暖冬cool夏

暖冬cool夏 名博

戰勝死亡的恐懼 (w English)

暖冬cool夏 (2018-07-28 09:05:49) 評論 (53)
死亡對於我們這檔年紀的人來說好像還很遙遠,卻又可以很近。一個飛來橫禍,一個意外的健康狀況發現都可能把人向死亡逼近。從古至今,人們貪生怕死, 談“死”色變,因為生老病死,無人能逃脫。古代皇帝為了長生不老,命令禦醫尋找煉製長生不老藥。因著人對死亡的恐懼,繼而有了基督再次降臨、信徒複活的說法,有美好天堂極樂世界的描繪,有靈魂永久之說, 有佛教的轉世投胎生命的輪回,大概都想借此帶給人一些慰藉。即便如此,大多數人還是將信將疑,因為死它就是一個謎,沒有一個人活著可以告訴你死的體會。人們對生的欲望那麽強烈,對死的忌諱那麽深,讓人不敢談論、直視死亡。當自己的親人生命岌岌可危時,守在病床邊的下一輩人不敢靠太近,不敢談論死亡,對死諱莫如深。 而即將離世的老一輩,怕拖累身邊的親人也不敢談自己的心裏感受。但是,死亡卻又是我們需要去麵對的。古希臘哲學家伊比鳩魯說,人生的很多焦慮源於對死亡的恐懼。
 
《直視太陽:戰勝死亡的恐懼》就是一本討論如何克服恐懼,如何麵對死亡的書。作者是位心理醫生,斯坦福大學的心理學教授。他從理論和自己行醫多年接觸病患者的角度分析探討了這個相關問題。作者引經據典,用了不少哲學家的思想,如伊比鳩魯, 尼采、叔本華,Stoic 的學說。他給病人看病時,喜歡從人的夢境入手,解釋人潛在的恐懼。雖然作者也承認夢的荒誕性,難以解釋性和不準確性,但是他還是常常借助夢去了解病人隱藏在內心深處的焦慮, 和人的恐懼心理,而達到緩解、消除和治愈的目的。
 
書中提到伊比鳩魯關於死的觀點,認為人死了,靈魂也一同帶走,所以,死的不可怕在於死的不可感知性,生死的對立和不相容性,我活著,死亡不在;死了,我已不在。(where I am, death is not; where death is, I am not.) 生和死不能共存,人死的時候,並不知道自己死了,故有什麽好害怕的呢。
 
第二點, 死後的那種狀態跟你未出生前是一樣的,是相類似的,都是一種虛無的(non-being)狀態。為什麽人對死亡這麽害怕,而對生之前的狀態沒有什麽感覺。隻要你把死亡跟生之前的虛無等同起來,你對死亡的恐懼也會減少。
 
第三點,作者提到Rippling(不知如何翻譯,暫且譯成餘波式的影響)這樣一個概念。想象一下,石頭落入在湖麵,散開出的一層層漣漪,它們看似微弱,卻一圈圈地蕩漾開來,越來越弱卻又越來越廣。作者在治療病人時,常常會問病人,你害怕什麽?有些病人會說,害怕自己死後,孩子可憐,沒了父親或是母親。但是事實上,正是你的生命留下點什麽,如孩子,你的基因、你的音容笑貌,你的生命的延續, 讓你在這個世上以別的方式存在著,這也從另一個側麵說明,孩子其實就是你最大的財富。另外,這種推波助瀾的作用還應該延伸到社會上,大到捐贈器官,小至你對身邊的同事朋友,認識不認識的人,任何大大小小、有聲無息、有意無意,物質上精神上的影響,幫助,都會以別人紀念你、懷念你、感激你的方式存在著。
 
其實作者本身對如何減少戰勝生者對死亡的恐懼,並沒有太多的新意,無非就是充實地生活,留下盡可能少的遺憾,成就越大,遺憾越少,對死亡的恐懼也會減少。但是,書中他講到一個病人的故事卻對我很有啟發。一位老嫗,丈夫死後,決定把老房子賣了,搬到養老公寓去住。家中的大部分東西賣的賣,送的送,扔的扔,最後一天,老太太看著自己熟悉心愛的家麵目全非時,崩潰了。她打電話給在度假的醫生作者,哭訴著,無法接受現實。這讓我十分警醒。人生的斷舍離其實比我們想象的要難,東西越多,纏累越多,因為所有的東西上都有歲月的痕跡、親人的記憶。摒棄帶有情感的物品很痛苦。所以,學會精神上富足,簡單生活,不被物質所捆綁,這樣走的時候輕鬆,沒有太多的眷戀。世間的一切本來就是人生不帶來死不帶去的。
 
人的生命是短暫的,轉瞬即逝的。正因為如此,才更應該生活得如煙花綻放般的絢爛,綻放過了,轟轟烈烈過了,當死亡來臨時,也就沒有遺憾了。所謂,生如夏花之絢爛,死如秋葉之精美。
 

One day, my daughter, at the age of 6 or 7, pulled the Children’s Bible off her shelf, turned to the page where there was a picture of shining gold-adorned palace, and asked me in tears if it’s true that this would be place where people reside in their death. I remember that I replied something like wasn’t it wonderful to live our afterlife in such a beautiful palace? This did not quell her at all. She burst into crying harder no matter what I said. I did not know what she was taught at the church, and what made her so scared? She did not know how to express herself, but tears were streaming down constantly whenever this topic came up. This continued for a while until I stopped sending her to the church completely.

We never talked about it ever since, but it remained a question in my mind what roiled her little mind when death was so far away? What made her believe that however magnificent the heaven looks like, it is a dreadful place?

Almost everyone in this world is afraid of death, young or old, to a certain level. However advanced today’s technology is, death still remains a mystery. No living people will tell us what death feels like, or if there is really an afterlife, revival, undying soul or heavens. Death is imperceptible, unknown and out of our hand. From the moment we were born, we are traversing on the passage from infancy to adulthood, and from maturity to ultimate death. However strong the yearning for an eternal life, life is finite, and death is inevitable. We are like the speck of dust that will one day return to the world in ashes, holding on to nothing and taking nothing with us the moment we are buried.

Poignant the fact is, it reminds us to” live more in each moment”, to consummate our life and fulfill our potential, so that little regrets are left behind when our time is running out. This is the highlight of the book Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death, written by Dr, Yalom,   a psychiatrist and professor at Stanford University, a book I borrowed from the library and finished it less than two weeks.

In the book, I surprisingly found a poem I learnt and recited at the middle school in China:

Good better best

Never let it rest

Until good is better

And better is best

From youth, we were educated to live positively and meaningfully, pursuing the dreams in our life. However, the older we get, the more we know, the more diminished we are at attaining the goal. Sometimes we are easily baffled with the meaning of living. Then when we are aging and deteriorating, we are inclined to be reminiscent of the old golden days, wishing to re-live life from the start. But our hourglass can never be reversed; neither can the clock be rewound. With more than half of our life gone by, we are no longer privileged to lament over the unfulfilled dreams, but to live every moment to its maximum.