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斯人如桂:維吉爾的田園風光

(2020-05-26 09:24:13) 下一個

十)維吉爾的田園風光

維吉爾(公元前70年-公元前19年)在他的《牧歌》(Eclogues,也叫Bucolics)第七卷列舉了幾位希臘大神喜愛的樹:

“阿爾克德斯無比珍愛白楊樹,

伊阿科斯愛的是葡萄藤,菲伯斯愛他的月桂,

美麗的維納斯喜愛香桃木;

但菲麗思愛的是榛子樹,而隻要是為她所愛,

無論香桃木還是月桂都會被榛子樹比下去”。

The poplar doth Alcides hold most dear,

The vine Iacchus, Phoebus his own bays,

And Venus fair the myrtle: therewithal

Phyllis doth hazels love, and while she loves,

Myrtle nor bay the hazel shall out-vie.

《牧歌》中還有另外幾處也出現了月桂樹:

第二卷:

“到這兒來吧,俊美的孩子; 看吧,仙女們為你帶來了一整個籃子的百合花; 為你,美麗的水泉女神采來淺色的紫香堇和罌粟果,把水仙花和芬芳的茴香花放在一起,用蠟葉芫花和其他香草將它們纏繞,然後把柔軟的風信子和金色的金盞花放在一起。我要親自采集有著灰白色柔毛的榲桲和阿瑪瑞莉絲曾經鍾愛的栗子。還有蠟李,讓它享受榮耀。你,哦,月桂,我也要采來,還有你,月桂的鄰居香桃木,把你們混在一起香氣更加迷人”。

Come hither, lovely boy! See, for you the Nymphs bring lilies in heaped-up baskets; for you the fair Naiad, plucking pale violets and poppy heads, blends narcissus and sweet-scented fennel flower; then, twining them with cassia and other sweet herbs, sets off the delicate hyacinth with the golden marigold. My own hands will gather quinces, pale with tender down, and chestnuts, which my Amaryllis loved. Waxen plums I will add – this fruit, too, shall have its honour. You too, O laurels, I will pluck, and you, their neighbour myrtle, for so placed you blend sweet fragrance.

詩行中的Cassia指的是蠟葉芫花,而不是肉桂。香桃木是地中海常見的香花灌木,葉子也很芳香,與月桂葉混合在一起,香氣愈發迷人。

第八卷:

“但您,不管是駛過了提馬伍河裏的岩石,還是在伊利裏亞海的岸邊遊蕩,說,哪一天我才能宣揚您的事跡呢?我是否可以自由地在全世界傳播您的歌曲,僅此一項就與索福克勒斯的街頭表演一樣珍貴?我的歌從您開始,在您的榮耀下終結。請接納您命我寫的歌曲,並同意,在這些勝利者的月桂葉子之間,這支常春藤繞在您的頭上”。

But you whether you are already sailing past the rocks of great Timavus or coasting the shore of the Illyrian sea – say, will that day ever dawn when I may tell your deeds? Shall I be ever free to spread your songs throughout the world, that alone are worthy of the buskin of Sophocles? From you is my beginning; in your honour shall I end. Accept the songs essayed at your bidding, and grant that, amid the conqueror’s laurels, this ivy may creep about your brows.

月桂在這裏象征著榮譽。

第八卷:

“撒一把大麥粉,點燃月桂,發出劈劈啪啪的聲音。在同一團火焰中,隨著粘土變硬,蠟變軟,達芙妮也會因愛我而熔化。我的殘忍的達芙妮在燃燒,因為達芙妮我點燃這月桂。

我的歌啊,請把達芙妮帶回家吧!”

As this clay hardens and as this wax melts in one and the same flame, so may Daphnis melt with love for me! Sprinkle meal, and kindle the crackling bays with pitch. Me cruel Daphnis burns; for Daphnis burn I this laurel.

Bring Daphnis home from town, bring him, my songs!

“撒一把大麥粉,點燃月桂”是獻祭阿波羅的儀式之一,作者在字裏行間表達了阿波羅對達芙妮愛恨交織的心情。

 月桂也在維吉爾的《農事詩》(Georgics)中占據一席之地:

第一卷:

“冬天是農民們的慵懶時光。在寒冷的天氣裏,農民主要享受收成,並快樂地聚在一起飽餐一頓。冬季的歡愉使他們大大放鬆-就像滿載的船隻終於到達港口,快樂的水手們用花環裝飾著船尾一樣。盡管如此,是時候剝去橡子、月桂漿果,橄欖和血紅色的香桃木漿果了。當地上的積雪很深,河麵被冰層覆蓋是時候裝置誘捕鶴的陷阱,搭起誘捕公鹿的羅網,並追逐長耳野兔;是時候旋動巴利阿裏(注:位於地中海的群島)彈弓的麻繩,來射獵母鹿”。

winter is the farmer’s lazy time. In cold weather farmers chiefly enjoy their gains, and feast together in merry companies. Winter’s cheer calls them, and loosens the weight of care – even as when laden keels have at last reaches port, and the merry sailors have crowned the poops with garlands. Still, then is the time to strip the acorns and laurel berries, the olive and blood-red myrtle; the time to set snares for cranes and nets for the stag, and to chase the long-eared hares; the time to smite the does, as you whirl the hempen thongs of a Balearic sling – when the snow lies deep, when the rivers roll down the ice.

第二卷:

“首先,大自然界有多種養育樹木的方式。有些樹沒有任何約束,隨心所欲地冒出來,占據平原和蜿蜒的河流兩岸大片麵積;例如,垂柳和輕盈的金雀花,白楊,帶有銀色葉子的蒼白的柳樹林。有些樹從落地的種子裏發出來,如高大的栗子樹,是一種堅果樹,林地之王,為朱庇特遮陰,還有橡樹,與希臘人的神諭有關。還有一些樹是從母株的根部茂密地生出來的,如櫻桃和榆樹。帕納塞斯山的月桂小苗也從母樹巨大的樹蔭下長出來。這些是大自然最先規定的模式;使得森林裏各種各樣的樹木、灌木和聖林鬱鬱蔥蔥”。

 Firstly, Nature has manifold ways for rearing trees. For some, under no man’s constraint, spring up of their own free will, and far and wide claim the plains and winding rivers; such as the limber osier and lithe broom, the poplar, and the pale willow beds with silvery leafage. But some spring from fallen seed, as tall chestnuts, and the mast tree, monarch of the woodland, that spreads its shade for Jove, and the oaks, deemed by the Greeks oracular. With others a dense undergrowth sprouts from the parent root, as with cherries and elms; the laurel of Parnassus, too, springs up, a tiny plant, beneath its mother’s mighty shade. These are the modes Nature first ordained; these give verdure to every kind of forest trees and shrubs and sacred groves.

(注:詩行裏的Jove 是朱庇特的別名,希臘人和意大利人都把橡樹同他們最高的神宙斯(即朱庇特,天神、雨神和雷神)聯係在一起。希臘最有名最古老的聖地多多納(Dodona)先後為母神狄俄涅和宙斯的供奉地,女祭司聆聽橡樹葉沙沙作響的聲音來解讀神諭。)

月桂樹和其他各種動植物一起,組成了一派美麗的田園風光,維吉爾的《農事詩》極大影響了後世對於田園和農耕的興趣。

《農事詩》中大約有50行詩原封不動地出現在了《埃涅阿斯紀》(Aeneid)裏。《埃涅阿斯紀》是維吉爾最好的一部作品,作者曆時十年,寫了十二卷,敘述了埃涅阿斯在特洛伊陷落之後輾轉來到意大利,最終成為羅馬人祖先的故事。 可惜這部史詩般的作品尚未完成,維吉爾就病故了。

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