習主席訪美的話題——人民幣美元
美聯儲昨天的決定不加息。根據美聯儲的聲明,最重要一層的原因是美國的出口的疲軟,次一層的理由是就業率還沒到達最高點以及通貨膨脹還在低位(見下麵附件來自美聯儲聲明的第一段)。這是非常經濟學的語言,論述的非常清楚明了。
但在美聯儲主席Yellon女士的新聞發布會上,Yellon主席還道出了一些美聯儲官方聲明中沒有談到的問題——中國問題。Yellon將來自中國的問題很有技巧地歸在壓低美國“通貨膨脹”上,而不是在出口疲軟上;更值得尋味的是將其定在“短期”上,而非長期上。在對美國的政策影響上,Yellon用了一個幾乎中性,但稍稍偏負的詞“restrain”(限製)。其原文翻成中文是“這些事在一定程度上限製了美國的操作。”
美聯儲在中國央行將人民幣貶值以後,第一次官方的承認,人民幣的下行,擠壓了美元加息的空間。但“希望”這是一個短期的行為。中國央行會否持續不斷的貶值人民幣,會取決於習奧會談。所以美聯儲在習主席訪美之前的這個決定,是美聯儲送給習主席的最大的禮物。
但Yellon也在新聞發布會上,也為美聯儲今後的升息埋下了伏筆。美國這次是“被合作”。下一次能否還要“合作”,就要看這次習奧會。習主席會用什麽方法來把這一問題,提高到中美兩國最重要的戰略問題,讓美國認識到美國必須和中國在經濟上形成人民幣美元的結構(不隻是簡單的掛鉤,以後撰文)。
最後,作者要說,打鐵還的自生硬。從美聯儲的曆史看,技術上,一旦升息開始,美聯儲常常是一連幾個季度連續的升息。人民幣這次逃過一劫,下一次很可能會是持續不斷的壓力。如果中國央行在一方麵在國際上力推人民幣國際化,在國內引導人民幣進入正確的方向(包括人民幣回籠,貶值,鼓勵長線投資,和進入非流通領域),從而達到提前減壓人民幣的目的。當美元的升息不是“載舟”而是會“覆舟”之時,美聯儲又會三思而後行。希望美聯儲還會用“These developments may also restrain U.S. activities somewhat”來結束其聲明。
附:
From Federal Reserve Statement on Sept. 17th 2015: Household spending and business fixed investment have been increasing moderately, and the housing sector has improved further; however, net exports have been soft. The labor market continued to improve, with solid job gains and declining unemployment. On balance, labor market indicators show that underutilization of labor resources has diminished since early this year. Inflation has continued to run below the Committee's longer-run objective, partly reflecting declines in energy prices and in prices of non-energy imports. Market-based measures of inflation compensation moved lower; survey-based measures of longer-term inflation expectations have remained stable.
From Transcript of Janet Yellon’s News Conference on Sept. 17th, 2015: Where we still expect that the downward pressure on inflation from these factors will fade over time, recent global economic and financial developments are likely to put further downward pressure on inflation in the near term. These developments may also restrain U.S. activities somewhat. But have not led at this point to a significant change in the committee's outlook for the U.S. economy.