新西蘭—— 白雲的故鄉 （八）

八 新西蘭的誕生地

——懷唐伊簽約廣場、懷唐伊樓、毛利會議廳與懷唐伊條約
Waitangi Treaty Ground，Waitangi House, the Mauri Meeting House and Waitangi Treaty

懷唐伊簽約廣場 攝影： 一塵

懷唐伊鎮坐落在島嶼灣的高處，灣水格外靜謐，風景如畫般清新美麗。她的重要性在於它是新西蘭的誕生地，在這裏毛利人和英國人達成協議，簽署了懷唐伊條約 【注解 2 】，最終成為一個國家。

從十六世紀起，大不列顛帝國以強大的航海優勢、領先的工業優勢和先進的武器優勢開始航海遠征，入侵占領了世界上很多個國家。今天，世界每個大洲都有英聯邦 國家，成員國達54個之多。這些國家最早都是從殖民地開始的。人類的曆史是一部戰爭的曆史，是一部征服與被征服的血淚曆史。直到此時此刻，這一幕悲壯的曆 史劇依然在驚心動魄地上映著。。。。。。

寫得這裏，我感到無比驕傲：中國雖然曾經被入侵，被掠奪，被踐踏，可是她沒有淪為殖民地。今天，她可以驕傲地站在新世紀的地平線上，保持自己的語言和文化傳統，放射自己燦爛的光輝。

“英聯邦” 一詞引用維基百科中的文章，這一次我不做翻譯，留待讀者自己去解讀。【注釋 1】

新西蘭就是這樣的殖民地國家之一。殖民的曆史，就是從被征服到妥協，最後達成一致的過程。從這裏可以尋找到很多曆史的印記。

懷唐伊鎮坐落在島嶼灣的高處。從衛星地圖上可以看到這裏有三個最重要的地方：懷唐伊簽約廣場，懷唐伊樓，毛利會議廳。它們都與懷唐伊條約有直接關係。

曆史追溯到1840年。

1840年1月，威廉 * 霍普森船長到達島嶼灣。他來這裏是為了代表大英帝國政府和毛利首領製定建國條約的。

1840年2月5日，幾百個毛利人和幾十個歐洲人聚集在懷唐依廣場，條約是用英語毛利語雙語書寫的。毛利各部落首領們對條約討論了一整天直至深夜。

1840年2月 6 日， 43 位毛利部落首領在條約上簽字。

新西蘭誕生了。這一天被定為新西蘭的誕生日。後來，先後有500 個部落首領在條約上簽字。

這個簽字地點用白色的旗杆標記，這就是懷唐伊廣場中心。一個非常平坦寬闊的廣場，俯瞰碧綠的海灣。

懷唐伊樓 攝影： 一塵
 

懷唐伊樓是當時英國人居住的地方。現在裏邊保存著簽約時大量的原始資料和圖片。

懷唐伊條約原文 攝影： 一塵

毛利會議廳就在懷唐依樓30米遠處，毛利語是Te Whare Runnanga，意思是聚會協商地。這是一個非常寬闊的毛利風格建築，裏麵是一個大廳，空闊無物，隻有兩個毛利圖騰園柱矗立在正中。以此表明毛利人參與簽約與國家的建立。

懷唐伊簽約廣場就在懷唐伊樓和毛利會議廳前麵，坐落在島嶼灣的水濱高處。高大的旗杆矗立在廣場中央，標記著當時簽約的地點，各位醒目。

附錄：

（1）Commonwealth of Nations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth and formerly known as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two (Mozambique and Rwanda) of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire, out of which it developed.

The member states co-operate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration.[1] These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace.[2] The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organisation through which countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status.

Its activities are carried out through the permanent Commonwealth Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, and biennial meetings between Commonwealth Heads of Government. The symbol of their free association is the Head of the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial position currently held by Queen Elizabeth II. Elizabeth II is also monarch, separately and independently, of sixteen Commonwealth members, which are known as the "Commonwealth realms".

The Commonwealth is a forum for a number of non-governmental organisations, collectively known as the Commonwealth Family, which are fostered through the intergovernmental Commonwealth Foundation. The Commonwealth Games, the Commonwealth's most visible activity,[3] are a product of one of these organisations. These organisations strengthen the shared culture of the Commonwealth, which extends through common sports,[4] literary heritage, and political and legal practices. Due to this, Commonwealth countries are not considered to be "foreign" to one another.[5] Reflecting this, diplomatic missions between Commonwealth countries are designated as High Commissions rather than embassies.


（2） “懷唐伊條約條約的內容
前言

• 大英帝國的維多利亞女王擔心和情願保護紐西蘭本地的各位毛利族與首領者的掌權，財產，而且必需讓他們能夠享受安全，和平及穩定的生活因為許多人已經不斷的從英國，澳洲，歐洲等地方移民來這裏住了。

所以我覺得必須要任命一位授權的職員者來對待紐西拉蘭的原住民，叫他們承認陛下（英國女王）在全部或部分的統治權。

• 所以陛下渴望的想建立一個固定形狀的平民政府，可以防止避免缺乏必須需的律法製度與邪惡的後果。王後的臣們很滿意地授權派我，威廉·霍布森隊長去邀請各位聯邦獨立的紐西蘭毛利首領們來同意這個文件和條件：

第一篇文章

• 紐西蘭聯合部落的長官和其他還未參加聯合部落獨立領袖，必須要完完全全與毫無保留地讓給英國王後他們所有的統治權，民權及權力，就是這所謂“聯邦的獨立領袖長官”據認為擁有的統治主權。

第二篇文章

• 英國女王陛下證實與保證各位紐西蘭德首領與部落和他們個別家庭及各人，專有的和無打擾的繼續擁有他們的土地，漁場與森林地產及別的願望保留的具有財產。但是這聯合部落長官和獨立的領袖必須讓步給她陛下，他們全部土地專有的先占掌權，所以業主能夠使疏遠的處理，可以用同意的價錢賣給移居者等人。

第三篇文章

• 關於報酬與考慮，英國女王給予所有紐西蘭居民所有英國臣民的民權跟特權——簽名者：威廉·霍布森，省長陸軍中尉。

所以我們，紐西蘭聯合部落長官的聯邦們，聚集在懷唐伊的代表大會，和我們獨立部落的首領在紐西蘭各個領土地區，完全懂得清楚這必然結果的條約條款，接受與進入這條約的精神和意義，當著目擊者，在這紙上規定的地方簽上各位的名字。”

選自維基百科。

The actual draft for translation into Maori and dated 4th February 1840 was as follows:

Her Majesty Victoria, Queen of England in Her gracious consideration of the chiefs and the people of New Zealand, and Her desire to preserve to them their lands and to maintain peace and order amongst them, has been pleased to appoint an officer to treat with them for the cession of the Sovereignty of their country and of the islands adjacent, to the Queen. Seeing that many of Her Majesty's subjects have already settled in the country and are constantly arriving, and it is desirable for their protection as well as the protection of the natives, to establish a government amongst them. Her Majesty has accordingly been pleased to appoint Mr. William Hobson, a captain in the Royal Navy to be Governor of such parts of New Zealand as may now or hereafter be ceded to Her Majesty and proposes to the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes of New Zealand and the other chiefs to agree to the following articles.

Article first The chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes and the other chiefs who have not joined the confederation, cede to the Queen of England for ever the entire Sovereignty of their country.

Article second The Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the chiefs and the tribes and to all the people of New Zealand, the possession of their lands, dwellings and all their property. But the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes and the other chiefs grant to the Queen, the exclusive rights of purchasing such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to sell at such prices as may be agreed upon between them and the person appointed by the Queen to purchase from them.

Article third In return for the cession of their Sovereignty to the Queen, the people of New Zealand shall be protected by the Queen of England and the rights and privileges of British subjects will be granted to them. Signed, William Hobson Consul and Lieut. Governor. Now we the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes of New Zealand assembled at Waitangi, and we the other tribes of New Zealand, having understood the meaning of these articles, accept them and agree to them all. In witness whereof, our names or marks are affixed. Done at Waitangi on the 6th of February, 1840.

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