heavy applause（熱烈的鼓掌）等。另一方麵，不同的形容詞可以修飾同一個名詞，傳達類似的含義，如表達“濃厚的興趣”，習慣上great， active，lively，deep，keen，intense，enormous等都可以和interest構成搭配。如果在閱讀中注意積累，必將極大地豐富我們的積極詞匯。
下麵是例文中關於形容詞與名詞的精彩搭配。
①His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
bitter divorce ：痛苦的離異
②He grew up in grinding poverty.
grinding poverty ：極度貧困
③He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down?home ways.
shabby clothes ：破破爛爛的衣服
down?home ways ：土裏土氣的樣子
④Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
strong words：激昂的文字
第三遍閱讀：總結動詞與名詞的搭配
動賓搭配明顯地體現出英語約定俗成的特點，如同樣表示“提高”，不同的名詞和不同的動詞互相匹配：develop a skill（提高技能），raise the standard（提高水平），enhance reputation（提高聲譽）。此外，在英語的所有詞性中，動詞最為活躍，大量的動詞具有強大的夥伴關係和組詞功能，如kill: kill time（消磨時間），kill pain（止痛），kill the cigarette（掐滅香煙），kill the resolution（撤銷決議），kill a news story（擱置一則新聞報道）等。
現將本文中有關動詞與名詞的搭配總結如下：
①Carnegie decided it was simple self?confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
build up and reinforce self?confidence ：樹立並增強自信
②He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
compile observations ：將觀察結果寫成書
③Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
overcome fear ：克服恐懼
④The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
encounter the movement ：偶然遇到這場運動
⑤It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
prompt spiritual health ：促進精神健康
⑥Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
enthrall crowds ：迷住聽眾，征服聽眾
⑦To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
test sb.?s public mettle ：考驗某人麵對公眾的勇氣
enter debate contests ：參加辯論競賽
⑧To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
strike a deal ：達成協議
⑨The essence of Carnegie?s job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking.
confront one?s fears ：勇敢地麵對恐懼
⑩The way to develop self?confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do ...
develop self?confidence ：培養自信
第四遍閱讀：總結大副詞與動詞、形容詞的搭配使用
大副詞主要指表示方式和程度的副詞。英語學習者普遍不善於使用大副詞。英語副詞具有語意豐富的特點，副詞的使用往往會使文字言簡意賅，增強表達力度，試體會：follow willy?nilly（願意也好不願意也罷，隻能照辦），frighteningly evident（明顯到令人吃驚的地步），可見學會把握這類詞語的夥伴關係對提高英語表達能力意義有多麽重大。
請注意例文中重要的相關搭配：
1. 動詞+大副詞
①...the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
fail professionally and personally ： 在做人和做事方麵都未成功
②All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
constantly reinforce ：不斷增強
2. 形容詞+大副詞
①Carnegie was an intensely shy man ...
intensely shy ：極為羞怯的
②He was painfully shy ...
painfully shy ：令人難堪的靦腆
第五遍閱讀：查找帶介詞的短語
介詞在英語中的使用頻率極高，因此英語被稱為介詞的語言。相比之下，漢語則少用介詞。介詞在詞匯之間起著紐帶的作用。大部分英語介詞在實際應用中體現出約定俗成、固定搭配的特點，如suburbs和outskirts詞義相近，但前者和in搭配，後者則和on搭配。介詞是英語學習中的攔路虎，學習者在表達時經常出現誤用的情況。將介詞納入閱讀任務之一，在詞語的夥伴關係中學習介詞不僅非常必要，而且效果十分明顯。
本篇英文中各類詞性與介詞的習慣搭配如下：
1. 動詞+介詞
①...the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, ...
fail at ：在……方麵失敗
②His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
end in ：以……告終
③He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
interact with ：和……交往
④Success at self?help was something he had to work at hard ...
work at ：對……下功夫，致力於
⑤So he looked to those he most admired.
look to ：依靠，指望
⑥His most famous books rely on quotations ...
rely on ：依賴
⑦Carnegie?s books evolved from the speaking courses he taught.
evolve from ：從……發展而成
2. 名詞+介詞（或介詞+名詞）
①Success at self?help was something he had to work at hard ...
success at ：在……方麵的成功
②He grew up in grinding poverty.
in poverty ：在貧困之中
③I worried for fear girls would laugh at me ...
for fear ：生怕
④..., he struck a deal to work on commission.
on commission ：抽取傭金
⑤He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.
in part ：部分地
3. 形容詞+介詞
①Despite rumors, he wasn?t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
related to ：和……有親緣關係的
②The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job.
hesitant about ：不情願的
第六遍閱讀：體會英文語序，注意英漢比較
語序分為詞法和句法兩個方麵，英漢兩種語言在這兩個方麵均存在顯著差異。如在詞法方麵，幾個形容詞共同修飾同一個名詞，英文有較嚴格的規定，一般規律是主觀描述性的形容詞在先，表明客觀性質的形容詞在後，體現出英文思維先主體，後客體的特點。英漢詞序錯位的表達比比皆是，這是不同的語言表達習慣導致的結果，如back and forth（來來回回），black and white（白紙黑字），flesh and blood（血肉之軀），joys and sorrows（苦樂悲喜），weal and woe（禍福甘苦）。在句法方麵，英漢語序的差別更為明顯，總體規律是，英語語義重心多在前，漢語語義重心常在後，比如定語從句要處於中心詞之後，翻譯成漢語則往往置於中心詞之前。
現摘錄文章中的一些典型表達，試比較英語與漢語的語序差異。
1. 詞法方麵
..., the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
比較：在做人和做事方麵
2. 句法方麵
①The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
比較：當卡耐基偶然碰上肖托誇夏季教育集會運動，他人生的轉折點出現了。
②That can?t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn?t believe what he?s saying.
比較：如果勸說別人的人連自己說的話都不相信，你是無法打動人的。
第七遍閱讀：研究句子開端，追求表達變化
優秀的英語句子錯落有致，形式多變。寫好英語句子，關鍵在於如何起筆。有的學習者寫作文，通篇的句子都以指人的名詞或代詞做主語，寫出的文章枯燥呆板，缺乏活力。如表達“我想到了一個絕妙的主意”，很多人隻會寫 “I thought of a smart idea.”殊不知，如果用指事的名詞做主語，寫成 “A smart idea occurred to me.” 效果更好。學會句子如何開頭，可以有效地避免表達的單調乏味，平鋪直敘，增加句子形式上的變化和語言的感染力。隻要在閱讀中多加留意，善於總結，就會發現英語句子開頭的寫作手段多種多樣，不拘一格。句子的開端部分可以是形式代詞、主語從句、介詞短語、狀語從句、非謂語動詞、承上啟下的連接詞，不一而足。
這篇英文中句子開端有特色的如：
1. 形式代詞開頭
① It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
正是19世紀末的一場宗教運動通過成年教育促進了精神健康。
② It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
他短暫的演藝生涯情況也是如此。
2. 介詞短語開頭
Despite rumors, he wasn?t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
盡管有傳聞，他和鋼鐵巨頭安德魯卡耐基並無親緣關係。
3. 非謂語動詞開頭
①To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
為了考驗他麵對公眾的勇氣，他參加了學校的辯論比賽。
②To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
為了說服基督教青年會的官員，他與他們達成協議，幹活隻拿傭金。
4. 時間狀語開頭
①Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers — and make it convincing.
每天晚上，他都必須為一群素不相識的人表演同樣的節目——並且要使演出具有說服力。
②Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
一個晚上接一個晚上，他隻是讓學生們說個不停。
5. 狀語從句開頭
①If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep?your?chin?up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888-1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
如果曾經有人一事無成，需要戴爾卡耐基的鼓勵和忠告，那個人就是當初的戴爾卡耐基。
② Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self?help movement had failed at almost everything he?d ever tried, professionally and personally.
直到1936年出版《如何贏得朋友和影響他人》，這位自助運動的先驅幾乎做什麽都一敗塗地，無論是做人還是做事。
第八遍閱讀：透析句子之間聯係，學會運用銜接手段
英語句子之間除了內在的邏輯聯係之外，還十分注重外在形式上的各種銜接，因為英語不同於漢語，它是一種形合的語言。概括起來，句子之間的銜接手段有三大類：代詞銜接，即使用代詞作為銜接手段；時間銜接，即使用表示時間的詞語作為銜接手段；邏輯關係詞語銜接，即使用表示因果、轉折、遞近、類似等關係的連接詞語作為銜接手段。
現將例文中句子的銜接手段總結如下：
1. 代詞銜接
①He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work.
他什麽都推銷過，從函授課程到豬油，這工作很不容易。
②He lost the second time, too, and several other attempts after that.
第二次他又失敗了，此後的幾次嚐試還是失敗。
2. 時間銜接
①He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
這個問題他研究了多年，後來把自己的觀察結果寫成了他那本關於演講和與人交往的經典著作。
②To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
為了說服基督教青年會的官員，他與他們達成協議，幹活隻拿傭金。很快他就能賺到一晚30美元。
3. 邏輯關係詞語銜接
①Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people.
他甚至一度想過輕生。但是失敗讓他對成功人士產生了強烈興趣。
②It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don?t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People.
隻有疾病纏身的人才關注健康。同樣地，天生善於為人處世的人不會寫《如何贏得朋友和影響他人》這樣的書。
第九遍閱讀：把握段落過渡手段，領會文章嚴謹布局
兩個段落之間，往往有起承上啟下、起承轉合作用的詞語，使上下段落的過渡自然流暢，也使上下文銜接緊密。有些英語學習者雖有段落過渡意識，但缺乏語言手段，比如隻會套用firstly, secondly, thirdly或者in the first place, in the second place, in the final analysis這樣的固定模式，使文章結構顯得生硬刻板。最好的方式是在閱讀中注意積累，在寫作中刻意模仿。與句子之間的銜接手段類似，段落之間的過渡手段主要包括代詞過渡、時間詞語過渡和邏輯關係詞語過渡，此外，還有其它一些手段，如定冠詞過渡、形容詞過渡等。
1. 代詞過渡
①That wasn?t easy for him, either. （That指代上段情況。）
那件事對他來說也不容易。
②That can?t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn?t believe what he?s saying.
(That指代上段的“he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.”)
如果勸說別人的人連自己的話都不相信，你是無法打動人的。
2. 時間詞語過渡
①At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, ...
(Then指上段末尾處的1937年。)
從那以後，他的書至少賣了1?500萬冊，……
②Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
最終，他在基督教青年會得到一份工作，講授他知道他惟一能做的一件事：公眾演說。
3. 邏輯關係詞語過渡
① Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
可是，據說他的書賣了5?000萬冊左右，而且有十幾種語言的版本。
② So he looked to those he most admired. 因此他就指望他最崇拜的那些人。
③ But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won.
然而他一直嚐試著，幾次之後他終於成功了。
4. 形容詞過渡
It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
他的短暫的演員生涯結局同樣如此。
第十遍閱讀：擷取語言精華，摘錄文字亮點
提高英語寫作能力不是閉門造車，而是有賴於“三善”原則，即善於積累，善於模仿，善於借鑒。文章中的精彩表達不能讓其成為過眼煙雲，應努力據為己有，為我所用。文字亮點包括兩個層麵：其一，語言表達的鏗鏘字句、文采飛揚之處；其二，思想哲理的意味深長、耐人尋味之筆。
本文中的亮點不乏其例，從中我們既可以領悟到語言的強大魅力，也能夠感受到思想內涵的無窮啟迪。
1. 語言表達層麵
①If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep?your?chin?up advice of Dale Carnegie, it was Dale Carnegie.
如果曾經有人一事無成，需要戴爾卡耐基的鼓勵和忠告，那個人就是當初的戴爾卡耐基。
②His failures often left him depressed.
他屢遭失敗，經常令他抑鬱消沉。
③Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
可是，據說他的書賣了5?000萬冊，而且有十幾種語言的版本。
④Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
他注意到，善於交際的人往往會取得成功。
⑤Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers — and make it convincing.
每天晚上，他都必須為一群素不相識的人表演同樣的節目——並且使演出具有說服力。
2. 思想哲理層麵
①I realize now that healthy people don?t write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don?t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to study the subject for the good of my soul.
現在我認識到，身體健康的人不會寫有關健康的書，隻有疾病纏身的人才關注健康。同樣地，天生善於為人處世的人不會寫《如何贏得朋友和影響他人》這樣的書。我之所以寫這本書是因為我自己曾經飽受挫折，我開始研究這個課題是為了撫慰自己的心靈。
②Carnegie?s experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
卡耐基的經曆告訴他，克服恐懼的惟一方式是勇敢地麵對恐懼，不要因為最初的失敗而氣餒。
③Self?confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
他認為，自信不僅是這些事情、而且是所有其他事情的關鍵所在。
④The way to develop self?confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you.
他說，培養自信的方式就是去做你不敢做的事情，然後積累成功經驗。
書讀十遍，層層挖掘，步步領悟，化消極被動為積極主動，變困苦迷惘為融會貫通，盡情領略英語閱讀的趣味與魅力，充分品嚐讀有所獲的甘甜和欣喜。英語學習的終極目標是學有所用。通過閱讀這一有效途徑，達到英語地道表達的理想境界，這就是英語十遍閱讀法的精神。
在十遍閱讀法之外，還應自建閱讀詞匯庫，將每篇文章中陌生單詞與詞組匯集其中，附以注解釋義，一段時間（如一個月）後翻看瀏覽，及時回顧複習。這種親力親為的做法其效果是單純背誦詞匯手冊無可比擬的。這是一種紮實穩妥、行之有效的學習方法。現將例文中高中以上水平的詞匯列出，作為示範。
單詞部分
influence vt. 影響
professionally ad. 在職業方麵
salesmanship n. 銷售，推銷術；銷售能力
flop vi. 徹底失敗
savings n. 存款
crash n. 暴跌；破產
depressed a. 沮喪的，消沉的
fascinated a. 著迷的
constantly ad. 不斷地
compile vt. 編纂
classic a. 經典的
intensely ad. 極度地
estimate vt. 估計
rely vi. 依賴
diplomacy n. 外交
purchase vt. 購買
rumor n. 傳聞
magnate n. 巨頭
poverty n. 貧困
shabby a. 破舊的
tip vt. 輕觸
encounter vt. 偶然遇到
prompt vt. 促進，推動
adult a. 成年人的
enthrall vt. 迷住，吸引住
mettle n. 才能；勇氣
contest n. 競賽，比賽
confront vt. 勇敢地麵對
initial a. 開始的，最初的
hog n. 豬
convince vt. 使信服，說服
brief a. 短暫的
bunch n. 群，夥
audience n. 觀眾；聽眾；讀者
hesitant a. 不願的，遲疑不決的
essence n. 本質，實質
introduction n. 序言
anecdote n. 軼事，趣聞
volume n. 卷，冊
guru a. 領袖；導師
career n. 職業
journalism n. 新聞工作
divorce n. 離婚
stock n. 股票
failure n. 失敗
suicidal a. 想自殺的
self?confidence n. 自信
reinforce vt. 加強
observation n. 觀察
interact vi. 交往
overcome vt. 克服
thrive vi. 興旺，繁榮
quotation n. 引文
blunder vi. 犯大錯誤
rural a. 農村的
related a. 有親緣關係的
grinding a. 難以忍受的
painfully ad. 令人不快地
down?home a. 土裏土氣的
bestseller n. 暢銷書
religious a. 宗教的
spiritual a. 精神的
lecturer n. 講演者
livestock n. 家畜，牲畜
debate n. 辯論
confidence n. 信心
discourage vt. 使灰心，使泄氣
correspondence n. 通信，通信聯係
lard n. 豬油
stuff n. 東西，物品
performance n. 表演
convincing a.令人信服的,有說服力的
pursuit n. 職業，事務
commission n. 傭金
original a. 起初的
evolve vi. 發展，逐步形成
aphorism n. 格言，警句
詞組部分
sad sack 不中用的人
keep one?s chin up 不氣餒，不灰心
look to 指望，依靠
for fear 生怕，以免
hold forth （當眾）滔滔不絕地講
pull in 獲得（利益、報酬等）
作者簡介：胡敏，我國著名英語教育家。留英學者，我國英語培訓業的領軍人物。現任北京新航道教育文化公司總裁、北京新航道學校校長。曾任新東方總裁、副董事長、校長。2004年辭別新東方，創辦新航道。胡敏教授在我國英語培訓業內率先開發大量擁有自主知識產權的英語培訓教材及專著近百部，是目前我國英語培訓業內出書立著最多的英語測試專家和著名學者。在我國英語培訓業界及全國大學生、年青白領一族中享有極高的學術聲望和社會知名度。2005年9月胡敏教授作為我國民辦教育培訓機構的唯一個人代表，榮獲“中國民辦教育創新與發展暨陳香梅教科文獎頒獎活動特殊貢獻獎”。由其創辦的北京新航道學校也同時榮獲中國民辦教育創新與發展貢獻獎。
胡敏教授，15歲考入湘潭大學，24歲獲上海師範大學碩士學位；28歲破格晉升副教授（當時我國社會科學領域內最年輕的副教授），曾任國際關係學院英文係副主任、英語專業碩士生導師。 1995年起投身我國民辦教育事業。在此期間，創辦了我國英語四級、六級、考研英語、雅思等英語培訓項目，培訓人數達百萬人次，由其開創的四六級、雅思、考研等英語培訓理念和教學模式在全國得到廣泛應用。因其在雅思、考研英語培訓項目的成功推廣和卓越貢獻贏得了“胡雅思”、“中國雅思第一人”、“中國考研英語領軍人物”等美譽。
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