中美關係最重要的基石是所謂的三個公報(上海公報、建交公報和八一七公報),這三個公報對台灣的地位都有提到,界定了兩國對於台灣地位的立場。每當談到美國對於台灣的立場的時候,總有朋友,特別是台灣朋友,提到美國對於中國大陸立場的說法是acknowledge而不是recognize,並據此認為美國沒有承認(recognize)台灣是中國的一部分,而是僅僅認知(acknowledge)到了中國大陸的立場。我們下麵就就此討論一下。
先看一下下麵所附三個公報,可以看到語言的使用是一個漸進過程。在上海公報裏是雙方陳述立場,大陸說:
“台灣是中國的一個省,早已歸還祖國;解放台灣是中國內政,別國無權幹涉”,
美方說:
“The United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The United States Government does not challenge that position”
美國“承認”的是“在台灣海峽兩邊的所有兩岸中國人都認為隻有一個中國,台灣是中國的一部分。美國政府對這一立場不提出異議”。
建交公報中文文本說:
“美利堅合眾國承認(recognizes)中華人民共和國政府是中國的唯一合法政府。在此範圍內,美國人民將同台灣人民保持文化、商務和其他非官方關係。
美利堅合眾國政府承認(acknowledges)中國的立場,即隻有一個中國,台灣是中國的一部分”。
英文文本的後一段說:
“The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan.
The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China”.
最後一段英文“承認(或認知)”說的是大陸的台灣是中國一部分的立場,前提是美國承認大陸政府是中國的唯一合法政府。
八一七公報主要說的是對台軍售問題,對台灣的定位還是重複了建交公報的內容,不多說。
查牛津字典兩個字的相關解釋:
可以看到這兩個字基本是可以互換的,都是確認、承認的意思。隻不過recognize有一個專門的用法就是對國家或政府的承認,所以用在中美兩國間的互相承認是必須要使用recognize的。但在用來說明確認大陸的立場的時候,使用acknowledge和recognize是沒有區別的。
如果有人一定要說區別,那麽acknowledge其實要比recognize更強烈:recognize說的是內心中認同就可以了,而acknowledge是要明確肯定這種認同的。比如你可以recognize(認出)了一個舊識,但你不必acknowledge你的認出;但如果你要acknowledge認出舊識這個事實,你是要用口頭或肢體語言表達的,也就是說recognize可以是by heart,但acknowledge是一定要by action的,用語言或者行為。
當然你可能還是不相信,所以最後要說,這三個文件都是正式的外交文件,是雙方同意簽署的中英文版本,都有效力。你要懷疑文本準確性的話不妨看看美國在台協會和台灣朋友怎麽說的:
可以看到美國在台協會明確告訴了台灣朋友美國的立場。雖然中英文文本都在,建議台灣朋友多讀讀中文版。這些文件都是經過雙方簽署過的外交換文,效力等同。
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雙方回顧了中美兩國之間長期存在的嚴重爭端。中國方麵重申自己的立場:台灣問題是阻礙中美兩國關係正常化的關鍵問題;中華人民共和國政府是中國的唯一合法政府;台灣是中國的一個省,早已歸還祖國;解放台灣是中國內政,別國無權幹涉;全部美國武裝力量和軍事設施必須從台灣撤走。中國政府堅決反對任何旨在製造“一中一台”、“一個中國、兩個政府”、“兩個中國”、“台灣獨立”和鼓吹“台灣地位未定”的活動。
美國方麵聲明:美國認識到,在台灣海峽兩邊的所有中國人都認為隻有一個中國,台灣是中國的一部分。美國政府對這一立場不提出異議。它重申它對由中國人自己和平解決台灣問題的關心。考慮到這一前景,它確認從台灣撤出全部美國武裝力量和軍事設施的最終目標。在此期間,它將隨著這個地區緊張局勢的緩和逐步減少它在台灣的武裝力量和軍事設施。
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Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China
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The two sides reviewed the long-standing serious disputes between China and the United States. The Chinese side reaffirmed its position: the Taiwan question is the crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations between China and the United States; the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all US forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan. The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of "one China, one Taiwan", "one China, two governments", "two Chinas", an "independent Taiwan" or advocate that "the status of Taiwan remains to be determined".
The US side declared: The United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The United States Government does not challenge that position. It reaffirms its interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese themselves. With this prospect in mind, it affirms the ultimate objective of the withdrawal of all US forces and military installations from Taiwan. In the meantime, it will progressively reduce its forces and military installations on Taiwan as the tension in the area diminishes.
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中華人民共和國和美利堅合眾國商定自一九七九年一月一日起互相承認並建立外交關係。
美利堅合眾國承認中華人民共和國政府是中國的唯一合法政府。在此範圍內,美國人民將同台灣人民保持文化、商務和其他非官方關係。
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──美利堅合眾國政府承認(acknowledges)中國的立場,即隻有一個中國,台灣是中國的一部分。
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Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China
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The United States of America and the People's Republic of China have agreed to recognize each other and to establish diplomatic relations as of January 1, 1979.
The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan.
The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China.
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一、在中華人民共和國政府和美利堅合眾國政府發表的一九七九年一月一日建立外交關係的聯合公報中,美利堅合眾國承認中華人民共和國政府是中國的唯一合法政府,並承認中國的立場,即隻有一個中國,台灣是中國的一部分。在此範圍內,雙方同意,美國人民將同台灣人民繼續保持文化、商務和其他非官方關係。在此基礎上,中美兩國關係實現了正常化。
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五、美國政府非常重視它與中國的關係,並重申,它無意侵犯中國的主權和領土完整,無意幹涉中國的內政,也無意執行“兩個中國”或“一中一台”政策。美國政府理解並欣賞一九七九年一月一日中國發表的告台灣同胞書和一九八一年九月三十日中國提出的九點方針中所表明的中國爭取和平解決台灣問題的政策。台灣問題上出現的新形勢也為解決中美兩國在美國售台武器問題上的分歧提供了有利的條件。
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US-PRC Joint Communique (1982)
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1. In the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations on January 1, 1979, issued by the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of China, the United States of America recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China, and it acknowledged the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China. Within that context, the two sides agreed that the people of the United States would continue to maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan. On this basis, relations between the United States and China were normalized.
is fundamental policy to strive for a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question.
5. The United States Government attaches great importance to its relations with China, and reiterates that it has no intention of infringing on Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity, or interfering in China's internal affairs, or pursuing a policy of "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan." The United States Government understands and appreciates the Chinese policy of striving for a peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question as indicated in China's Message to Compatriots in Taiwan issued on January 1, 1979 and the Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981. The new situation which has emerged with regard to the Taiwan question also provides favorable conditions for the settlement of United States-China differences over the question of United States arms sales to Taiwan.