沃森早期因相信DNA是遺傳物質並因共同提出DNA的雙螺旋模型而聲名大噪,其後他逐漸相信遺傳基因差異可以解釋很多(如果不是全部)的人類社會的(包含智力在內的)差異。1973年他接受《The Atlantic Monthly》采訪時說:“Some people are much brighter than others; that’s just the way it is. We can’t change it, because most of it is in the genes.” (有些人比其他人聰明多了,這是沒辦法的事,因為絕大部分是因為基因差異)。
在1980年代演講與隨筆 (後被收錄進《Avoid Boring People》)中,沃森提出“Education can improve a person’s performance only to a certain point; after that, genetics sets the limit.”(教育能提升表現,但到某個限度後,基因設定了天花板)。
人類基因組計劃啟動後,作為該計劃的領導者,沃森將個體間遺傳差異的推斷外推到群體差異上,這一步使他的科學觀點跨越了從已驗證到未驗證的界限。 1994年他的言論被《紐約時報》引用如下:“There is no reason to assume that the intellectual capacities of peoples separated geographically in their evolution should be identical. Evolution works differently in different environments.” (沒有理由假設在進化中地理上分隔的人群,其智力能力完全相同。進化在不同環境中以不同方式運作。)
在2007年 他在《Sunday Times》采訪中最具代表性的一段話,是他基因決定論的頂點式表達: “All our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours — whereas all the testing says not really.”( 我們所有的社會政策都建立在假設他們(非洲人)的智力與我們相同的基礎上,而所有的測試都表明並非如此。)並補充道,“There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically.” ( 沒有充分的理由可以預期,在地理上分隔、各自進化的人群,其智力能力會恰好以相同的方式進化)。
沃森2007年的言論無視這些科學界的研究發展,故而被科學界廣泛抵製,被認為是老調的科學種族主義言論的再現,並在社會層麵引起了軒然大波。沃森本人曾經為此道歉,承認其言論並無科學依據。“I cannot understand how I could have said what I am quoted as having said.There is no scientific basis for such a belief.” (我無法理解自己怎麽會說出那樣的話。那樣的信念沒有科學依據。)
這個道歉後來被認為是無誠意的公關式道歉 ,因為他本人依然保持這個觀點。2019年的紀錄片 《American Masters: Decoding Watson》 中,當他被問及這個問題時,他的回答是:“Yes. I would say the difference is genetic.”, “I wish it weren’t true, but there’s a difference on the average between Blacks and Whites on IQ tests. ”(是的,我認為這種(智力)差異是(因為)遺傳(因素)。我希望事實不是這樣,但黑人與白人在智商測試上平均存在差異。 )
Studies on the IQ of Black children adopted by white families show that they tend to have higher average IQ scores than Black children in their biological homes, often scoring higher than the national average for Black children, but still below the average of their white adoptive siblings. For example, the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study found that by age 17, Black children adopted by white families scored an average of 89, while white children raised in the same households averaged 109. The findings suggest that environmental factors like socioeconomic status and education play a role in IQ scores, but do not completely eliminate the gap between racial averages.
論文結尾作者說,To conclude, we have used the results from four published studies on the validity of national IQ to estimate the national IQs of sub-Saharan African countries on the basis of their means in large-scale student assessment surveys. The average predicted national IQs for Botswana, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe are 81.4, 70.3, 83.9, 88.3, 73.8, 90.2, and 84.6。
沃森早期因相信DNA是遺傳物質並因共同提出DNA的雙螺旋模型而聲名大噪,其後他逐漸相信遺傳基因差異可以解釋很多(如果不是全部)的人類社會的(包含智力在內的)差異。1973年他接受《The Atlantic Monthly》采訪時說:“Some people are much brighter than others; that’s just the way it is. We can’t change it, because most of it is in the genes.” (有些人比其他人聰明多了,這是沒辦法的事,因為絕大部分是因為基因差異)。
在1980年代演講與隨筆 (後被收錄進《Avoid Boring People》)中,沃森提出“Education can improve a person’s performance only to a certain point; after that, genetics sets the limit.”(教育能提升表現,但到某個限度後,基因設定了天花板)。
人類基因組計劃啟動後,作為該計劃的領導者,沃森將個體間遺傳差異的推斷外推到群體差異上,這一步使他的科學觀點跨越了從已驗證到未驗證的界限。 1994年他的言論被《紐約時報》引用如下:“There is no reason to assume that the intellectual capacities of peoples separated geographically in their evolution should be identical. Evolution works differently in different environments.” (沒有理由假設在進化中地理上分隔的人群,其智力能力完全相同。進化在不同環境中以不同方式運作。)
在2007年 他在《Sunday Times》采訪中最具代表性的一段話,是他基因決定論的頂點式表達: “All our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours — whereas all the testing says not really.”( 我們所有的社會政策都建立在假設他們(非洲人)的智力與我們相同的基礎上,而所有的測試都表明並非如此。)並補充道,“There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically.” ( 沒有充分的理由可以預期,在地理上分隔、各自進化的人群,其智力能力會恰好以相同的方式進化)。
沃森2007年的言論無視這些科學界的研究發展,故而被科學界廣泛抵製,被認為是老調的科學種族主義言論的再現,並在社會層麵引起了軒然大波。沃森本人曾經為此道歉,承認其言論並無科學依據。“I cannot understand how I could have said what I am quoted as having said.There is no scientific basis for such a belief.” (我無法理解自己怎麽會說出那樣的話。那樣的信念沒有科學依據。)
這個道歉後來被認為是無誠意的公關式道歉 ,因為他本人依然保持這個觀點。2019年的紀錄片 《American Masters: Decoding Watson》 中,當他被問及這個問題時,他的回答是:“Yes. I would say the difference is genetic.”, “I wish it weren’t true, but there’s a difference on the average between Blacks and Whites on IQ tests. ”(是的,我認為這種(智力)差異是(因為)遺傳(因素)。我希望事實不是這樣,但黑人與白人在智商測試上平均存在差異。 )