(三)大蒜花與吸血鬼
古羅馬人首先將疆域拓展至整個意大利,隨後是整個地中海周邊和西歐,他們在開疆辟土的過程中逐漸將大蒜傳播到歐洲其他國家。羅馬帝國淪陷後,歐洲基督教修道院成為保存醫學文獻的地方,僧侶們在回廊中種植藥用植物,從而引起了查理曼大帝的注意,查理曼大帝下令在皇家花園中種植大蒜。由於大蒜是民間一道重要的草藥,中世紀的歐洲人認為大蒜可以對付惡魔、吸血鬼和狼人。為了有效抵禦邪靈的入侵,人們將大蒜掛在門窗上、或掛在脖子上,或用大蒜擦拭門框、煙囪、鑰匙孔等。
在吸血鬼的故鄉特蘭西瓦尼亞(Transylvani,今羅馬尼亞境內),大蒜是最有效的對抗吸血鬼的植物。人們認為遭蚊蟲叮咬而引起的疾病是“吸血鬼的碰觸”(The touch of the vampire),因此用大蒜來做驅蚊劑。研究表明,大蒜確實有很好的驅蚊作用。
1897年,愛爾蘭作家布拉姆·斯托克(Bram Stoker)發表了以吸血鬼為題材的哥特式恐怖小說《德古拉》(Dracula),在世界範圍內廣泛地普及了這個民間傳說。
小說的第10章,蘇厄德醫生(Dr. Sweard)在9月11日的日記裏詳細記錄了範·赫爾辛(Van Helsing)教授用大蒜花為露西(Lucy)治病的情形:
那天下午,教授收到了從國外寄來的一個包裹,裏麵是一大束白花。他來到露西的病床邊,把花束遞給她,對她說:“但不是給你玩的。這些是藥物。”(“but not for you to play with. These are medicines”)。他接著說:“我把它放在你的窗戶上,我做了漂亮的花環,然後把它掛在你的脖子上,你會睡得很香。哦,是的!它們就像蓮花一樣,使你忘卻煩惱。(“I put him in your window, I make pretty wreath, and hang him round your neck, so that you sleep well. Oh yes! they, like the lotus flower, make your trouble forgotten.”)
露西仔細觀察著花束,用鼻子聞了聞花香,然後半開玩笑半嫌棄地將花束扔掉,說:“哦,教授,我相信您隻是在開玩笑。這些花隻是普通的大蒜。(“Oh, Professor, I believe you are only putting up a joke on me. Why, these flowers are only common garlic.”)
教授嚴厲地說:“不要捉弄我!我從不開玩笑!我所做的一切都是嚴肅的。我警告你,你不要阻止我。好好保重,即使不是為了你自己,也為他人著想。“ (“No trifling with me! I never jest! There is grim purpose in all I do; and I warn you that you do not thwart me. Take care, for the sake of others if not for your own.”)看到露西有些害怕了,他趕緊輕聲安慰她:“哦,小姑娘,親愛的,別怕我。我隻是為了你好,但那些普通的花對你大有用處。看,我親自把它們放在你的房間裏。我親自為你做花環。但是別說出去!不要告訴那些愛打聽的人。我們必須服從,保持沉默是服從的一部分。順服會讓你的身體強健起來,還有愛人張開雙臂在等待著你。現在坐一會兒。約翰好友,和我一起去,幫我用大蒜裝飾房間,這些花來自遙遠的哈勒姆,我在那兒的朋友範德普爾一年四季都在他的溫室裏種草藥。我昨天拍的電報,否則今天收不到這些花。”( “Oh, little miss, my dear, do not fear me. I only do for your good; but there is much virtue to you in those so common flowers. See, I place them myself in your room. I make myself the wreath that you are to wear. But hush! no telling to others that make so inquisitive questions. We must obey, and silence is a part of obedience; and obedience is to bring you strong and well into loving arms that wait for you. Now sit still awhile. Come with me, friend John, and you shall help me deck the room with my garlic, which is all the way from Haarlem, where my friend Vanderpool raise herb in his glass-houses all the year. I had to telegraph yesterday, or they would not have been here.”)
隨後,教授和蘇厄德醫生帶著大蒜花走進露西的房間,蘇厄德醫生觀察到,“教授的動作非常很奇怪,在我所知的任何藥典中都找不到。首先,他將窗戶關緊並鎖上了窗閂。接下來,他拿了幾朵花,將整個窗扇擦了一遍,好像是要確保每一縷可能滲透進來的空氣都沾滿大蒜的氣味。然後,他用一小束蒜花擦著門的上、下、左右各側的邊框,並以同樣的方式擦了壁爐。”(We went into the room, taking the flowers with us. The Professor’s actions were certainly odd and not to be found in any pharmacopœia that I ever heard of. First he fastened up the windows and latched them securely; next, taking a handful of the flowers, he rubbed them all over the sashes, as though to ensure that every whiff of air that might get in would be laden with the garlic smell. Then with the wisp he rubbed all over the jamb of the door, above, below, and at each side, and round the fireplace in the same way.)
蘇厄德醫生覺得教授的行為很怪誕,對他說:“好吧,教授,我知道您做事總是有理由的,但這次卻讓我疑惑。好在我們這裏沒有懷疑論者,否則他會說您正在做某種咒語以阻止邪靈。”(“Well, Professor, I know you always have a reason for what you do, but this certainly puzzles me. It is well we have no sceptic here, or he would say that you were working some spell to keep out an evil spirit.”)
其實範·赫爾辛教授已經猜到露西脖子上的傷口是吸血鬼留下的,但他沒有對任何人明說,而是暗自決定打破現代醫學常規,用傳統的迷信方法來抵擋吸血鬼的再次進攻。他親自編好了大蒜花環,繞在露西的脖子上,囑咐她夜晚千萬別開窗或開門。
可惜這個計劃因人為破壞而失敗了,露西再次遭到吸血鬼的襲擊,瀕臨死亡。小說第11章,蘇厄德醫生在他9月13日的日記裏記述了事件的經過:他和教授於清晨八點來到露西家,露西的母親說女兒還在熟睡,一切都安好。她對教授說:“是這樣的,那天晚上我為那個可愛的孩子感到焦慮,走進了她的房間。她睡得非常香,我的到來都沒有吵醒她。但是房間太悶了,到處都有那些可怕的味道刺鼻的花,她的脖子上也繞著一束花。我擔心濃鬱的氣味會讓那個嬌弱的孩子受不了,所以我把它們全部拿走,開了一點窗,讓清新的空氣透進來。我相信您會對她的狀況感到滿意的。”("Well, I was anxious about the dear child in the night, and went into her room. She was sleeping soundly, so soundly that even my coming did not wake her. But the room was awfully stuffy. There were a lot of those horrible, strong-smelling flowers about everywhere, and she had actually a bunch of them round her neck. I feared that the heavy odor would be too much for the dear child in her weak state, so I took them all away and opened a bit of the window to let in a little fresh air. You will be pleased with her, I am sure." )
教授聽到這些,臉色灰白,待露西母親離開後,他跌跌撞撞地跑進露西的房間,絕望地抽泣。為了挽救露西的生命,他獻出自己寶貴的血液,再一次給她輸了血。
教授又囑咐露西的母親不得擅自拿走女兒房間的任何東西,還說那些大蒜花的氣味是用來治病的。
9月17日晚,露西寫了生平最後的日記,她寫道:母親來探望她,陪著她一起睡。“過了一會兒,外麵的灌木叢中又響起了狼嚎,不久之後窗戶被撞裂了,無數的碎玻璃濺了一地。吹進室內的風掀起了百葉窗,碎玻璃窗的縫隙中出現了一隻瘦骨嶙峋的大灰狼的腦袋。”(After a while there was the howl again out in the shrubbery, and shortly after there was a crash at the window, and a lot of broken glass was hurled on the floor. The window blind blew back with the wind that rushed in, and in the aperture of the broken panes there was the head of a great, gaunt gray wolf. )
“母親驚恐地尖叫,掙紮著要坐起來,瘋狂地抓緊任何對她有幫助的東西。她緊緊抓住了範·赫爾辛醫生堅持要我戴在脖子上的花環,將其從我身上拽下。她坐起來了一兩秒,指著那隻狼,喉嚨裏發出一種奇怪和可怕的咕嚕聲。隨後她栽倒了,好像被閃電擊中了一樣,她的頭撞到我的額頭上,使我暈眩了一會兒。”(Mother cried out in a fright, and struggled up into a sitting posture, and clutched wildly at anything that would help her. Amongst other things, she clutched the wreath of flowers that Dr. Van Helsing insisted on my wearing round my neck, and tore it away from me. For a second or two she sat up, pointing at the wolf, and there was a strange and horrible gurgling in her throat. Then she fell over, as if struck with lightning, and her head hit my forehead and made me dizzy for a moment or two. )
小說的第10章和第11章講到,蘇厄德醫生無法診斷露西的病因,也無法阻止病情的惡化。這反映了吸血鬼德古拉對英國維多利亞時期的社會秩序造成的巨大的衝擊,也暴露了當時西方科學的局限性,似乎隻有迷信和傳說才能有效地抵抗德古拉。身為成功的現代外科醫師,範·赫爾辛在幾天之內給露西輸了三次血,但他又勇敢地突破了現代醫學的限製,在露西的房間放置大蒜花時,更像是一位民俗專家和哲學家。
不少擁有現代醫學常識的讀者讀到這兩章時,都說受了傷的露西在短短的幾天內大量輸血三次,似乎太頻繁了,到了可笑的地步。這裏有必要補充一些作者不方便在書中直接寫明的知識:在當時的社會背景下,輸血有兩個重要的隱喻功能。首先,它表明先後給露西獻血的三個男人(包括未婚夫亞瑟、蘇厄德醫生和範·赫爾辛教授)都是品德純潔高尚的人,他們的血液是幹淨的。其次,當時的人們認為輸血暗示了一種性親密關係,當一個男人的血液傳輸到一個女人的血管中時,其生理作用與性交相似。
第十章,遭到露西拒絕的愛慕者蘇厄德醫生看到自己的鮮血被輸入心上人的血管後,在當天的日記裏坦承了自己的心情:“我泛起一股自豪感,看到她蒼白的臉頰和嘴唇有了一種淡淡的色彩。當一個男人的生命之血注入所愛的女子的血管中時,他才會明白那是一種怎樣的體驗。”(It was with a feeling of personal pride that I could see a faint tinge of colour steal back into the pallid cheeks and lips. No man knows, till he experiences it, what it is to feel his own life-blood drawn away into the veins of the woman he loves.)- 輸血竟然讓他產生了意淫。
蘇厄德醫生鮮血後離開露西的房間時,範·赫爾辛教授特地跟在他身後,輕聲交待他:“注意,這件事一定要保密。如果我們那位年輕的戀人(注:指的是露西的未婚夫亞瑟)出乎意料地出現了,什麽也別對他說。這會立馬讓他感到恐懼並心生妒意的。“("Mind, nothing must be said of this. If our young lover should turn up unexpected, as before, no word to him. It would at once frighten him and enjealous him, too.)教授的意思是,如果露西的未婚夫發現愛人體內流著別的男人的血液,就等同於她和獻血者發生了性關係,他的內心肯定接受不了。蘇厄德醫生還在日記中提到,他獻血後感到非常疲倦,躺在沙發上睡著了。- 以上這些描寫都會引起維多利亞時期讀者的性聯想。作者通過這些情節暗示:當德古拉反複吮吸露西的血液時,他不僅擁有了露西的身體,還擁有了為她獻血的三個男人的身體。如果不及時阻止他,那麽所有這些人都會屬於這個吸血鬼