罹癌率由1：27至今天1：3？牛奶、肉類與癌症關係的英文研究資料
感謝 simbatt 收集提供
《The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss and Long-term Health 》
（《中國健康調查報告》）:
柯林.坎貝爾博士，康奈爾大學終身教授，被譽為“世界營養學界的愛因斯坦”，40年來，他一直身處營養科學研究的最前沿。他還是“二惡英”發現工作的主要參加者之一。1982年6月，他為美國國家科學院撰寫的報告——《膳食、營養與癌症》發表後，震驚了全美國。接著，他又組織參加了長達27年的膳食與疾病發病率的大規模調查研究。
該研究首先在1981年在中國的24個省的69個縣開展了第一次大規模的調查，調查包括了69個縣的上萬人的膳食情況問卷和血和尿的樣品分析，還有大量的各種研究手段，研究了各種各樣的指標，完成了第一步的作品。接著在1989年做了第二次的重複調查，同樣的24個省的同樣的69個縣擴大到社會學、經濟學的一些指標。最終完成此有史以來規模最龐大的關於膳食、生活方式與疾病死亡率的流行病學研究 - “中國健康調查”。
此次美國康奈爾大學、英國牛津大學和中國疾病預防控製中心 (中國預防醫學科學院) 二十多年精誠合作的巔峰之作，被《紐約時報》稱為“世界流行病學研究的巔峰之作”，幾乎不可能再重複。
提要：動物蛋白（包括甚至尤其是牛奶蛋白）能顯著地增加癌症、心髒病、糖尿病、腎結石、骨質疏鬆症、高血壓、多發性硬化病、白內障以及老年癡呆症的患病幾率。尤其令人吃驚的是，所有這些疾病都可以通過調整飲食來進行控製和治療。中國以植物性食物為主的傳統飲食習慣，反而是更加“科學”，更加有利健康的。
坎貝爾博士基於自身的畢生研究而成為了嚴格素食者（不吃肉、蛋、奶），他在北京第三極書店簽售會上接受《生命時報》記者采訪時，再次闡述了自己的經曆和有關植物性食物的觀點。“我是在牧場長大的，從小就和牛打交道——喝牛奶、吃牛肉，當時覺得這些食物簡直美味極了。我從來沒想過自己三四十年後會對飲食持有現在的態度。”在從事了幾十年營養學調查研究後，坎貝爾有了充足的數據證明：以動物性食物為主的膳食會導致各種慢性病的發生，如肥胖、冠心病、腫瘤等；而以植物性食物為主的膳食最有利健康，也最能有效控製和預防慢性病。“隨著研究的深入，我幾乎全盤否定了那些根植於我童年的飲食理論。”
《The China Study 》（《中國健康調查報告》）英文原著：
http://www.amazon.com/China-Stud ... 04995852&sr=8-1
中文電視訪談錄片段：
http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 06&postID=36507
牛奶問題的一些英文網站資料：
牛奶中激素和肉類一樣致癌 --《乳腺癌基金組織2008年度報告》
http://www.breastcancerfund.org/ ... LdPaE&b=3959165
牛奶導致心髒病
http://www.milksucks.com/heartdisease.asp
牛奶導致乳腺癌
http://www.milksucks.com/breast.asp
牛奶導致前列腺癌
http://www.milksucks.com/prostate.asp
牛奶導致很多小孩疾病
http://www.milksucks.com/sickkids.asp
牛奶不能幫助骨質疏鬆
http://www.milksucks.com/osteo.asp
牛奶對動物、環境、健康的危害
http://www.milksucks.com/index2.asp
牛奶酪蛋白可能導致心髒病（BBC中文版）
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/chinese/news/newsid_1269000/12695901.stm
牛奶導致各種疾病歸類和文獻
http://www.milksucks.com/heartdisease.asp
更多牛奶與肉類致癌資料 -- The Cancer Prevention Coalition (CPC)
http://preventcancer.com
牛奶問題的個別主流中文網站資料：
（新華網）動物實驗顯示：牛奶會促進癌細胞生長
http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2006-12/08/content_5453784.htm
（健康時報）牛奶會促發癌症！
http://www.jksb.com.cn/article.asp?id=5484
牛奶導致心髒病文獻：
1 Osmo Turpeinen, "Effect of Cholesterol-Lowering Diet on Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease and Other Causes," Circulation, 59, No. 1 (1979), 1-7.
2 J. Segall, "Dietary Lactose as a Possible Risk Factor for Ischaemic Heart Disease: Review of Epidemiology," International Journal of Cardiology, 46, No. 3 (1994), 197-207.
3 Lawrence Kushi, Elizabeth Lenary, and Walter Willette, "Health Implications of Mediterranean Diets in Light of Contemporary Knowledge: Plant foods and Dairy Products." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (suppl.), 61 (1995), 1407S-1415S.
4 William Grant, "Milk and Other Dietary Influences on Coronary Heart Disease," Alternative Medicine Review, 3, No. 4 (1998), 281-294.
5 R. Popham, W. Schmidt, and Y. Israel, "Variation in Mortality From Ischemic Heart Disease in Relation to Alcohol and Milk Consumption," Medical Hypotheses, 12, No. 4 (1983), 321-329.
6 P. Rank, "Milk and Arteriosclerosis," Medical Hypotheses, 20, No. 3 (1986), 317-338.
7 S. Seely, "Diet and Coronary Disease: A Survey of Mortality Rates and Food Consumption Statistics of 24 Countries," Medical Hypotheses, 7, No. 7 (1981), 907-918.
8 S. Renaud and M. de Lorgeril, "Dietary Lipids and Their Relation to Ischaemic Heart Disease: From Epidemoiology to Prevention," Journal of Internal Medicine (suppl.), 225, No. 731 (1989), 39-46.
9 G. MacGregor, "Nutrition and Blood Pressure," Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, 9, No. 4 (1999), 6-15.
10 M. Moss and D.L.J. Freed, “Survival Trends, Coronary Event Rates, and the MONICA Project,” The Lancet 354 (1999): 862.
11 A. Menotti, D. Kromhout, H. Blackburn, F. Fidanza, R. Buzina, and A. Nissinen, "Food Intake Patterns and 25-Year Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease: Cross-Cultural Correlations in the Seven Countries Study," European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, No. 6 (1999), 507-515.
12 S. Seely, "Diet and Coronary Heart Disease: A Survey of Female Mortality Rates and Food Consumption Statistics of 21 Countries," Medical Hypotheses, 7, No. 9 (1981), 1133-1137.
肉毒與癌症關係的一些英文資料：
美國人死亡原因中癌症所占比率：
1900年 → 1 :27
1950年 → 1 : 8
2000年 → 1 : 3
這是美國癌症協會（AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY）的數據，已經不是新聞了，有興趣可去查詢。
（台灣本地的數據是1:4）
中國慢性病和動物性食物統計資料：
總括來說：肉食比例城市是農村的2倍左右，腫瘤的得病率3倍；糖尿素病的得病率1993年16倍和2003年8倍多；心髒病4-5倍；高血壓4倍；腦血管病4倍。
來源：http://www.moh.gov.cn/12.htm
Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler - 《紐約時報》
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/2 ... gin&oref=slogin
肉類飲食和香煙導致癌症機率相同 – Plos Medicine
http://medicine.plosjournals.org ... f22b909e39f40320687
肉類導致肺癌
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22199057/
世界癌症研究基金會的十項防癌建議
《World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR; 2007》
英文原文：http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/downloads/summary/english.pdf
中文簡介：http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 02&postID=25343
最新美國國家膳食指南-每天肉食仍應少於十分一（英文原文，中文分析）
http://bbs.qq.com/cgi-bin/bbs/sh ... id=17420&club=3
紅肉導致癌症主流新聞報道
BBC news:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4662934.stm
washinton post news:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp ... R2006111300824.html
肉類飲食和癌症風險67篇文獻
Jeanine M. Genkinger, Anita Koushik*
發表日期：2007年12月11日
發表於PLoS Med 4(12)：e345 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040345
網址：
http://medicine.plosjournals.org ... ed.0040345&ct=1
簡介：
國際的癌症發病率不同和從移民的研究中，表明環境因素如飲食習慣與患癌症的風險相關。攝取的肉類如牛肉，世界各地存在三倍的差異，世界各地的消耗量最高的在發達國家（23公斤/人均），相比欠發達國家的消耗量（ 6公斤/人均）[1] 。基於Richard Doll and Richard Peto在1981年的研究，據估計，大約有35 ％ （範圍10％ - 70％）的癌症可以歸因於飲食，這和吸煙致癌的幅度類似達30％（範圍25％-40％） [2] 。
已經有一百多篇流行病學研究報道肉類消耗和癌症的風險，這包括了世界各國的不同飲食習慣的研究。這些研究從不同方麵對肉類攝入量和癌症的風險的聯係進行了評估，既包括了總體肉類攝入量之間的比較，又有更精細的分類，尤其是攝取紅肉，其中包括牛肉，羊肉，豬肉，小牛肉攝入量之間的比較，還有處理過肉類，包括肉類保存醃製，熏製，或壓製之間的比較。
雖然癌症和肉類攝入量的聯係可部分歸罪於高能量或高脂肪（ "西化" ）的飲食，但我們更感興趣是直接作用的潛在致癌化合物。肉類中含有包括N -亞硝基化合物，雜環胺，或多環芳烴。 動物實驗中發現N -亞硝基化合物和亞硝胺是烈性致癌物質[3]。同樣，雜環胺被列為誘變因素和動物致癌物[4-8] 。科學界公認存在於肉類這些化合物（鹽，硝酸鹽，亞硝酸鹽，血紅素鐵，飽和脂肪，雌二醇）會增加DNA合成和細胞增殖，增加胰島素樣生長因子，影響激素代謝，促進自由基損傷，並產生致癌物質雜環胺[9-16] ，所有這些都可能促進癌症的產生。
腸癌
肉類攝入量和結腸癌的關係被研究得最廣泛。地球人生態研究發現，人均肉類攝入量與結腸癌發病率（>0.85）和死亡率（>0.70）率聯係非常高[17,18] 。同樣在案例和人群研究中發現，大腸癌的風險直接與紅肉和加工肉類攝入量相關。 1997年總結這些研究後，由世界癌症研究基金組織和美國癌症研究組織得出的結論是，攝入的紅肉可能增加患結直腸癌的幾率，而加工肉類可能增加大腸癌的危險[ 19 ] 。據報道，在世界衛生組織的共識會議結腸癌討論小組[20]和關於飲食與癌症的委員會對醫療方麵的食品和營養政策工作組[21] 得出類似的結論。在最近的匯總分析腸癌（其中包括公布到2005年研究）結論表示，紅肉攝取量增加腸癌風險28 ％ -35 ％，加工肉類增加腸癌風險的20% - 49% [22-24]。
其他癌症
此外，還有大量的研究探討了肉類攝入量與胃癌的風險。在最近一次的匯總分析得出結論：加工肉類攝入量增加胃癌的風險[25]。現在有一些研究報道，肉類攝入量與膀胱癌[26,27]、乳腺癌[28,29]、子宮內膜癌[30]、神經膠質瘤[31]、胰髒癌[32-34]、前列腺癌[35]，腎癌[36]風險有關，但需要更多的實驗數據支持。同樣，肉類攝入量和肺癌[37,38]、食道癌[39]、口腔癌[40,41] ，卵巢[42-44] ，子宮頸[45]，與肝癌[41]的風險有待於更多實驗數據支持。這些研究需要進一步考慮能量攝入或身體質量指數兩個指標。
最新的多種癌症研究
在這期plos醫藥雜誌上，Amanda Cross和他的同事，分析了一個很有前瞻性的大型的關於紅色和加工肉類攝入量與人體數種癌症風險聯係的人群研究[46]。這個研究是美國國家衛生研究院（NIH）和美國退休者協會（前身為美國退休人員協會）的飲食習慣和健康研究，它包括了500000美國人，其中超過53000癌症案例。
對於腸癌，紅肉攝入量62.5克/1000千卡增加24％的風險，紅肉攝入量22.6克/1000千卡增加20%的風險。男性和女性沒有區別。這個結論和以前匯總結論相同[22-24]。研究人員還發現，紅肉攝入量增加食道癌、肝癌、肺癌風險20％ - 60％。加工肉製品攝入量增加肺癌16％。紅肉和加工肉類攝入會增加男人胰腺癌的風險。
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44 Larsson SC, Wolk A (2005) No association of meat, fish, and egg consumption with ovarian cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14: 1024–1025.
45 Ziegler RG, Brinton LA, Hamman RF, Lehman HF, Levine RS, et al. (1990) Diet and the risk of invasive cervical cancer among white women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 132: 432–445.
46 Cross AJ, Leitzmann MF, Gail MH, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, et al. (2007) A prospective study of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk. PLoS Med 4: e325. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040325.
47 Deneo-Pellegrini H, De Stefani E, Ronco A, Mendilaharsu M, Carzoglio JC (1996) Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer; a case-control study from Uruguay. Lung Cancer 14: 195–205.
48 Castellsague X, Munoz N, De Stefani E, Victora CG, Castelletto R, et al. (2000) Influence of mate drinking, hot beverages and diet on esophageal cancer risk in South America. Int J Cancer 88: 658–664.
49 Ward MH, Sinha R, Heineman EF, Rothman N, Markin R, et al. (1997) Risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus with meat cooking method and doneness preference. Int J Cancer 71: 14–19.
50 Takezaki T, Gao CM, Wu JZ, Ding JH, Liu YT, et al. (2001) Dietary protective and risk factors for esophageal and stomach cancers in a low-epidemic area for stomach cancer in Jiangsu Province, China: comparison with those in a high-epidemic area. Jpn J Cancer Res 92: 1157–1165.
51 Bahmanyar S, Ye W (2006) Dietary patterns and risk of squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Nutr Cancer 54: 171–178.
52 Anderson KE, Sinha R, Kulldorff M, Gross M, Lang NP, et al. (2002) Meat intake and cooking techniques: associations with pancreatic cancer. Mutat Res 506–507 225–231.
53 De Stefani E, Munoz N, Esteve J, Vasallo A, Victora CG, et al. (1990) Mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, diet, and esophageal cancer in Uruguay. Cancer Res 50: 426–431.
54 Castelletto R, Castellsague X, Munoz N, Iscovich J, Chopita N, et al. (1994) Alcohol, tobacco, diet, mate drinking, and esophageal cancer in Argentina. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3: 557–564.
55 Launoy G, Milan C, Day NE, Pienkowski MP, Gignoux M, et al. (1998) Diet and squamous-cell cancer of the oesophagus: a French multicentre case-control study. Int J Cancer 76: 7–12.
56 Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, et al. (2000) Food groups and oesophageal cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Eur J Cancer Prev 9: 257–263.
57 Lyon JL, Slattery ML, Mahoney AW, Robison LM (1993) Dietary intake as a risk factor for cancer of the exocrine pancreas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2: 513–518.
58 Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS (2003) Dietary meat, dairy products, fat, and cholesterol and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 157: 1115–1125.
59 Thompson FE, Midthune D, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Kahle LL, et al. (2007) Development and evaluation of a short instrument to estimate usual dietary intake of percentage energy from fat. J Am Diet Assoc 107: 760–767.
60 Hu FB (2002) Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol 13: 3–9.
61 Ledikwe JH, Blanck HM, Kettel Khan L, Serdula MK, Seymour JD, et al. (2006) Dietary energy density is associated with energy intake and weight status in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 1362–1368.
62 Ledikwe JH, Blanck HM, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Seymour JD, et al. (2006) Low-energy-density diets are associated with high diet quality in adults in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 106: 1172–1180.
63 Newby PK, Muller D, Hallfrisch J, Qiao N, Andres R, et al. (2003) Dietary patterns and changes in body mass index and waist circumference in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 77: 1417–1425.
64 Matthews KH, Bernstein JJCB, (2003) International trade of meat/poultry products and food safety issues. In Buzby JC, editor International trade and food safety: economic theory and case studies Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AER828/. Accessed 12 November 2007.
65 European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General (2002) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health on Review of previous SCVPH opinions of 30 April 1999 and 3 May 2000 on the potential risks to human health from hormones residues in bovine meat and meat products. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/outcome_en.html. Accessed 12 November 2007.
66 United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture (2005) Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005. Available: http://www.health.gov/dietarygui ... cument/default.htm. Accessed 12 November 2007.
67 American Cancer Society (2005) Cancer Facts and Figures 2005. Available: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ST ... __Figures_2005.asp. Accessed 12 November 2007.
健康人盡量少吃特別是心髒病，肥胖症，冠心病，動脈粥樣硬化等病人和孕婦不要吃魚類和魚油的文獻
1) Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, Duffy JE, Folke C, Halpern BS, Jackson JB, Lotze HK, Micheli F, Palumbi SR, Sala E, Selkoe KA, Stachowicz JJ, Watson R. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):787-90.
2) Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Steer C, Emmett P, Rogers I, Williams C, Golding J. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007 Feb 17;369(9561):578-85.
3) Langdon JH. Has an aquatic diet been necessary for hominin brain evolution and functional development? Br J Nutr. 2006 Jul;96(1):7-17.
4) Johansson C, Castoldi AF, Onishchenko N, Manzo L, Vahter M, Ceccatelli S. Neurobehavioural and molecular changes induced by methylmercury exposure during development. Neurotox Res. 2007 Apr;11(3-4):241-60)
5) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html.
6) Domingo JL, Bocio A Levels of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in edible marine species and human intake: a literature review. Environ Int. 2007 Apr;33(3):397-405.
7) Cundiff DK, Lanou AJ, Nigg CR. Relation of omega-3 Fatty Acid intake to other dietary factors known to reduce coronary heart disease risk. Am J Cardiol. 2007 May 1;99(9):1230-3.
8) Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van’t Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gomez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martin-Moreno JM, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1747-54.
9) Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Korhonen MJ, Valkonen VP, Seppanen K, Laukkanen JA, Salonen JT. Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan;25(1):228-33.
10) Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PA, Dunstan FD, Fehily AM, Breay P, Ashton T, Zotos PC, Haboubi NA, Elwood PC. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb;57(2):193-200.
11) Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, Silverman DI, Rosner B, Pasternak RC. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Jun;25(7):1492-8.
12) Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, Summerbell CD, Ness AR, Moore HJ, Worthington HV, Durrington PN, Higgins JP, Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Apr 1;332(7544):752-60.
13) Huston MC. The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007 Mar-Apr;13(2):S128-33.
14) Davidson MH, Hunninghake D, Maki KC, Kwiterovich PO Jr, Kafonek S. Comparison of the effects of lean red meat vs lean white meat on serum lipid levels among free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia: a long-term, randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jun 28;159(12):1331-8.
15) Harris WS, Dujovne CA, Zucker M, Johnson B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Sep 15;109(6):465-70.
16) Wilt TJ, Lofgren RP, Nichol KL, Schorer AE, Crespin L, Downes D, Eckfeldt J. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec 1;111(11):900-5.
17) Bellamy MF, McDowell IF, Ramsey MW, Brownlee M, Bones C, Newcombe RG, Lewis MJ. Hyperhomocysteinemia after an oral methionine load acutely impairs endothelial function in healthy adults. Circulation. 1998 Nov 3;98(18):1848-52.
18) Holdt B, Korten G, Knippel M, Lehmann JK, Claus R, Holtz M, Hausmann S. Increased serum level of total homocysteine in CAPD patients despite fish oil therapy. Perit Dial Int. 1996;16 Suppl 1:S246-9.
19) Welch AA, Bingham SA, Reeve J, Khaw KT. More acidic dietary acid-base load is associated with reduced calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in women but not in men: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1134-41.
20) Robertson W. The effect of high animal protein intake on the risk of calcium stone-formation in the urinary tract. Clin Sci (Lond). 1979 Sep;57(3):285-8.
21) Dyerberg J, Bang HO. Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet. 1979 Sep 1;2(8140):433-5.
22) Meydani SN, Lichtenstein AH, Cornwall S, Meydani M, Goldin BR, Rasmussen H, Dinarello CA, Schaefer EJ. Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jul;92(1):105-13.
23) Stripp C, Overvad K, Christensen J, Thomsen BL, Olsen A, Moller S, Tjonneland A. Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate. J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11):3664-9. Cancer Res. 1998 Aug 1;58(15):3312-9
24) Klieveri L, Fehres O, Griffini P, Van Noorden CJ, Frederiks WM. Promotion of colon cancer metastases in rat liver by fish oil diet is not due to reduced stroma formation. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2000;18(5):371-7.
25) Hendra TJ, Britton ME, Roper DR, et al. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1990 Aug;13(8):821-9.
26) Olsen SF, Osterdal ML, Salvig JD, Weber T, Tabor A, Secher NJ.. Duration of pregnancy in relation to fish oil supplementation and habitual fish intake: a randomised clinical trial with fish oil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Feb 7;
27) Olsen SF, Hansen HS, Sorensen TI, Jensen B, Secher NJ, Sommer S, Knudsen LB. Intake of marine fat, rich in (n-3)-polyunsaturated fatty acids, may increase birthweight by prolonging gestation. Lancet. 1986 Aug 16;2(8503):367-9.
28) Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ.Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 May;113(5):552-6.)
29) ll JG, Henderson RJ, Tocher DR, McGhee F, Dick JR, Porter A, Smullen RP, Sargent JR. Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr. 2002 Feb;132(2):222-30.
30) Lund V, Mejdell CM, Rocklinsberg H, Anthony R, Hastein T. Expanding the moral circle: farmed fish as objects of moral concern. Dis Aquat Organ. 2007 May 4;75(2):109-18.
植物蛋白足夠人體需要而且更健康文獻
科學研究發現:素食者長壽而且少病
http://www.goveg.com/healthConcerns.asp
1 Ann Mangels, Virginia Messina, and Vesanto Melina, "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian Diets," Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Jun. 2003, pp. 748-65.
2 Neal Barnard, M.D., The Power of Your Plate, Book Publishing Co.: Summertown, Tenn., 1990, p. 26.
3 Elizabeth Somer, "Eating Meat: A Little Doesn't Hurt," WebMD, 1999.
4 Neal Barnard, M.D., The Power of Your Plate, Book Publishing Co.: Summertown, Tenn., 1990, p. 26.
5 John Robbins, The Food Revolution, Conari Press: Boston, 2001, p. 58.
6 Neal Barnard, M.D., "Doctor in the House," PETA's Animal Times, Fall 2004, p. 7.
7 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine with Amy Lanou, Healthy Eating for Life for Children, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002, p. 49.
8 Robbins, p. 14.
9 Benjamin Spock, M.D., Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care: Seventh Edition, New York: Pocket Books, 1998, p. 333.
10 Charles Attwood, M.D., Dr. Attwood's Low-Fat Prescription for Kids, New York: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 84.
11 Robbins, p. 85.
世界最著名的中長跑之王劉易斯，20世紀最偉大運動員之一，他也是一個嚴格的素食者。
科學證明: 植物蛋白足夠人體需要而且更健康 - PeTA Media Center
http://www.peta.org/mc/factsheet_display.asp?ID=105
Vegetables Deliver Protein with Micronutrients
http://www.diseaseproof.com/arch ... micronutrients.html
更多參考資料：
1) University of Arizona, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, “Amino Acids Problem Set,” The Biology Project, 25 Aug. 2003.
2) Paula Kurtzweil, “Daily Values Encourage Healthy Diet ,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2003.
3) National Academy of Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board, “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients),” 2005: 589.
4) Gary C. Curhan et al., “A Prospective Study of Dietary Calcium and Other Nutrients and the Risk of Symptomatic Kidney Stones,” New England Journal of Medicine 238 (1993): 833-8.
5) Kathleen M. Stadler, “The Diet and Cancer Connection ,” Virginia Tech, Nov. 1997.
6) Gertjan Schaafsma, “The Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score ,” Journal of Nutrition 130 (2000): 1865S-1867S.
7) U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, “Leavening Agents, Yeast, Baker’s, Active Dry,” Aug. 2005.
8) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Nutrient Data Laboratory,” Aug. 2005.
9. Young VR, Pellett PL. Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59 (suppl 5): 1203S-1212S.
10. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Popovich, et al. Effects of a very-high-fiber vegetable fruit and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism 2001:50(4);494-503.
美國飲食協會之素食意見書1997
作者：Virginia K. Messina, MPH, RD, and Kenneth I. Burke, PhD, RD
審閱者：Winston J. Craig, PhD, RD; Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD; Suzanne Havala, MS, RD, FADA; D. Enette Larson, MS, RD; A. Reed Mangels, PhD, RD, FADA; Vegetarian Nutrition dietetic practice group (Lenore Hodges, PhD, RD; Cyndi Reeser, MPH, RD)
中文簡介：http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 804&postID=5997
英文：刊登在1997年11月的第97卷第11期美國營養協會期刊上。
參考書目
1. Knutsen SF. Lifestyle and the use of health services. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1171S-1175S.
2. Key TH, Thorogood M, Appleby PM, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarian and health conscious people: results of a 17-year follow up. BMJ. 1996;313:775-779.
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5. Janelle KC, Barr SI. Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:180-189.
6. Jacob RA, Burri BJ. Oxidative damage and defense. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(suppl):985S-990S.
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8. Fraser GE, Lindsted KD, Beeson WL. Effect of risk factor values on lifetime risk of and age at first coronary event. The Adventist Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:746-758.
9. Roberts WC. Preventing and arresting coronary atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 1995;130:580-600.
10. Melby CL, Toohey ML, Cedrick J. Blood pressure and blood lipids among vegetarian, semivegetarian and nonvegetarian African Americans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:103-109.
11. Beilin LJ. Vegetarian and other complex diets, fats, fiber, and hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1130-1135.
12. Dwyer JT. Health aspects of vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(suppl):712-738.
13. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Cancer incidence among California Seventh-day Adventists, 1976-1982. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1136S-1142S.
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15. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit and cancer. II. Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control. 1991;1:427-442.
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17. Adlercreutz H, van der Wildt J, Kinzel J, Attalla H, Wahalla K, Makela T, Hase T, Fotsis T. Lignan and isoflavonoid conjugates in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;59:97-103.
18. Cancer Facts and Figures-1994. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society;1994.
19. Barbosa JC, Shultz TD, Filley SJ, Nieman DC. The relationship among adiposity, diet and hormone concentrations in vegetarian and nonvegetarian postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:798-803.
20. Pagenkemper J. The impact of vegetarian diets on renal disease. Top Clin Nutr. 1995;10:22-26.
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25. Slatter ML, Jacobs DR, Hilner JE Jr, Caan BJ, Van Horn L, Bragg C, Manolio TA, Kushi LH, Liu D. Meat consumption and its association with other diet and health factors in young adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:699-704.
26. Tesar R, Notelovitz M, Shim E, Dauwell G, Brown J. Axial and peripheral bone density and nutrient intakes of postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:699-704.
27. Remer T, Manz F. Estimation of the renal net acid excretion by adults consuming diets containing variable amounts of protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59:1356-1361.
28. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Flouride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.
29. Weaver CM, Plawecki KL. Dietary calcium: adequacy of a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1238S-1241S.
30. Henderson JB, Dunnigan MG, McIntosh WB, Abdul-Motaal AA, Gettinby G, Glekin BM. The importance of limited exposure to ultraviolet radiation and dietary factors in the aetiology of Asian rickets: a risk-factor model. QJM. 1987;63:413-425.
31. Holuck MF. Vitamin D and bone health. J Nutr. 1996;126 (suppl):1159S-1164S.
32. Freeland-Graves JH, Bodzy PW, Epright MA. Zinc status of vegetarians. J Am Diet Assoc. 1980;77:655-661.
33. Lei S, Mingyan X, Miller LV, Tong L, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM. Zinc absorption and intestinal losses of endogenous zinc in young Chinese women with marginal zinc intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63:348-353.
34. Sanders TAB, Roshanai F. Platelet phospholipid fatty acid composition and function in vegans compared with age-and sex-matched omnivore controls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1992;46:823-831.
35. Conquer JA, Holub BJ. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid as a source of eicosapentaenoic acid in vegetarians and omnivores. Lipids. 1997;32:
341-345.
36. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Gulley RM. Dietary linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labeled linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult males. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994; 1213:277-288.
37. Sanders TAB, Reddy S. Vegetarian diets and children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1176S-1181S.
38. O'Connor MA, Touyz SW, Dunn SM, Beaumont PJV. Vegetarianism in anorexia nervosa? A review of 116 consecutive cases. Med J Aust. 1987;147:540-542.
39. Janelle KC, Barr SI. Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:180-189.
40. Pedersen AB, Bartholomew MJ, Dolence LA, Aljadir LP, Netteburg KL, Lloyd T. Menstrual differences due to vegetarian and nonvegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:520-525.
41. Slavin J, Lutter J, Cushman S. Amenorrhea in vegetarian athletes. Lancet. 1984;1:1474-1475.
42. O'Connell JM, Dibley MJ, Sierra J, Wallace B, Marks JS, Yip R. Growth of vegetarian children: the Farm Study. Pediatrics. 1989;84:475-481.
43. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991.
44. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Lactation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991.
為了健康和成績運動員請素食
素食者食物指南金字塔 Franklin TL, Kolasa KM, Griffin K, Mayo C, Badenhop DT. Adherence to very low fat diet by a group of cardiac rehabilitation patients in the rural southeastern United States. Arch Fam Med. 1995;4:551-554. Gould KL, Ornish D, Scherwitz L, Brown S, Edens RP, Hess MJ, Mullani N, Bolomey L, Dobbs F, Armstrong WT, Merritt T, Ports T, Sparler S, Billings J. Changes in myocardial perusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term intense risk factor modification. JAMA. 1995;274:894-901. Thorogood M, Mann J, Appleby P, McPherson K. Risk of death from cancer and ischaemic heart disease in meat and non-meat eaters. BMJ. 1994;308:1667-1670. Almendingen K, Trygg K, Vatn M. [Influence of the diet on cell proliferation in the large bowel and the rectum. Does a strict vegetarian diet reduce the risk of intestinal cancer?] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1995;115(18):2252-2256. Messina MJ, Messina VL. The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers; 1996. Barsotti G, Morelli E, Cupisti A, Meola M, Dani L, Giovannetti S. A low-nitrogen, low-phosphorus vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1996;74:390-394. Young VR, Pellett PL. Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59 (suppl 5):1203S-1212S. Craig WJ. Iron status of vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59 (suppl):1233S-1237S. Helman AD, Darnton-Hill I. Vitamin and iron status in new vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45:785-789.
推薦看一下《抗癌曆史上秘密戰爭》
提要：這本書揭露了常常當科學家和醫生發現了致癌物，但是工業界和政府部門交匯在一起的利益，使它們改變和延遲社會對與致癌物的了解。官方聲明都是和工業部門妥協的產物。最早知道事實和真相的是科學家和醫生。官方主動透露事實往往二三十年後，或者起碼換一個總統以後，但很多人不幸地得病。
中文簡介：
http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 803&postID=6008
原文獻連接：
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409179
一些相關連接：
http://www.devradavis.com/
http://www.scienceprogress.org/2008/02/truth-and-reconciliation/
http://www.environmentaloncology.org/
其它相關鏈接：
科學研究 - 人類的身體機構屬植食性動物，不適於食肉
http://qbar.news.qq.com/bokezatan/r/?8823
我們也能活的那麽精彩 - 世界著名長壽之鄉的長壽奧秘http://bbs.qq.com/cgi-bin/bbs/show/content?from=t&groupid=100:10134&messageid=183777&club=3
很多青少年都受到暗瘡或粉刺的困擾。美國一位醫學專家近日提出，青少年喝牛奶越多，越容易長出暗瘡或粉刺，這和牛奶中含有大量碘質有關。
這位名叫阿貝斯曼的醫學專家是美國水牛城大學醫學及生物醫藥學院的教授。他說，經過對400名來自美國、英國、丹麥、挪威和意大利的15-25歲的青少年和青年人進行的為期半年的調查發現，這些人中經常大量飲用牛奶或其它奶類產品的，長暗瘡和粉刺的比率達到38%。阿貝斯曼認為，這與牛奶中的碘質含量高可能有關，因為高碘能造成人的內分泌係統失調。
至於造成牛奶中含碘高的原因，阿貝斯曼認為這和很多養牛農民使用含有高碘質的飼料喂養牛有關，農民們這樣做是為了加強牛的抵抗力，避免它們感染病菌。
而學界的另外一些觀點則認為，暗瘡也與肉中激素有關。因為不少案例顯示，即使是很容易生暗瘡的青年，一旦開始嚐試全素飲食療程之後，滿臉的暗瘡就會逐步消失，不藥而愈。