I, AB, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.’”
整個誓詞沒有一處提到政府雇員必須服從上級,相反,他們效忠的是憲法,“support and defend the Constitution”。如果接到的命令是非法的,那麽違抗這樣的命令反而成了司法部長的職責所在了。憲法和良心,是任何一個有操守的官員乃至公民的唯一行為準則。司法獨立,不僅僅存在於行政和司法權的相互製約,也依賴於行政權內部司法部門的仗義直行。如果說這位Sally Yates是基於自己的良知和對憲法的信念而作出了抗命的決定,那麽她就是值得敬佩的。
這裏不能不提一個思維誤區,很多人說,美國憲法保護的是美國公民的權利!實際上,美國憲法保護在美國境內每一個人的基本/自然人權,不可剝奪的人權(un-alienable rights),這就是獨立宣言強調的,life, liberty and pursuit of happiness。中東穆斯林依法獲得簽證,但是由於政府的作為,入境被拒,在美國的機場遭到羈押,他們的人身自由遭到了侵害,法院有權介入,主持公道。同時由於總統對移民事務的獨特權威,這樣的幹涉也具有極大的爭議性。
在這個案子裏,很多人把權限和合法性混淆了。他們問,既然行政部門有處理移民事務極大自主性,那麽法官有什麽權力幹擾總統的政令?同理,行政內閣聽命於總統,那麽總統是否有“任意”解雇閣員的自由呢?我們不妨看一看已故的共和黨參議員,前參院司法委員會主席Allen Specter對此說過的一段著名的話: 總統可以以任何理由解雇部長,甚至不需要理由,但是不能以非法的理由(the president can fire his subordinate for any reason, or no reason at all. But he can not do it for a BAD reason)。正是由於這個廣泛的權限,洛杉磯海關有權依據具體情況把韓國美少女偶像組合遣返回國,川普總統有權把不聽話的代理女部長轟出司法部。但是,如果他們的理由是“我不喜歡亞洲人”“我不喜歡女人”,這就是Specter參議員所說的“bad reason”,是禁不起法庭的挑戰的。判斷川普禁令是否合法,他的真實意圖至關重要。
最後,憲法正文第六款“no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States”,連幹係重大的聯邦政府官員的任免都不得以宗教信仰為標準,那麽用宗教為標準篩選移民,就更是和美國憲法的精神背道而馳了。
(1) US district judges usually do not work in panels (except on rare occasions), so it is procedurally OK for a district judge to issue an order by himself.
(2) There are several differences between the 2015 Travel Prevention Act and Trump's Travel Ban. If my memory serves me right, (1) the 2015 Act was in reaction to a failed terror attack in the US territory involving two Iraqi refugees; but no such triggering event existed before Trump's Travel Ban; (2) the 2015 Travel Prevention Act targeted on people who had been to those countries where ISIS were the most active, regardless of their country of origin or religion; whereas Trump's Travel Ban prohibited everyone who are citizens of those countries, and by Trump's comments gives certain religion priority to re-enter after the ban expires (the court may, or may not, take into consideration of the "comment" in interpreting the intention of the ban); (3) the 2015 Act was travel restriction but not a complete ban like the Trump Ban. All these differences are significant when it comes to determining whether a piece of law is constitutional.
I hope the above clarifies the confusion. It is possible that the Supreme Court may declare Trump's ban constitutional, but it indeed is a very close case, and the hasty manner it was implemented justifiably raised alarm.
lanlandehu 發表評論於
看了美國law professor解釋的美國司法係統。美國的court 有三級:
Local court 由一個judge 決定case.
District court 有三judge, 由3比2來決定case.
Supreme court 有9個judge, 由5比4 決定case.
Judge James Robart 隻是District court 的法官。Judge Robart 沒有通過另外兩個judge 以
District court名義來發 block "Trump's temporarily Travel Ban". 而是以他個人的名義來Block川普的行政命令。他的行為本身就是違反美國法律程序的。
“知道為什麽川普選這7個國家來暫停入境嗎?
This was actually started in 2015 under the last administration. He's just continuing it. It was originally called “The Terrorist Travel Prevention Act of 2015”and included those same 7 countries. These 7 Countries were identified by the Obama White House, House and Senate as sponsoring terrorism and threatening U.S. interests. In December 2015, President Obama signed into law a measure placing limited restrictions on certain travelers who had visited Iran, Iraq, Sudan, or Syria on or after March 1, 2011. Two months later, the Obama administration added Libya, Somalia, and Yemen to the list, in what it called an effort to address "the growing threat from foreign terrorist fighters." 雖然奧巴馬沒有全麵禁止,但是是他把這7個國家單列出來區別對待。因為他已經 signed into law, 川普就不需要國會批準就可以總統令來加大restrictions. 我個人而言,不覺得伊朗是個嚴重的恐怖分子輸出國,奧巴馬加上伊朗有意識形態原因。其他國家的穆斯林,包括歐洲,加拿大的穆斯林,還是可以自由出入美國。我覺得相對而言他們比伊朗更危險。”
對於Trump's immigration ban的謹慎態度,和左右派無關。One of the federal judges who stayed the ban is a very outspoken republican. 圍繞Trump這一次的政策所產生的爭論,並不是停留於理念層麵的爭執,而是切身關係到美國的國家利益。 這一次的政策與以前大不相同的是,它沒有任何的 triggering event, 不是說這幾個國家最近在美國實行恐怖活動被抓到,或是事實證明這七個國家是ISIS的參與者。就是這樣憑空地突然地宣布這七個國家的人不能入境。The very hasty manner this policy came out of course raises suspicion that it is arbitrary, religion-related and discriminatory. (當然反麵的Argument 也同樣存在)三權分立是美國政體得以穩定兩百多年的基礎。在任何一屆總統的任下,總統是否超越憲法所賦予的權限,都是最敏感的問題,也是最直接關係到美國的社會穩定的問題。所以這一次的政策才會招致民主黨和共和黨兩邊的批評和警惕。
"這裏不能不提一個思維誤區,很多人說,美國憲法保護的是美國公民的權利!實際上,美國憲法保護在美國境內每一個人的基本/自然人權,不可剝奪的人權(un-alienable rights),這就是獨立宣言強調的,life, liberty and pursuit of happiness。"
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憲法有很多模棱兩可的地方,所以才要有九人的最高法院來解釋憲法. 說美國憲法保護每個境內的人的基本/自然人權,不代表公民和非公民享受同等的權利.某些人被禁止入境,不論暫時的或永久的,因為還沒有在美國境內,更和樓主所說的"權利"無關.
I, AB, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.’”
整個誓詞沒有一處提到政府雇員必須服從上級,相反,他們效忠的是憲法,“support and defend the Constitution”。如果接到的命令是非法的,那麽違抗這樣的命令反而成了司法部長的職責所在了。憲法和良心,是任何一個有操守的官員乃至公民的唯一行為準則。司法獨立,不僅僅存在於行政和司法權的相互製約,也依賴於行政權內部司法部門的仗義直行。如果說這位Sally Yates是基於自己的良知和對憲法的信念而作出了抗命的決定,那麽她就是值得敬佩的。
這裏不能不提一個思維誤區,很多人說,美國憲法保護的是美國公民的權利!實際上,美國憲法保護在美國境內每一個人的基本/自然人權,不可剝奪的人權(un-alienable rights),這就是獨立宣言強調的,life, liberty and pursuit of happiness。中東穆斯林依法獲得簽證,但是由於政府的作為,入境被拒,在美國的機場遭到羈押,他們的人身自由遭到了侵害,法院有權介入,主持公道。同時由於總統對移民事務的獨特權威,這樣的幹涉也具有極大的爭議性。
在這個案子裏,很多人把權限和合法性混淆了。他們問,既然行政部門有處理移民事務極大自主性,那麽法官有什麽權力幹擾總統的政令?同理,行政內閣聽命於總統,那麽總統是否有“任意”解雇閣員的自由呢?我們不妨看一看已故的共和黨參議員,前參院司法委員會主席Allen Specter對此說過的一段著名的話: 總統可以以任何理由解雇部長,甚至不需要理由,但是不能以非法的理由(the president can fire his subordinate for any reason, or no reason at all. But he can not do it for a BAD reason)。正是由於這個廣泛的權限,洛杉磯海關有權依據具體情況把韓國美少女偶像組合遣返回國,川普總統有權把不聽話的代理女部長轟出司法部。但是,如果他們的理由是“我不喜歡亞洲人”“我不喜歡女人”,這就是Specter參議員所說的“bad reason”,是禁不起法庭的挑戰的。判斷川普禁令是否合法,他的真實意圖至關重要。
最後,憲法正文第六款“no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States”,連幹係重大的聯邦政府官員的任免都不得以宗教信仰為標準,那麽用宗教為標準篩選移民,就更是和美國憲法的精神背道而馳了。