前麵已經有好幾條了。也可以先總結一下:
首先,回顧下,這個題目是什麽呢?
1954年,瑞士日內瓦召開了一次國際會議,討論印度支那局勢,也順帶討論一年前剛結束戰爭的朝鮮。中華人民共和國第一次出席國際會議,周恩來作為總理第一次在國際場合亮相。美國國務卿杜勒斯開始也去了,他給美國代表團下了命令,絕不跟中國有任何形式的接觸。在某次會議期間,周恩來遇到杜勒斯,周主動走過去,伸出手,但是杜拒絕跟周握手。後來中方一直在宣傳中提及此事,美國也是,且多認為杜勒斯至少在禮儀角度來說不應該這樣作。好,沒有問題。
但是到了80年代,出席當年日內瓦會議的中國代表團成員王炳南先生在其回憶錄中提出,沒有這一回事,也就是說,根本沒有所謂周恩來主動向杜勒斯伸手的事。他是當事人,1954年日內外會議期間一直跟著周恩來(王自稱),所以他的否認當然是很有重量的。於是,本來不是問題的,現在就成了羅生門,80年代前,中美雙方異口同聲,確有此事,現在,一個重量級的否定。所以也就多了一個考證的課題,本來沒有這個必要的。
正方,當然最有權威的是直接的當事人,周恩來和杜勒斯。沒有任何跡象顯示杜有過關於此事的記錄(不知他有沒有留下日記之類的資料),周恩來1961年在跟斯諾的一次長談中(在火車上),提到此事,斯諾記得很清楚,說周在7年後對此事還是心有餘悸,認為杜作的太過了,見斯諾的The Other Side of the River,有中譯本《大河彼岸》。這說明,此事確實發生過,就是周1954年確實試圖伸手與杜勒斯握手,被杜勒斯拒絕了。
這應該夠了吧,周恩來自己肯定了,而且以周的地位,聲望,不可能說謊,這是最有說服力的,一錘定音了,不需要其它證據了。但是80年代王炳南翻案時,周已經去世,無法出來說話了,王又是言之鑿鑿,因此有人進行了調查。中國方麵,沒有什麽行動,美國方麵,當時的另一位現場目擊者是U. Alex Johnson,約翰遜大使,他跟王炳南職務對等,所以好幾撥學者對他進行了采訪,一個是Nancy Bernkopf Tucker,一次是兩名華人學者(應該都是大陸出去的),都肯定,周杜之間在1954年日內瓦,確實有這麽一件事發生,Nancy還采訪了中方另一位在場的人,浦壽昌。還有一次就是這裏要說的。也是對約翰遜的采訪,來自這本書:
Crossing the Divide, An Insider’s Account of the Normalization of U.S.-China Relations 作者叫 John H. Holdridge (United States Ambassador ret.),出版社是Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1997年出版。
這個Holdridge是1971年基辛格密秘訪問中國的隨行人員,在第一章裏提到1954年日內瓦周杜的握手門,然後在後麵注解裏說,1994年作者跟約翰遜談過此事,約翰遜對王炳南先生對此事的否定感到無法理解(inexplicable)。看樣子約翰遜是正方的關鍵證人了。
然後第三章裏,作者又提到他親曆的一件事,可以作為這件事的旁證。那是1971年7月他跟基辛格潛往北京,葉劍英等人在機場迎接他們,葉和基辛格坐第一輛紅旗車,作者由黃華陪同坐第二輛紅旗,車剛開動,黃華就急著向作者提到1954年日內瓦發生的周杜握手門,作者感到非常驚訝,都17年了,你們還記著這事,這隻能解釋為,中國方麵擔心基辛格他們這次也會舊戲重演,於是作者跟黃華解釋說,我們繞了那麽大的彎子,跑了那麽遠,費了那麽大的勁保密,決不會犯過去的錯誤,周恩來不須擔心。。。
看了一些中文資料,裏麵提到冀朝柱妻子汪向東也提到,確實發生過這件事。
國內大陸的資料,跟食品/商品一樣,讓人不敢輕易相信其真實性/質量,這是非常糟糕的事,而且這能怪我們這些用戶嗎?
約翰遜出版的回憶錄Right Hand of Power裏描述過這件事,但是我還沒看過這本書。還有就是幾次對約翰遜的訪問,也不知道在哪裏發表過,幾位采訪的都是提到此事,卻沒有細節,也不提在哪裏可以看到,網上也查不到,所以也沒看過。另外,關於1954年日內瓦會議的新聞報道,據說也報道了此事,但是我沒有查到,當年的紐約時報,現在都在微縮膠卷上,看起來很費眼,而且很花時間,應該有報道,但我沒有找到,在此記一筆。
下麵把這本書裏相關的原文附上
Chapter 1, p18
It was during the opening of these talks in Geneva that the episode occurred of John Foster Dulles’s refusing to shake Zhou Enlai’s hand--an event the Chinese apparently neither forgot nor forgave, for Huang Hua mentioned it to me when Dr. Henry Kissinger made his secret visit to China in 1971 (see Chapter 3).(19) Despite Dulles’s attitude, Chinese present at Geneva hinted to one of their U. S. counterparts that with the attainment of a truce in Korea, it might be possible for the two countries to enter a “new stage” in their relations (20)
P283 cahpter 1 notes
19 Conversation of the author with former ambassador U. Alex Johnson, 1994, who was present on this famous occasion in 1954 and saw Mr. Dulles turn his back on Premier Zhou when the latter approached him with hand out- (p284)stretched. Chinese ambassador Wang Bingnan, also present, has since denied that this snub actually happened. Ambassador Johnson found Wang Bingnan’s denial inexplicable.
20 Edwin W. Martin, conversations with the author on several occasions.
Chapter three
P56 (Kissigner secret visit, their party arrived in Beijing airport)Kissinger was in the lead vehicle, a “Hong Qi,”(“Red Flag”) of the same type Lei Yang had used in December 1969 to call on Walt Stoessel in Warsaw-- a Cadillac-sized but purely Chinese-designed and Chinese-built vehicle resevred exclusively for VIPs. With him was, of course, Ye Jianying accompanied by Ji Chaozhu. Interpreter Nancy Tang and I followed in another Hong Qi. My escort was Huang Hua. A Yenching graduate who spoke fluent English but chose to speak in Chinese and use an interpreter. The others in our party rode in the ubiquitous Shanghai-model “limousine” (loosely copied after an older-model Merceders-Benz) used by lesser officials. All the car windows were curtained, so it was virtually impossible to see either in or out except for surreptitious peeks around the edges of the curtains.
No sooner had the motorcade begun to move than Huang Hua broached with me a matter that evidently weighed heavily in the minds of many of the Chinese: U.S. Secretary of State Dulles had refused to shake Premier Zhou Enlai’s hand, Huang Hua said, when attending the Geneva Conference on Indochina in 1954. I was rather taken aback by Huang’s having raised this seventeen-year-old episode out of the blue. I could only conclude that the Chinese were apprehensive over the possibility that Kissinger might follow Dulles’s example when he met with Premier Zhou for our talks, which we had already learned were to begin later that day after we had enjoyed lunch. I hastened to assure Huang Hua that we hadn’t come all this distance by such a circuitous route with such a high degree of secrecy just to repeat the errors of previous admnistrations and that Zhou Enlai should have no apprehensions about about a handshake. We were looking to the future, not the past.