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德國民粹主義右翼選擇黨與納粹進行比較
Germany's Populist Right-Wing AfD Party Draws Comparison to Nazis
對右翼德國另類選擇黨的支持激增引發了人們對回到黑暗時代的擔憂。
2015年11月7日，德國選擇黨在柏林組織的反對德國政府庇護政策的示威活動中，右翼民粹主義德國選擇黨（AfD）的支持者展示反默克爾標語牌。法新社/蓋蒂圖片社
作者：安迪·埃卡特 2016 年 10 月 2 日
德國美因茨——柏林——曾經是阿道夫·希特勒黑暗納粹政權的中心——在最近的地方選舉前夕，市長向柏林選民發出了異乎尋常的強烈警告。
中左翼社會民主黨成員邁克爾·穆勒(Michael Mueller)警告說，右翼選擇黨取得兩位數的漲幅將被全世界解讀為“德國右翼和納粹的回歸”。
這一警告收效甚微。
幾天後，當德國另類選擇黨 (AfD) 獲得 14% 的選票時，穆勒和政治機構感到震驚。
德國猶太社區前負責人、大屠殺幸存者夏洛特·諾布洛赫 (Charlotte Knobloch) 是呼籲德國主流政黨阻止“棕色複興”的聲音之一。
她警告說，一個“令人厭惡地煽動對少數群體的仇恨”、使納粹術語和論文“為社會所接受”、“無法與新納粹和大屠殺否認者保持可信距離的政黨的成功，是一場……噩夢”。
雖然德國選擇黨一直在慶祝選舉勝利——根據最近的民意調查，它即將成為德國第三大政治力量——但它一直在與極端主義政黨的標簽作鬥爭，因為它的反伊斯蘭立場以及圍繞該黨的一係列爭議 它的一些成員。
上周，它因為支持極右意識形態的政客提供家園而再次受到批評。
據報道，柏林州議會的德國選擇黨候選人凱·納斯特海默在自己的 Facebook 頁麵上稱敘利亞難民是“惡心的蠕蟲”，他曾是極右翼德國國防聯盟的成員。 與此同時，《斯特恩》雜誌報道稱，當地選擇黨政客魯道夫·穆勒一直在他位於薩爾州的古董店出售違禁的納粹用具。
相關：德國反移民黨在家鄉擊敗默克爾的政黨
德國選擇黨官員很快否認極右傾向，稱該組織基於民主價值觀，並堅稱它不是“右翼民粹主義政黨”。
德國選擇黨發言人羅納德·格萊澤 (Ronald Glaeser) 告訴 NBC 新聞：“每個政黨，尤其是年輕政黨，都會吸引怪人、麻煩製造者和傻瓜。”他認為，他的組織在發展過程中需要調動其“自我清潔能力”。
該黨成立於 2013 年 2 月，最初吸引了反歐盟選民，但當德國的“歡迎文化”迎來了超過 110 萬難民後，該黨開始取得強勁成果，開始關注反移民政策。
柏林市長邁克爾·穆勒對德國選擇黨的崛起感到擔憂。
德國技術大學的政治學家沃納·帕策爾特教授表示，當德國人看到移民源源不斷地湧入以及安格拉·默克爾的門戶開放政策帶來的成本不斷上升時，“許多選民對政治體製產生了強烈的不滿和不信任”。 大學在德累斯頓。
帕策爾特解釋說，在“追求真相的勇氣”的口號下，選擇黨能夠動員心懷不滿的非選民、搖擺不定的選民和“不再感到德國曆史悠久的政黨代表”的人們。
帕策爾特說，默克爾領導的基督教民主黨忽視了將右翼保守派納入黨內，導致許多選民“在政治上無家可歸”。
德國選擇黨發言人格萊澤表示，造成這種情況的罪魁禍首是失敗的政策，他認為“無視公眾多數意願的政治家將不得不麵對阻力。”
分析人士認為，這種公眾的強烈反對在包括美國在內的越來越多的西方國家中引起了共鳴。
德國議會外交委員會主席諾伯特·羅特根（Norbert Roettgen）在周一克林頓與特朗普的首次辯論後對公共廣播公司德國電視二台（ZDF）表示：“特朗普表達了一種沮喪和被孤立的情緒，這種情況在社會上很普遍。”
“廉價的宣傳，製造恐懼，這是西方的現象，”屬於默克爾政黨的羅特根說。 “特朗普將其推向極端，但我們在歐洲、德國也看到了這種情況，”羅特根補充道。
向右轉是要付出代價的：專家
與此同時，德國官員警告說，社會右傾會帶來巨大的經濟風險，疏遠潛在投資者和新企業，尤其是在東方。
曆史名城德累斯頓已經經曆了經濟衰退，部分原因是大規模的反伊斯蘭和反外國人 PEGIDA 示威活動動搖了這個巴洛克風格的旅遊勝地。 據 CNBC 報道，2016 年 1 月至 7 月期間，按在該市過夜停留計算，國內遊客數量同比下降 3.7%。
DMG 德累斯頓營銷主管貝蒂娜·邦吉 (Bettina Bunge) 在一份聲明中表示：“仇外言論和事件損害了這座城市的良好聲譽，尤其影響了國內旅遊行為。”
為了應對“PEGIDA 效應”和其他因素，例如對恐怖主義的恐懼，她的辦公室發起了一項旨在克服文化和社會偏見的運動。
德累斯頓將於 10 月 1 日至 3 日舉辦今年以“搭建橋梁”為口號的德國統一慶祝活動，屆時，德累斯頓將有機會以更積極、更豐富多彩的方式展現自己。
但 PEGIDA 和 AfD 也將在街頭舉行集會，紀念 10 月 3 日德國“統一日”。
安迪·埃卡特
安迪·埃卡特 (Andy Eckardt) 是 NBC 新聞歐洲部副主任。 他居住在德國美因茨。
Germany's Populist Right-Wing AfD Party Draws Comparison to Nazis
A surge in support for the right-wing Alternative for Germany party has raised fears of a return to darker times.
Supporters of the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) party display anti-Merkel placards during a demonstration against the German government's asylum policy organized by the AfD party in Berlin on Nov. 7, 2015.AFP/Getty Images
MAINZ, Germany — Voters in Berlin — once the epicenter of Adolf Hitler's dark Nazi regime — were given an unusually strong warning from the city's mayor in the run-up to recent local elections.
Michael Mueller, a member of the center-left Social Democrats, warned that double-digit gains for the right-wing AfD party would be interpreted worldwide as a "return of the right and the Nazis in Germany.”
The warning had little effect.
Days later, Mueller and the political establishment were left stunned when the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party took 14 percent of the vote.
Charlotte Knobloch, the former head of Germany’s Jewish community and a Holocaust survivor, was among the voices calling on Germany’s mainstream parties to prevent a “brown renaissance.”
The success of a party that "disgustingly stirs up hatred against minorities," makes Nazi terminology and thesis “socially acceptable” and “cannot credibly distance itself from neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers, is a ... nightmare," she warned.
While the AfD has been celebrating election gains — it is on the verge of becoming Germany's third-strongest political force, according to recent polls — it has been battling the label of an extremist party over its anti-Islam stance and a number of controversies surrounding some of its members.
Last week, it came under renewed criticism for providing a home to politicians who support far-right ideologies.
Kay Nerstheimer, an AfD candidate for Berlin’s state parliament, reportedly called Syrian refugees “disgusting worms” on his Facebook page and was once a member of the far-right German Defense League. Meanwhile, magazine Stern reported that local AfD politician Rudolf Mueller had been selling banned Nazi paraphernalia at his antique shop in the state of Saarland.
Related: German Anti-Immigrant Party Beats Merkel's Party in Home State
AfD officials were quick to deny far-right tendencies, saying the organization is based on democratic values and insisting it was not "a right-wing populist party.”
“Every party, especially young ones, attract odd birds, troublemakers and fools,” AfD spokesman Ronald Glaeser told NBC News, arguing that his organization needed to mobilize its “self-cleaning powers” as it grew.
The party, founded in February 2013, initially appealed to anti-European Union voters but began to focus on anti-migrant policies when started to record strong gains when Germany’s “welcoming culture” saw the arrival of more than 1.1 million refugees.
Berlin's mayor Michael Mueller worries about the rise of the AfD.
As Germans saw what seemed to be an unremitting influx of migrants and rising costs from Angela Merkel's open-door policy, “a strong dissatisfaction and mistrust grew among many voters towards the political establishment," said professor Werner Patzelt, a political scientist at the Technical University in Dresden.
Merkel's Christian Democrats have neglected to integrate right-wing conservatives into their party, leaving many voters "politically homeless,” Patzelt said.
AfD spokesman Glaeser said failed policies were to blame for the situation, arguing that “politicians who ignore the will of the public majority will have to expect resistance.”
Analysts believe this public backlash has echoes in a growing number of western countries — including the United States.
“Trump is an expression of frustration, of being left alone, which is widespread in society,” Norbert Roettgen, head of the Foreign Council in Germany's parliament, told public broadcaster ZDF after Monday's first Clinton-Trump debate.
“Cheap propaganda, creating fear, that is a western phenomenon,” said Roettgen, who belongs to Merkel’s party. “Trump carries it to the extremes, but we also see this in Europe, in Germany,” Roettgen added.
Move to the Right Comes at a Cost: Experts
Meanwhile, German officials are warning that a rightward shift in society bares strong economic risks, alienating potential investors and new businesses, especially in the East.
The historic city of Dresden has already experienced an economic set-back, blamed partly on massive anti-Islam and anti-foreigner PEGIDA demonstrations that have shaken the baroque tourist destination. According to CNBC, domestic visitor numbers were down 3.7 percent year on year in the period of January to July 2016, based on overnight stays in the city.
“The xenophobic remarks and incidents damaged the good reputation of the city and especially impacted domestic travel behavior,” Bettina Bunge, head of Dresden Marketing, DMG, said in a statement.
To counter the “PEGIDA effect” and other factors, such as fears of terrorism, her office launched a campaign aimed at overcoming cultural and social bias.
Dresden will have an opportunity to present itself in a more positive and colorful light, when it hosts this year’s celebration of German unification under the motto “Building Bridges” from October 1-3.
But PEGIDA and the AfD will also be in the streets for rallies marking German "unification day," October 3.
Andy Eckardt
Andy Eckardt is the Deputy Director, Europe, for NBC News. He is based in Mainz, Germany.
