yingyudidida的博客
duhduhda
The SYSTEM of BASIC ENGLISH
http://ogden.basic-english.org/
http://ogden.basic-english.org/sbe110.html#1
在英語體係上是核心英語，精選850個；所選之詞在特定意思的表達的同類詞中也是核心 seat vs chair。
知詞懂意會用，這是過去；聽和說相對弱項。但，
現在還可達到會說和聽，利用便利的錄音，學習者在世界任何角落都可以聽到純正的發音。老師在北美多年，有著豐富語言實踐經驗，摸清了學習特點，小到音素單詞，大到語流節奏語調，都可以對學生有針對性的強有力指導，所以學生隻要自己有毅力，在老師指導下兩年的苦工，達到熟練的用英語進行日常英語交流不是天方夜譚。
第一個目的達到：auxiliary English
第二個目的也達到：基礎for fuller English。
1 . WHAT IS BASIC ENGLISH?
Basic English is a careful and systematic selection of 850 English words which will cover those needs of everyday life for which a vocabulary of 20,000 words is frequently employed. These word are not the words most commonly used, as determined by word-counts; but all of them are common, and more than 600 of them are constantly used by any English or American child of six.
850個單詞的裏麵有600個有關名字的（名詞），其中200個可以用圖畫來展示。
還有150個形容詞。
剩下的100個單詞的作用是把名詞和形容詞用起來的，讓整個係統動起來，像正常英語一樣運作。
這850個單詞的600個都是英語國家裏6歲的孩子都會時常使用的。
There are 200 names of picturable objects, and
400 other names of things; making
600 nouns in all.
There are 150 adjectives.
The remaining 100 words put these names and adjectives into operation, so that the whole system may work as normal English.
2 . WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?
Basic English has two chief purposes :
1 . To serve as an international auxiliary language ; that is to say, a second language for use throughout the world in general communication, commerce, and science.
2 . To provide a rational introduction to normal English ; both as a first step, complete in itself, for those whose natural language is not English, and as a grammatical introduction, encouraging clarity of thought and expression, for English-speaking peoples at any stage of proficiency.
3 . WHY 850 WORDS?
The average rate of learning words in a foreign language is about thirty words an hour. The average learner is willing to give an hour a day for a month to learning the fundamentals of a new language. Hence it is possible for anyone whose natural language is not too remote from English to read anything written in Basic in less than 30 hours. The ideal limits are thus roughly fixed below 1,000 words, and more precisely between 800 and 900.
（首先，我覺得這比較教條，理論化，實際操作不易）。學習一門外語的平均速度大約是每小時30個詞。一般學習者會願意學習一個月每天拿出一個小時來學習新語言的基礎東西。因此，任何人隻要他的語言同英語比較接近的話在30小時內是可以讀懂用基本英語寫的材料的。理想的限度大約固定在1000個詞一下，更準確一點是800到900之間。
We next discover the number of words necessary to cover the field; that is to say, the essential minimum in which everything of general interest can be talked about. Of the 500,000 words in the largest English dictionaries about 20,000 may be described as common words; and of these between 7,000 and 8,000 are in everyday use. Analysis, over a period of more than ten years, showed that between 800 and 900 are necessary to do the work. So the problem has a practical solution.
我們下一步就是找出能夠覆蓋這些領域的詞的數量； 也就是說，那些本質的最少的單詞，能夠談論任何感興趣的話題的那些詞。英語最大字典的50萬單詞中有2萬個可稱為普通詞匯。普通詞匯裏的7000到8000的詞是天天都用的。十年多的研究表明，大約800到900的詞匯可以來做這些工作。因此，這俄問題有其實用價值。
4 . WHY ENGLISH WORDS?
1 . Because English is now the natural or governmental language of over 5000,000,000 people. It is already the second language of the Far East;
2 . No other existing language can be simplified to anything like the same extent. The chief difficulties of normal English are eliminated in Basic. One result of this analysis and simplification of normal English is that Basic is very similar in character to Chinese -- which gives it a special claim as a medium of communication with and in the East.
5 . WHAT ABOUT GRAMMAR?
The primary principle of Basic, which made the reduced vocabulary possible, is the elimination of the verb; so that the main difficulty of language-learning is also reduced to a minimum. There are only five grammatical rules, which enable the learner to get the most out of the vocabulary; one of these is concerned with derivatives in -er, -ing, and -ed from 400 of the nouns, an important extension for the purpose of an effective style. The exceptions to these rules are few and unimportant; the entire conjugation of the verb-forms and pronouns occupies a single page; and the construction of sentences follows a few simple models related to the natural sequence of events.
基本英語的主要原則是將動詞去除，它使得縮減單詞量成為可能；因此學語言的主要障礙降低到最低限度。隻有5個語法規則，這幾個規則能使學習者能從這些詞匯中獲取最大知識；其中一個是關於 -er, -ing, 和 -ed 於400個名詞結合組成的派生詞的，一個有效風格的重要延伸。這些語法規則的例外不多也微不足道；整個動詞變化形式加上代詞隻占一張紙；句子的構成因循幾個自然事件順序的簡單模式。
6 . HOW CAN YOU GET RID OF VERBS?
Basic English asks you to make a distinction here. It, depends on what you want to call a 'verb.' The usual account of verbs covers two quite different sorts of word.
如何才能去除動詞呢？
以動詞'enter'為例。 它清楚地代表'go in.'的意思。也就是說，它可以分析分解為一個行為或動作的名稱以及方向或位置的名字。因此，爬樹是'go up'， 下來是'go down.'。 基本英語去除所有的這些包含方向名字的動詞，隻保留這些行為的基本名稱外加幾個其他的動詞形式，這既完成了任務，又不有損習慣用法。就這樣，為了一切的實用目的，動詞被去除了。
Take the verb 'enter' for example. It clearly means the same as 'go in.' That is to say, it can be analyzed into the name of an act or movement and the name of a direction or position. So, to climb a tree is to 'go up' a tree, and to descend it is to 'go down.' Basic English gets rid of all those verbs which contain the names of directions, and retains only the fundamental names of acts together with a few other verb-forms, which enable it to complete the job without doing violence to common usage. Thus, for all practical purposes, the verb is eliminated.
Although, therefore, you may if you like insist that sixteen verbs are left (out of more than 4,000), it seems more reasonable to suggest a new name, such as 'operator,' for the sixteen fundamental words which cover the essential acts or operations. The names of directions with which these sixteen are combined (to provide equivalents for, say, 3,984 common verbs) are generally known as 'prepositions.' But language-learning is made more simple both for English-speaking people and for international purposes, if these old Latin traditions are frankly abandoned. Basic suggests, therefore, that the accurately descriptive name of 'directives' be given to all prepositions. So that one can learn the names of the sixteen basic operations and the twenty basic directions -- and thus avoid some of the chief mysteries of grammar. At the same time, the style of Basic is natural; and the essentials of the language are preserved without prejudice to further progress in normal English.
有人建議給這剩下的16個動詞（從4000個裏選出的）起個新名字，例如“operator”（行動者，操作手）， 因為這16個基本動詞覆蓋了重要的行為或行動。
同這16個詞一同用的表達方向的名字（詞）（提供等同於其他3,984個普通動詞的詞）一般被稱為‘介詞’ 'prepositions.'。但這就使得英語語言的學習掌握變簡單了（拋棄了哪些老的拉丁傳統的單詞）。
基本英語建議給與這些介詞準確描述的名稱 – 指導者，指引者，導引者'directives'。
因此，人們可以學習者16個基本行為的詞，另加20個基本的方位詞，這樣就避免了個別的主要的語法迷思。同時，基本英語的風格是自然的；語言的重點核心同樣得到保留，也沒有對正常英語造成偏見和忽略。
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Basic confines itself to 16 verbs only, and the auxiliaries may and will.
看一看這些基本動詞。16個基本動詞中的12個，其主要意義是描述的動作是可以看得到的（可視行為）。它們是：
Consider these Basic verbs for a moment. Twelve of the sixteen in their key senses, the senses that are taught first, describe visible actions. The are:
Come（來） Go（去） Give（給） Get（得到）
Put （放） Take（拿） Keep（留） Let（讓）
Make （做） Say（說） See（看見） Send（送）
另外的四個動詞是：
seem, be, do, have,
最後令各情態動詞：
may, will
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