從一件小事看宋朝的士大夫怎樣忠君愛國
Examining the Loyalty and Patriotism of Song Dynasty Scholar-official through a Minor Incident
宋太祖生前立下“勒石三戒”，其中第二條是“不殺士大夫”。“勒石三戒”隻允許皇帝在登基的時候，去太廟中去看這個祖訓，皇帝並不公開宣布。但大臣們心知肚明，這是個公開的秘密。現在有人爭辯說隻是殺得少，還是殺了幾個的。另有人對這個“三戒”的存在有質疑，還有人認為這是宋朝尚文弱武的重要原因，為以後的滅亡埋下了種子。
During the reign of Song Taizu, he established the "Three Prohibitions," with the second one being "do not kill scholar-official." The "Three Prohibitions" allowed the emperor to visit the ancestral temple during his enthronement to learn about this ancestral injunction, which was not publicly announced. However, ministers were well aware that this was an open secret. Some argue that Song emperors did kill a few scholars, while others question the existence of these prohibitions. Some people also suggest that they contributed to the weakening of the Song Dynasty.
真偽和是非得失都是長話題，不能在這裏討論了。然而不爭的事實是，宋朝知識分子的人數空前壯大。由科舉出身的士大夫精英們，懷著“君主與士大夫共治天下”的意識，在施政中反映了更多的民本思想和家國情懷，對於朝廷政治和人民生計都起到了很好作用。儒家思想的熏陶、科舉製度的相對公平、以及君王對知識分子人格的尊重，形成士大夫濃厚的“共治”意識的，進而早就了宋朝政治、經濟和文化的空前繁榮。
Regardless of the debates, it is a fact that the number of intellectuals in the Song Dynasty reached unprecedented levels. Scholars who emerged from the imperial examination system, driven by a sense of "co-governance of the nation with the monarch," reflected more populist ideas and patriotic sentiments in governance, playing a significant role in both imperial politics and people's livelihoods. The influence of Confucianism, the relatively fair imperial examination system, and the emperor's respect for intellectuals fostered a strong sense of "co-governance" among scholar-official, contributing to the unprecedented prosperity of politics, economy, and culture in the Song Dynasty.
“共治”的例子很多。比如北宋是宋仁宗之所以“仁”，就是體現在他對包拯、範仲淹、歐陽修等一些優秀士大夫提出不同意見時的態度上的。這裏我們說發生在南宋孝宗朝的一件小事，看看當時的士大夫如何忠君愛國。宋孝宗是南宋的第二位皇帝，一般認為他是南宋最有作為的皇帝。他在公元1163年領導的“隆興北伐”希望收複中原，光複北宋故地，可惜未能成功。這裏我們說的確實是一件小事，即孝宗提拔了一個不合格的人，我們看看幾相關的幾個大臣如何反應：
There are many examples of "co-governance." For instance, during the Northern Song, Emperor Renzong's "benevolence" was evident in his attitude toward outstanding scholar-official like Bao Zheng, Fan Zhongyan, and Ouyang Xiu when they presented differing opinions. Now, let's explore a minor incident that occurred during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong in the Southern Song to see how scholar-official demonstrated their loyalty and patriotism.
乾道七年（1171年），宋孝宗提拔了一個叫張說的人任“簽書樞密院事”，這個職務在國家軍政管理方麵權力不小。然而這個任命卻引起朝廷輿論嘩然，因為這個張說是孝宗的父皇高宗的吳皇後的妹夫。張說是武將出身，水平有限，此前任閣門事兼樞密副承旨，乏善可陳。張說之所以能夠得到孝宗的器重，除了他的外戚身份以外，還在於他主張抗金，對北伐積極讚同，言辭合孝宗的心意。然而他的水平與職位確實不稱。
In the seventh year of Qiandao (1171 AD), Emperor Xiaozong appointed a person named Zhang Yue as " Deputy Supervisor of the Secretariat." This position held considerable power in national military and political administration. However, the appointment stirred lots of different views, because Zhang Yue was the brother-in-law of Empress Wu, the queen dowager during Emperor Gaozong's reign. Zhang Yue, with a background as a military officer, had limited capabilities, and his previous role as Secretariat was unremarkable. His favor with Emperor Xiaozong stemmed not only from his family connection but also from his advocacy for resisting the Jurchens, aligning with Emperor Xiaozong's sentiments for the Northern Expedition. However, his competence did not match the position.
首先有所反應的是大臣、著名詩人範成大。他當時任中書舍人，負責起草製書。他暫時扣下皇帝的詔書不下達，又上疏孝宗，“理明辭正”，勸告他任人唯親影響不好。就在此前一年，範成大受命出使金國，目的是索取趙宋皇室陵墓所在的河南鞏、洛之地，同時重議兩國交換國書的禮儀。因為後一件事是他見機行事，未被寫入首先準備好的國書，於是金國朝廷震怒，範成大險些被殺。最後他不辱使命而歸，在朝野上下贏得極高的聲譽。他當時任中書舍人，可以說是坐上了進一步升遷的直通車。隻要不亂說亂動，日後登宰相的位置是可以想見的。但是他看不慣的事情，冒險也要說。
The first minister to react was the renowned poet Fan Chengdu, who was serving as the Assistant in the Palace Library at the time, responsible for drafting edicts. Temporarily withholding the emperor's edict, Fan Chengda submitted a memorial to Emperor Xiaozong, diplomatically advising against the appointment due to the negative influence of favoritism. Fan Chengda, who had earned high praise a year earlier for his diplomatic mission to the Jin Dynasty, risked his life when he negotiated with the Jurchens. Despite his promising career, he could not overlook what he found objectionable.
第二個有所反應的是“同知樞密院事”劉珙（該職位大約相當於今天的“國務委員”）。張說提拔上去是擔任他的副手。按照一般邏輯，皇親國舅駕到，劉珙應該高興得屁顛屁顛的才對。可是他一聽這個水貨要來跟自己共事，憤然辭職。他這種對看不慣的事情不合作早已不是第一回了。多年之前他任中書舍人時，秦檜還是宰相。秦檜想要為故去的父親加諡號，便請一些官員開會商議。劉珙心想你老爹算神馬東西，有什麽資格要諡號。於是根本不去出席那個會。秦檜大怒，將他驅逐出朝廷，去管台州崇道觀。直到秦檜死後他才被再度啟用。
The second person to stand up was Liu Gong, the "Supervisor of the Secretariat," whose position was roughly equivalent to a modern-day "State Councilor." Displeased with the prospect of working with an incompetent subordinate, Liu Gong resigned. This was not the first time he had refused to cooperate with decisions he found disagreeable. Many years earlier, when he served as the Assistant in the Palace Library, he had boycotted a meeting convened by Prime Minister Qin Hui to discuss posthumous titles for his deceased father, considering the deceased unworthy. As a result, he was expelled from the court and later reinstated after Qin Hui's death.
看到賢臣這樣辭職，三十多歲的左司員外郎兼侍講張栻一麵請劉珙留步，一麵與宰相溝通。張栻不僅是負責稽查的中級官員，他還是一位學者， 在理學和哲學方麵頗有造詣。他對宰相虞允文說，你在朝中管理政務，也與皇上多有交流，怎麽可以讓這樣的事情發生呢。話到後來就很不客氣：“宦官執政，自京黼始。近習執政，自相公始。”（意思是說“宦官專權，始於蔡京、王黼（這兩人都是徽宗時的奸臣）之時，任用親信執政，是從你（當宰相）開始的。”）
Observing the resignation of this capable minister, Zhang Shi, the Left Assistant in the Imperial Secretariat and an associate lecturer, intervened by asking Liu Gong to stay and then communicated with Prime Minister Yu Yunwen. Zhang Shi, not only a mid-level official responsible for audits but also a scholar well-versed in Confucianism and philosophy, criticized Prime Minister Yu Yunwen harshly: "Eunuch power began with Cai Jing and Wang Fu [corrupt officials during the Huizong era]. The appointment of cronies to key positions started with your tenure as prime minister."
這種話對虞允文可能有點太過分了，他是一代良相。了解一點宋史的人都知道虞允文還是當年領導宋軍獲得“采石磯大捷“（進而為南宋續命一百多年）的大功臣。就在10年前的紹興三十一年（1161年），金國海陵王完顏亮率領百萬大軍攻宋。金國大軍一路南下、勢如破竹，宋朝岌岌可危。虞允文此時被朝廷派往采石磯（今安徽馬鞍山）“犒師”。他到達時，金軍正準備由采石磯渡長江。原來負責督軍的宋軍主帥棄軍逃走，散漫在江邊的宋軍即將人鳥獸散。虞允文隻為犒師，本無守土之責。他卻挺身而出，親自督師。他對將士說：若金軍渡江，亡國了，你們又能逃往哪裏？現在我軍控製長江天險，何不能於死裏求生。除了鼓勵，他還采取了一些具體的防禦措施。結果，軍心振奮的宋軍，以不足兩萬的兵力與十幾萬金軍血戰采石磯，大敗金軍。事後，因重病無法指揮的大將劉錡握著虞允文的手，欽佩地說：“朝廷養兵千日，竟使書生立功！”。
These words might have been too severe for Yu Yunwen. He was an outstanding Prime Minister of a generation. People familiar with Song history should also know that Yu Yunwen once played as a prominent military commander who played a pivotal role in the "Victory at Caishi," saving the Southern Song from imminent danger. In the 31st year of Shaoxing (1161 AD), the Jin army, led by Prince Hailing Wanyan Liang, marched southward with a massive force, posing a grave threat to the Southern Song. Yu Yunwen was sent to Caishi (modern-day Ma'anshan, Anhui) to "encourage the troops." When he arrived, the Jin army was preparing to cross the Yangtze River. The commander of the Song army had abandoned his post, leaving the scattered soldiers at the riverbank. Although Yu Yunwen was there only to boost morale and had no obligation in defending the territory, he took charge and personally led the troops. He told his soldiers, "If the Jin army crosses the river, the country is lost. Where can you escape to? Now, our army controls the strategic location of the Yangtze. Why can't we seek survival from the jaws of death?" In addition to encouragement, he implemented specific defensive measures. As a result, the motivated Song army, with fewer than 20,000 soldiers, fought fiercely against the Jin army, numbering over a hundred thousand, achieving a significant victory. Afterwards, the ailing general Liu Qi, unable to command, admired Yu Yunwen and said, "The country has nurtured the army for a thousand days, and finally led by a scholar to achieved victory!"
現在，虞允文受到張栻如此嚴厲、刺耳的批評，“慚憤不堪”，於是他給孝宗上奏：“文武誠不可偏，然今欲右武以均二柄，而所用乃得如此之人，非惟不足以服文吏之心，正恐反激武臣之怒。”（意思是“對文臣和武將不可偏向，然而現在陛下想通過重用武將來平衡文武，而用的又是這樣一個人，結果是不僅引起文官不服，恐怕還會激起武將的惱怒。”）
Now, facing Zhang Shi's severe and piercing criticism, Yu Yunwen felt "extremely ashamed " Consequently, he presented a memorial to Emperor Xiaozong, stating, "balance should be maintained between civil and military officials. However, Your Majesty intends to balance the civil and military by promoting a ineligible military officer, and the result is not only the dissatisfaction of civil officials but also the potential anger of military officers."
之後的結果是什麽呢？《宋史》中用了八個字：“孝宗感悟，命得中寢。”（“命得中寢”意即詔令收回。）
What happened next? According to the "History of the Song Dynasty," the outcome was summarized in a few concise words: "Emperor Xiaozong was enlightened and retracted the appointment."
我剛才用了一下計算器，2023-1171=852 。我問自己，在中國後來的852年裏，在宋朝以後，什麽時候大臣/官員可以這樣進言，什麽時候老大的權力受到這樣的製衡呢？我沒有找到。
I just used a calculator, and 2023-1171 = 852. I asked myself, in the subsequent 852 years in China, especially after the Song Dynasty, when could ministers or officials openly offer such advice, and when was the supreme power checked like this? I did not find an answer.
